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2018

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Transcriptome 3′End Organization By Pcf11 Links Alternative Polyadenylation To Formation And Neuronal Differentiation Of Neuroblastoma, A Poetsch, S Danckwardt Dec 2018

Transcriptome 3′End Organization By Pcf11 Links Alternative Polyadenylation To Formation And Neuronal Differentiation Of Neuroblastoma, A Poetsch, S Danckwardt

School of Biomedical Sciences

Diversification at the transcriptome 3'end is an important and evolutionarily conserved layer of gene regulation associated with differentiation and dedifferentiation processes. Here, we identify extensive transcriptome 3'end-alterations in neuroblastoma, a tumour entity with a paucity of recurrent somatic mutations and an unusually high frequency of spontaneous regression. Utilising extensive RNAi-screening we reveal the landscape and drivers of transcriptome 3'end-diversification, discovering PCF11 as critical regulator, directing alternative polyadenylation (APA) of hundreds of transcripts including a differentiation RNA-operon. PCF11 shapes inputs converging on WNT-signalling, and governs cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis and neurodifferentiation. Postnatal PCF11 down-regulation induces a neurodifferentiation program, and low-level PCF11 …

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Characterization Of Gene Products Associated With Reduced Aflatoxin Accumulation In Maize (Zea Mays), Dafne Alves Winders Dec 2018

Characterization Of Gene Products Associated With Reduced Aflatoxin Accumulation In Maize (Zea Mays), Dafne Alves Winders

Theses and Dissertations

The fungus Aspergillus flavus L. is an agricultural threat, particularly for maize (Zea mays L.). Its invasive growth and contamination before and after harvest can lead to the loss of the commodity and cause life threating consequences to humans and livestock that consume a contaminated product. The differential expression profile of two resistant maize inbred lines, Mp313E and Mp719, and two susceptible maize inbred lines, B73 and Va35, were evaluated in the mRNA and protein levels. The experimental designed used allowed to observe the responses of these maize lines to A. flavus inoculation and to the stress caused by wounding …

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Computational Analysis Of Map3k Kinases Across Plant Genomes And Functional Characterization Of A Subset Of Map3ks In Nematode Resistance, Nobert Tamas Bokros Dec 2018

Computational Analysis Of Map3k Kinases Across Plant Genomes And Functional Characterization Of A Subset Of Map3ks In Nematode Resistance, Nobert Tamas Bokros

Theses and Dissertations

Plant MAP3Ks have expanded significantly compared to their metazoan counterparts. A new, sequential workflow combining multispecies ortholog clustering and newly built, family-specific HMMs is used to identify the MAP3K gene family within seven plant species, allowing for a refinement of previously proposed gene family cladding and the novel identification of the MAP3K gene families in the allotetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum and newly sequenced monocot seagrass Zostera marina. The MAP3K gene family architecture is further refined and validated using bioinformatics analyses before the recently characterized Arabidopsis Raf-like MAP3K ILK1 is identified and characterized in upland cotton. Transient gene silencing reveals an …

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Effects Of Carbon-Based Nanomaterial On Curing Time And Bonding Strength Of Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesive Cured Through Radio Frequency, Hakan Kilic Dec 2018

Effects Of Carbon-Based Nanomaterial On Curing Time And Bonding Strength Of Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesive Cured Through Radio Frequency, Hakan Kilic

Theses and Dissertations

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dispersed into polyvinyl acetate (PVAc ) adhesive cured by radio frequency (RF) to investigate their loading effects on PVAc adhesive curing time and lap shear bond strength performance. Main factors are CNT loading (0.08, 0.25 and 0.41%), RF curing time (15, 30, 45, 60 seconds), and clamping pressure (100, 160, and 240 psi). Experimental results indicated that CNT loading had significant effects on PVAc curing time and lap shear bond strength. Specifically, single lap shear joints bonded with 0.41% CNT loading adhesive had significantly higher lap shear bond strengths than one with PVAc only (0% CNT …

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Effects Of Green Tree Retention On Birds Of Southern Pine Plantations, Michael Clay Parrish Dec 2018

Effects Of Green Tree Retention On Birds Of Southern Pine Plantations, Michael Clay Parrish

Theses and Dissertations

In the southern United States, institutional forest owners engaged in forest certification programs often retain unharvested or less-intensively harvested vegetation when clearcut harvesting intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) forests (“IMPFs”), a practice called ‘green tree retention’. I investigated resultant patterns of land cover and retained structural elements in recently-harvested IMPF management units (“MUs”) and related them to avian biodiversity to provide information to support harvest decisions. First, to provide forest managers baseline data on retention, I screen-digitized land cover on 1187 MUs (totaling 51646 ha) and characterized green tree retention levels and internal land cover attributes (Chapter 2). I found …

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Development And Validation Of Urine Hormones By Lc-Ms/Ms Using The Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus Boreas Boreas) As A Model Species, Ashley Nicole Meredith Dec 2018

Development And Validation Of Urine Hormones By Lc-Ms/Ms Using The Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus Boreas Boreas) As A Model Species, Ashley Nicole Meredith

Theses and Dissertations

Analysis of urinary hormone levels can be used to identify sex and breeding patterns in amphibians. This is especially important for ensuring the survival of endangered species. The most common way to determine hormone levels is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); however, there is the possibility of cross-reactivity with this technique, and only one hormone can be monitored per plate, limiting efficiency. In this study, the effectiveness of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, and through-put in monitoring hormone levels in Anaxyrus boreas boreas (boreal toads). Urine samples were collected from ten different …

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Development Of A Nanofluid Simulation Platform, Jabrane Nachit Dec 2018

Development Of A Nanofluid Simulation Platform, Jabrane Nachit

Theses and Dissertations

Nanoluids are colloidal solutions made up of particles of the nanometric scale suspended in a fluid. This type of solution has widespread great interest since the discovery of their particular properties. The Poisson-Nernst Planck system of equations (PNP) is one of the known models for the description of ion transport. This thesis aims to develop a method to solve the PNP equations in space and time for these nanoluids. Additionally, a simulation platform (C++) is developed using an iterative scheme to solve the nonlinear equations resulting from the discretization of the system. After an overview of the literature on the …

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Distributed Predictive Control For Mvdc Shipboard Power System Management, Nasibeh Zohrabi Dec 2018

Distributed Predictive Control For Mvdc Shipboard Power System Management, Nasibeh Zohrabi

Theses and Dissertations

Shipboard Power System (SPS) is known as an independent controlled small electric network powered by the distributed onboard generation system. Since many electric components are tightly coupled in a small space and the system is not supported with a relatively stronger grid, SPS is more susceptible to unexpected disturbances and physical damages compared to conventional terrestrial power systems. Among different distribution configurations, power-electronic based DC distribution is considered the trending technology for the next-generation U.S. Navy fleet design to replace the conventional AC-based distribution. This research presents appropriate control management frameworks to improve the Medium-Voltage DC (MVDC) shipboard power system …

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Drivers Of Wetland Plant Assemblages In The Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, Cory Shoemaker Dec 2018

Drivers Of Wetland Plant Assemblages In The Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, Cory Shoemaker

Theses and Dissertations

Interest in, and rates of, wetland restoration have increased over the past several decades. However, despite proliferations of restored wetlands across the landscape, the structural and functional restoration success of these systems is unclear. Thus, understanding factors and processes that influence wetland characteristics is of considerable interest. This study focuses on herbaceous wetlands in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MAV), a largely agricultural region interspersed with restored and naturally occurring wetlands. Chapter I is an introduction and provides a background to wetlands, wetland ecology, and the current state of wetland restoration in the United States. Chapter II focuses on factors …

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Effect Of Multiple Knots In Close Proximity On Southern Pine Lumber Properties, Marcela Cordeiro Barbosa Dec 2018

Effect Of Multiple Knots In Close Proximity On Southern Pine Lumber Properties, Marcela Cordeiro Barbosa

Theses and Dissertations

This research investigates the effect that knots in close proximity have on strength properties of southern pine lumber. The project involved specimens of 2×4 dimension southern yellow pine lumber exhibiting multiple knots in close proximity. Knot dimensions were measured to determine the knot diameter (KD) parallel to the cross-section of the specimen, knot area (KA), and clear wood (CW). In addition, the density (D) using the entire specimen weight by volume was determined. A third-point bending test was used in a flatwise orientation to quantify the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The relationships between the simple …

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Effect Of Stress Mindset And Adverse Childhood Experiences On College Students' Academic Success And Psychological Well-Being, Alice Cathryne Long Dec 2018

Effect Of Stress Mindset And Adverse Childhood Experiences On College Students' Academic Success And Psychological Well-Being, Alice Cathryne Long

Theses and Dissertations

Adverse life events that occur in childhood may decrease an individual’s ability to effectively cope with challenges throughout their lives. The proper management of stress is essential to avoid problems that can crop up in all areas of life. College students who employ stress management tactics are better able to achieve well-being and academic success. This study examined the potential moderating association between “from within” coping supports or internal risk factors and academic success, mental health, and resilience qualities. Using a sample of college students at a large public university in the southeastern United States, this study demonstrates that viewing …

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Effect Of Supplemented L-Arginine On Reproductive Parameters Of Gestating Mares, Lauren B. Hodge Dec 2018

Effect Of Supplemented L-Arginine On Reproductive Parameters Of Gestating Mares, Lauren B. Hodge

Theses and Dissertations

Studies that have investigated the effects of L-arginine supplementation on blood flow to the uterus have not determined the optimal time of supplementation. No research has been conducted on nitrite concentration in the placenta and blood of mares supplemented with L-arginine. L-arginine is a precursor of NO and therefore, should increase nitrite production both in blood as well as in expelled placenta. Presence of nitrites would also be indicative of increased angiogenesis. No studies have addressed placental efficiency in mares supplemented L-arginine. Placental efficiency is vital for production of a healthy foal. Therefore, to address these short-comings the objectives of …

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Copper(Ii) Complexes For Olefin Aziridination And Cyclopropanation: Towards Asymmetric N- And C- Transfer Catalyst, Henry U. Valle Dec 2018

Copper(Ii) Complexes For Olefin Aziridination And Cyclopropanation: Towards Asymmetric N- And C- Transfer Catalyst, Henry U. Valle

Theses and Dissertations

Aziridines and cyclopropanes are valued as important building blocks for the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds, including biologically active compounds and pharmaceuticals. The development for more efficient and cost-effective catalysts for the atom transfer reaction with olefins is a continuing area of research in both organic and inorganic chemistry. Transition metal complexes, which catalyze reactions of olefins with nitrenes and carbenes, are well-developed efficient, approaches to the direct synthesis of aziridines and cyclopropanes, but traditionally rely on expensive synthetic methods. As part of our efforts in the catalytic formation of C—C and C—N bonds, herein we show …

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Creating New Germplasm To Improve Aflatoxin Resistance In Maize, Oluwaseun Felix Ogunola Dec 2018

Creating New Germplasm To Improve Aflatoxin Resistance In Maize, Oluwaseun Felix Ogunola

Theses and Dissertations

Maize (Zea mays L), the third largest crop produced in the world is susceptible to pre and post contamination of aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is a secondary carcinogenic metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus, an opportunistic fungus of maize that causes ear-rot and subsequent production of aflatoxin. Host plant resistance is one of the promising long term solution to combat aflatoxin contamination in maize grains. Resistance to aflatoxin is heritable and resistant germplasms that can be used to reduce aflatoxin resistance has been developed. Creating quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping populations to identify regions within maize chromosomes contributing to aflatoxin resistance help identify …

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An Experimental Method For Testing Materials At The Intermediate Strain Rate With Closed Loop Control, Cory N. Krivanec Dec 2018

An Experimental Method For Testing Materials At The Intermediate Strain Rate With Closed Loop Control, Cory N. Krivanec

Theses and Dissertations

Quasi static and intermediate strain rate (5 s-1 and 500 s-1) tests are conducted on various aluminum and steel ASTM E8 subsize tensile specimens to validate a newly developed testing method which combines a previously developed serpentine bar for load monitoring and a newly described high-speed actuator. This new actuator is controlled by a semi-passive piezoelectrically actuated brake system mounted to a standard actuator, which allows for the actuator to produce high loads and quick response times (≈100 µs). Limitations of this experimental method are that tests must be monotonic (tension or compression but not cyclic loading) and strain rate …

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Automatic Conversion Of The Mathworks' Stateflow Models To C++, Melissa Katherine Hannis Dec 2018

Automatic Conversion Of The Mathworks' Stateflow Models To C++, Melissa Katherine Hannis

Theses and Dissertations

Finite state machines are often used for modeling the decision logic for simulated systems. MathWorks’ Stateflow has a graphical user interface that allow users to model finite state machines. A Stateflow model can be added as a block to a Matlab/Simulink model and be executed seamlessly together. Stateflow blocks are developed as “charts” but they are natively stored as XML documents. This research explores the possibility of extracting the behavior of the finite state machines as defined in a Stateflow chart. This is done by parsing the corresponding XML document and reproducing this behavior in a C++ implementation that can …

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Beta Diversity Provides Evidence Of Niche Based Assembly In Temperate Forest Understory Assemblages Of Mississippi, David Steven Mason Dec 2018

Beta Diversity Provides Evidence Of Niche Based Assembly In Temperate Forest Understory Assemblages Of Mississippi, David Steven Mason

Theses and Dissertations

Assembly is a process that shapes the abundance and identity of species in a community. Niche and neutral theory explain assembly processes with mechanisms driven by either species differences, or functional equivalence and stochastic dispersal. In 2017 I sampled vegetation and environmental variables at 59 sites in the Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge and Tombigbee National Forest of Mississippi to explore forest understory community assembly. I developed and assessed a framework of predictions concerning general patterns and underlying mechanism. Evidence of dispersal limitation and functional equivalence were expected under neutral theory. Local environmental characteristics, surrounding landscape variables, and fire were significant …

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Estimating Clapper Rail (Rallus Crepitans) Survivorship And Implementation Of Estimates Into Individual-Based Population Models, Jared Feura Dec 2018

Estimating Clapper Rail (Rallus Crepitans) Survivorship And Implementation Of Estimates Into Individual-Based Population Models, Jared Feura

Theses and Dissertations

Sea-level rise is a concern for the future of coastal marsh obligate species such as the Clapper Rail (Rallus crepitans). Clapper Rails possess the potential to indicate changes to marsh ecological state due to population variation related to habitat features exhibited in previous study. Estimates for Clapper Rail survival are among the key missing parameters to create predictive models for Clapper Rail populations. I estimated Clapper Rail survival using data collected from six automated telemetry towers located in two Mississippi marshes. Thirty adult rails were harnessed with radio transmitters around telemetry towers to provide evidence of a rail’s status, alive …

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Examining The Impact Of Trauma On Reading Performance Among Elementary Students, Shelby Lynn Mcgrew Dec 2018

Examining The Impact Of Trauma On Reading Performance Among Elementary Students, Shelby Lynn Mcgrew

Theses and Dissertations

Beginning prior to the foundational study conducted by Felitti et al. (1998), individuals of all ages have been exposed to a variety of traumatic events that had the capacity to alter overall functioning in a variety of ways. Children and adolescents are a vulnerable subset of individuals who are often exposed to various types of trauma which has the capacity to impact academic, behavioral, and social/emotional functioning (Cohen, Berliner, & Mannarino, 2010). The adverse effects related to trauma exposure in children and adolescents have been correlated with externalizing and internalizing disorders, and decreased academic performance (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). An …

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Examining The Stigma Of Sex Offending In The Media, The Community, And The Prison, Kristen Lynn Stives Dec 2018

Examining The Stigma Of Sex Offending In The Media, The Community, And The Prison, Kristen Lynn Stives

Theses and Dissertations

The overarching goal of the current work was to explore sanctions experienced by sex offenders prior to incarceration, during incarceration, and after their release using three separate but interrelated studies. The first study analyzed how the media framed sex offenders, and how this compared to the media’s portrayal of murderers. The study used a content analysis of newspaper articles published in 2007, the year after the Adam Walsh Safety and Protection Act was passed, and 2017. Open coding (the identification of categories and concepts) and axial coding (the process of relating categories and concepts) strategies were used. Findings showed that …

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Experimental And Numerical Studies Of Lightning Strike Induced Damage To Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites, Pedram Gharghabi Dec 2018

Experimental And Numerical Studies Of Lightning Strike Induced Damage To Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites, Pedram Gharghabi

Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this study is to investigate the interaction between a lightning strike and carbon/fiber composites. The first approach is to characterize the damage development in a composite structure subjected to simulated lightning strikes. Several existing studies have acknowledged that the lightning induced damaged can be categorized into two separate domains of damage; a primary domain of damage that occurs at the attachment point, and a secondary domain of damage that is typically formed around the attachment point. Quantitative studies of the causes of the primary damage domain are not satisfactory for explaining the secondary damage domain and thus, …

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Expression Analysis Of Micrornas And Microrna-Like Rnas In Aspergillus Flavus-Infected Aflatoxin Resistant And Susceptible Maize Inbred Lines, Amanda Benton Harper Dec 2018

Expression Analysis Of Micrornas And Microrna-Like Rnas In Aspergillus Flavus-Infected Aflatoxin Resistant And Susceptible Maize Inbred Lines, Amanda Benton Harper

Theses and Dissertations

Corn (Zea mays) is frequently infected by a soil fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus. The fungus produces aflatoxins, which cause liver cancer. Maize inbred lines that are resistant to infection by A. flavus have been developed, and these inbred lines provide excellent models for studying molecular mechanisms of maize resistance to the fungus. MicroRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) recently identified in A. flavus had been found to be correlated with aflatoxin production conditions, suggesting that the milRNAs might play a role in the regulation of aflatoxin production. In this research, small RNAs were isolated from kernels of maize (resistant Mp719 and susceptible Va35) …

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Extraction Kinetics, Physicochemical And Functional Properties Of Proteins Isolated From Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) By-Products, Yuqing Tan Dec 2018

Extraction Kinetics, Physicochemical And Functional Properties Of Proteins Isolated From Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) By-Products, Yuqing Tan

Theses and Dissertations

Channel catfish raising is an important aquaculture in the United States. Mississippi ranks No.1 in catfish production for continuous 4 years. However, catfish fillet processing generates huge amount of by-products, including heads, bone frames, visceras and skins, which contain significant amount of proteins. Removing and utilization of proteins from the by-product would add value to the catfish industry. Collagen was extracted from catfish skin by: (1) acid extraction; (2) homogenization-aided; and (3) pepsin-aided extraction methods. Kinetic analysis of the extraction was performed. SDS-PAGE was performed to analysis the composition of proteins in collagens extracted under different conditions. Collages extracted by …

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Interaction Energies And Electronic Spectra Of Fluorene-Receptors Molecules For Carbon Dioxide Detection, Mawuli Deegbey Dec 2018

Interaction Energies And Electronic Spectra Of Fluorene-Receptors Molecules For Carbon Dioxide Detection, Mawuli Deegbey

Theses and Dissertations

The world’s oceans absorb a significant percentage of anthropogenic carbon emissions, and CO2 levels have profound effects on the marine environment. Of primary concern is the acidification of the oceans due to dissolved CO2. The goal of this research is to design new sensing technologies for deployment in the marine environment to detect CO2 pollutant. A series of carbon dioxide (CO2) receptors that are complexed to fluorene oligomers were studied computationally. In chapter 1, an overview of CO2 chemistry and various CO2 sensors is discussed. A short overview of the method (Kohn-Sham density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory …

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Investigating Ethical Dilemmas And Ethical Decision Making In The Field Of School Psychology Using The Multidimensional Scale For Ethics In School Psychology, Umbreen Iqbal Dec 2018

Investigating Ethical Dilemmas And Ethical Decision Making In The Field Of School Psychology Using The Multidimensional Scale For Ethics In School Psychology, Umbreen Iqbal

Theses and Dissertations

Ethical standards and principals are one of the most significant part of any professional field. Being an applied practice field, the application of ethical codes and conduct is a critical component for school psychologists. There have been numerous research studies on ethical decision making and ethical dilemmas in many applied fields to help update the ethics principles and codes, same is the case for the field of School Psychology (APA, 2017; NASP, 2010). The purpose of this study was to examine school psychologists’ professional characteristics with regards to managing critical incidents that pose potential ethical violations. An additional purpose was …

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Investigating The Postmortem Microbial Community Structure, Function, And Transmigration As It Pertains To Forensic Science And Public Health, Zachary Melburn Burcham Dec 2018

Investigating The Postmortem Microbial Community Structure, Function, And Transmigration As It Pertains To Forensic Science And Public Health, Zachary Melburn Burcham

Theses and Dissertations

Postmortem microbial communities are being extensively studied for their utility in forensic science investigations. Microbial communities associated with decomposition, necrobiome, have been shown to react in a predictable manner to the postmortem interval or time since death. These communities are affected by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity which can cause variabilities in the community structural and functional turnover. However, the transmigration patterns across organs and functional activity as decomposition progresses is still relatively unknown in a highly controlled system. This study aims to describe the community structural changes that take place during a highly controlled decomposition in mice …

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Investigation Of A Low-External-Input Sustainable Rice Production System To Identify Ecosystem Services Towards Adoption Costs And Benefits, Alexandra Gwin Firth Dec 2018

Investigation Of A Low-External-Input Sustainable Rice Production System To Identify Ecosystem Services Towards Adoption Costs And Benefits, Alexandra Gwin Firth

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated a potentially sustainable rice production system in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) that uses ecological principles to enhance environmental quality at the field scale. It was hypothesized annual flooding of rice fields to create waterbird habitat would benefit soil health, providing agronomic benefits to the farmer. Two sites were selected: a low-external-input-sustainable-agriculture (LEISA) system with flooded (LF) and nonlooded (LN) fields and a conventional site with flooded (CF) and nonlooded (CN) fields. Soil microbial diversity and nutrient content were quantified and compared. Camera traps were used to document bird activity for estimates of fecal matter input. Soil …

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Landowner Perceptions Of Oil And Gas Development In Mississippi And Policies Associated With Managing The Industry And Natural Resources, Rachael Carter Dec 2018

Landowner Perceptions Of Oil And Gas Development In Mississippi And Policies Associated With Managing The Industry And Natural Resources, Rachael Carter

Theses and Dissertations

Advances in oil and gas drilling technologies have led to an on-shore shale boom in the United States. This has increased drilling on forest land and conflicts regarding the tradeoffs of this practice. This study examines the forest landowner perspective of oil and gas development on forest land, policies that regulate the industry, opinions of land use tradeoffs, and what influences landowner decision making. This study also examines the balance of power between federal, state, and municipal government regarding the regulation of the oil and gas industry. A systematic random sample of 1200 landowners with more than 10 acres of …

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Factors Influencing White-Tailed Deer Mortality Risk Within A Multi-Predator System In Michigan, Usa, Todd M. Kautz Dec 2018

Factors Influencing White-Tailed Deer Mortality Risk Within A Multi-Predator System In Michigan, Usa, Todd M. Kautz

Theses and Dissertations

I monitored cause-specific mortality and factors influencing mortality risk for white-tailed deer in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, during two high mortality risk periods: adult female deer during Feb–May, and fawns from birth to 6 months. I observed high rates of predation and starvation for adult female deer during Apr–May, suggesting that late winter represents a survival bottleneck due to nutritional declines. A strong negative relationship existed between snow free days during late winter and mortality risk. Predation was the dominant mortality source for fawns but predation risk decreased with larger birth mass. Black bears and coyotes accounted for …

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False Memories In Recognition Memory: Recollection Or Familiarity?, Alexis E. Payne Dec 2018

False Memories In Recognition Memory: Recollection Or Familiarity?, Alexis E. Payne

Theses and Dissertations

False recollection refers to the retrieval of contextual information associated with an event that has not occurred. For instance, during a recognition task, one might identify a nonstudied word presented at test as old because she remembers the font color of the word during study. Although instances such as this are rare and typically occur at a varying rate of 0-5%, current models of recognition such as the Complementary Learning Systems (CLS) model and the Dual-Process Signal-Detection (DPSD) model do not contain a mechanism to account for their occurrence. Although both the CLS and DPSD models have support from studies …

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