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Human And Nonhuman Animals: Equals In Uniqueness, Uta Maria Juergens

Animal Sentience

Chapman & Huffman attack the idea that humans are unique and therefore superior to nonhuman beings. They call on humankind to use their “intellect to change [their] actions.” I am in full accord with their line of thought, which differentiates uniqueness from superiority and enjoins humans to take responsible action. I suggest, however, that humans are unique with regard to cognitive fluidity. The same conclusions can be reached via another argument based on human uniqueness.

Good News: Humans Are Neither Distinct Nor Superior, Anne Benvenuti

Animal Sentience

Chapman & Huffman suggest that to correct our thinking about the supposed superiority of humans over other animals, we must train our reasoned investigation upon ourselves. Their thesis may usefully be viewed from within the general findings of the cognitive revolution in science, particularly findings that speak to the limits of rationality in everyday thought of humans. That we have failed — throughout a long history of scientific and philosophical thought — to ask fundamental questions about animal cognition and emotion is rooted in the fact that much of our thinking, feeling, and behaving is beyond our own immediate grasp. …

Human Superiority?, Bernard Rollin

Animal Sentience

Like Charles Darwin and George Romanes, I am quite willing to use anecdotal information as a source of knowledge about animal behavior. There are many more people observing nonhuman animals than there are people conducting controlled experiments, and we can thereby learn that behaviors we think are unique to humans are shared by other animals. From a strictly biological point of view, it makes no sense to speak of “human superiority.” One species of animal can be superior to another only in terms of survival and niche occupation. As moral concern for animals increases across the world, claims of human …

Using Anthropocentrism To The Benefit Of Other Species, Vanessa Wilson

Animal Sentience

Chapman & Huffman (2018) argue that we should not consider humans as unique or superior to other animals when we have the chance to explore the diversity of the traits of other species. This is a valid and progressive point in our approach to research, but I suggest that an anthropocentric approach can have animal welfare benefits when it helps us perceive other species – especially distantly related ones such as crustaceans – in a human light.

Why Humans Are Different, Tara Fox Hall

Animal Sentience

A central human problem is our inference from the fact that we are the world’s most intelligent species to the alleged fact that we are superior. This inference is not mandatory. Successfully combating this inference may require the threat of a large-scale catastrophe to our species.

Individuals In The Wild, Bob Fischer

Animal Sentience

If many wild animals have net negative lives, then we have to consider how likely it is that the good for animals, considered as individuals, aligns with the good for species, or the climate, or the preservation of wild spaces.

How To Foster Respect For Animals? Superiority, Dissimilarity, And Prejudice, Matteo Colombo

Animal Sentience

Chapman & Huffman (C & H) might be taken to argue as follows: Humans may treat animals however they want only if humans are superior to animals. But humans are not superior to animals. Therefore, humans may not treat animals however they want. Whatever its merit, this is not C & H’s actual argument. Their point, instead, is that humans often mistreat animals because they tend to perceive them as inferior. A remedy for animal mistreatment would then be acknowledging the deep similarities between us and animals. But is C & H’s suggested remedy likely to be effective to foster …

Insulting Words: "They Are Animals!", Carolyn A. Ristau

Animal Sentience

As Chapman & Huffman state, creating divisive human categories has rationalized atrocities committed against the “other.” Labeling neighboring warring villagers as “animals” is considered a despicable insult. Yet contemporary scientific views of many animals grant them thinking and conscious faculties, and the capacity for impressive achievements, many unattainable by humans. Robots, too, can accomplish many similar feats. But the essential reason we must protect animals is not because of their admirable abilities, but their capacity for consciousness, for suffering. Robots are not conscious. Participants in the human-animal debate should not complain about changing criteria for determining human uniqueness. New and …

Human-Like Behavior And Cognition: Not A Good Starting Point, Magnus Helgheim Blystad

Animal Sentience

Chapman & Huffman make use of observations and studies that show how humans may not be as unique in our behaviour and cognition as previously thought. I wholeheartedly agree that our uniqueness might be small and that if it exists, it should not give our species any right to act cruelly towards other animals. However, this kind of logic can be problematic. I present a few of the issues in this commentary.

We Don’T Want To Know What We Know, Judith Benz-Schwarzburg

Animal Sentience

Why are humans so ignorant with regard to the fundamental gap between ethical claims and the status quo of the human-animal relationship? To answer this, we should include more psychological and sociological perspectives in our discussions.

Two Fallacies In Comparisons Between Humans And Non-Humans, Don Ross

Animal Sentience

The hypothesis that humans are superior to non-humans by virtue of higher cognitive powers is often supported by two recurrent fallacies: (1) that any competence shown by humans but not by our closest living relatives (apes) must be unique to humans; and (2) that grades of intelligence can be inferred from behavior without regard to motivational structures.

Is Superiority A Necessary Aspect Of Cruelty?, William H. Edmondson

Animal Sentience

Chapman & Huffman argue that humans inflict cruelty without apparent concern because of their categorization of the victims as inferior. The supposed inferiority of non-human animals can be argued against on the basis of documentation and analysis of behaviour. Humans continue to inflict cruelty on their own and other species. It is not obvious that a sense of superiority is a necessary aspect of cruel behaviour. Nor is it obvious that further enlightenment regarding the cognitive status of non-humans will diminish cruelty.

What Sets Us Apart Could Be Our Salvation, Anne Fawcett, Paul Mcgreevy

Animal Sentience

We agree with Chapman & Huffman that human capacities are often assumed to be unique — or attempts are made to demonstrate uniqueness scientifically — in order to justify the exploitation of animals and ecosystems. To extend the argument that human exceptionalism is against our interests, we recommend adopting the One Welfare framework, according to which animal welfare, environmental sustainability and human wellbeing are inseparably linked. Let us distinguish ourselves from other animals by resisting our short- and mid-term Darwinian inclinations, consuming less, reproducing less, and striving for a much longer-term biological fitness for us all.

On Lewis Against Magic: A Study Of Method In Metaphysics, Anthony Fisher

Philosophy Faculty Scholarship

David Lewis objected to theories that posit necessary connections between distinct entities and to theories that involve a magical grasping of their primitives. In On the Plurality of Worlds, Lewis objected to nondescript ersatzism on these grounds (and thus branded it as 'magical'). The literature contains several reconstructions of Lewis' critique of nondescript ersatzism but none of these interpretations adequately address his main argument because they fail to see that Lewis' critique is based on broader methodological considerations. I argue that a closer look at his methodology reveals the broader objection he presented against nondescript ersatzism. This objection, I further …

'Long Live Chairman Mao!' The Cultural Revolution And The Mao Personality Cult, Angelica Maldonado

History - Master of Arts in Teaching

I. Synthesis Essay……………………………....3

II. Primary documents and headnotes………..28

III. Textbook critique……………………………33

IV. New textbook entry………………………....37

V. Bibliography…………………………………..40

ความเหลื่อมล้ำทางการศึกษาของผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษ ในโรงเรียนสังกัดสำนักงานคณะกรรมการการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน, ณปภัช บรรณาการ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) เปรียบเทียบภูมิหลังทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคม ระหว่างผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษกับนักเรียนทั่วไปในโรงเรียนสังกัดคณะกรรมการการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน 2) ศึกษาปัจจัยนำเข้าสำหรับการจัดการเรียนรู้ให้ผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษและระบบช่วยเหลือผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษในโรงเรียนสังกัดคณะกรรมการการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน และ 3) วิเคราะห์ความเหลื่อมล้ำทางการศึกษาของผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษในโรงเรียนอันเนื่องมาจากภูมิหลังทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคม ปัจจัยนำเข้าสำหรับการจัดการเรียนรู้แก่ผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษ และระบบช่วยเหลือผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษในโรงเรียนสังกัดสำนักงานคณะกรรมการการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน การวิจัยนี้เก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลจาก 2 แหล่งประกอบด้วย 1) ข้อมูลปฐมภูมิจากโรงเรียนสังกัดสำนักงานเขตพื้นที่การศึกษามัธยมศึกษาเขต 1 และ 2 ทั้งหมด 43 โรงเรียน 2) แหล่งข้อมูลทุติยภูมิโดยใช้ฐานข้อมูลของผู้สอบ O-NET รายบุคคล ระดับชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 3 ที่ศึกษาในโรงเรียนสังกัดคณะกรรมการการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน (สพฐ.) ปีการศึกษา 2560 ของสถาบันทดสอบทางการศึกษาแห่งชาติ (สทศ.) ตัวอย่างที่ใช้ในการวิจัยในครั้งนี้คือ โรงเรียนสังกัดสำนักงานเขตพื้นที่การศึกษามัธยมศึกษาเขต 1 และ 2 จำนวน 39 โรงเรียน และนักเรียนจำนวน 11,534 คน การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลใช้สถิติบรรยาย การวิเคราะห์กลุ่มแฝง (latent class analysis) และการวิเคราะห์ความเหลื่อมล้ำ (Inequality Index) ด้วยโปรแกรม R ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ดังนี้ 1) ภูมิหลังทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคมระหว่างผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษกับนักเรียนทั่วไปไม่แตกต่างกันที่ระดับนัยสำคัญ .05 (ꭓ2df = 2 = 2.408, p = 0.300) 2) ผลการศึกษาปัจจัยนำเข้าของการจัดการเรียนรู้ให้ผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษ ด้านความเพียงพอและคุณภาพครู พบว่าอัตราส่วนระหว่างจำนวนผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษต่อจำนวนครูที่รับผิดชอบงานการศึกษาพิเศษในโรงเรียน มีค่าเท่ากับ 3.77 (SD = 5.27) ค่าเฉลี่ยร้อยละของครูการศึกษาพิเศษเมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับครูที่รับผิดชอบงานการศึกษาพิเศษในโรงเรียนมีค่าเท่ากับ 16.89 (SD = 30.97) จะเห็นว่าโรงเรียนส่วนใหญ่มีครูที่รับผิดชอบงานการศึกษาพิเศษที่เพียงพอต่อความต้องการ แต่อย่างไรก็ตามครูที่รับผิดชอบงานการศึกษาพิเศษของโรงเรียนดังกล่าวนั้นมีส่วนน้อยที่มีวุฒิการศึกษาพิเศษโดยตรงซึ่งสะท้อนความขาดแคลนคุณภาพของปัจจัยนำเข้าด้านบุคลากรครูที่รับผิดชอบงานการศึกษาพิเศษของโรงเรียน นอกจากนี้ยังพบว่าสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกและวัสดุในการผลิตสื่อของผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษไม่เพียงพอ สื่อการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้ของครูและอุปกรณ์นันทนาการเพียงพอระดับน้อย ด้านระบบช่วยเหลือผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษมีผลการประเมินดังนี้ ด้านการวางแผนการจัดการศึกษา (plan), การปฏิบัติแผนการศึกษาเฉพาะบุคคล (do) และ ด้านการวิเคราะห์และการตรวจสอบผลการจัดการเรียนรู้ (check) ปฏิบัติเป็นส่วนใหญ่ ส่วนด้านการปรับปรุงแผนและการปฏิบัติงาน (act) ปฏิบัติเป็นบางครั้ง 3) ผลการวิเคราะห์ความเหลื่อมล้ำทางการศึกษาของผู้เรียนที่มีความต้องการพิเศษ พบว่า …

The Relationship Of Injury And Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Effective Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation In Firefighters, Shelby Nicole Conard

Health Nutrition and Exercise Science

Quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an essential component in cardiac arrest survival. Research indicates that a first responder’s performance is generally inadequate due to many factors including fatigue or distractions. One factor that has not been studied is prior musculoskeletal injuries. This study aims to determine if a correlation exists between firefighter’s CPR performance, fatigue, and prior musculoskeletal injuries. Twenty-nine urban firefighters participated. Researchers were supplied with basic demographics and a self-reported musculoskeletal injury history through secondary injury questionnaires. Participants performed five rounds of single-rescuer CPR followed by a graded exercise test (GXT), then another set of five rounds of …

Communication In The Workplace: Does Communicating Breastfeeding Needs Affect Breastfeeding Duration For Working Mothers?, Madison Sara Millner

Health Nutrition and Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to identify if employer interpersonal communication and support are factors that reduce breastfeeding duration. An online, 85-item questionnaire was completed by employed breastfeeding mothers in the state of North Dakota. Of the 502 respondents, responses of a subset of 214 mothers who had concluded breastfeeding were analyzed. Shorter breastfeeding duration was seen in mothers who reported not being confident in combining breastfeeding and working. This was further seen in shorter breastfeeding duration among mothers who did not feel comfortable asking for accommodations or taking breastfeeding breaks. Mothers who were unsure about manager’s support of …

Empowering Native American Students: Approaches To Enhancing The Tribal College Writing Classroom, Heather Madonna Flute

English

This research aims to address the writing methods and strategies used within the Tribal College Writing classroom by providing insight into best practices to improve writing at Tribal Colleges. While elaborating on classroom environment, I expand on what is currently happening in the classroom by assessing methods that work and enhancing strategies that could be improved. An anecdotal approach is applied to the observations of Tribal College Writing instructor’s methods and strategies in their classrooms. The goal is to orient myself in the Tribal college classroom and administration environment. I hope to offer tools and knowledge from experienced authors and …

Enhancing Security Behaviour By Supporting The User, Sm Furnell, W Khern-Am-Nuai, R Esmael, W Yang, N Li

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

Although the role of users in maintaining security is regularly emphasized, this is often not matched by an accompanying level of support. Indeed, users are frequently given insufficient guidance to enable effective security choices and decisions, which can lead to perceived bad behaviour as a consequence. This paper discusses the forms of support that are possible, and seeks to investigate the effect of doing so in practice. Specifically, it presents findings from two experimental studies that investigate how variations in password meter usage and feedback can positively affect the resulting password choices. The first experiment examines the difference between passwords …

Turning The Tide On Trash: Empowering European Educators And School Students To Tackle Marine Litter, Bonny L. Hartley, Sabine Pahl, Matthew Holland, Iro Alampei, Joana M. Veiga, Richard C. Thompson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Marine litter is a global environmental problem, and working with educators and school students has much potential to facilitate greater public understanding of the solutions and to enable action. This research examined two new educational activities designed to empower European educators and school students to engage with the topic of marine litter, particularly focusing on behavior and on known determinants of behavior rather than knowledge alone. In Study 1, 120 educators participated in an online training course on marine litter, and completed a pre- and post-course questionnaire to assess change. After participating in the course, educators felt significantly more skillful …

“Read And Be Convinced”: The Image Of The Nonpartisan League In Its Creative Production, The Early Histories, And Wider Popular Culture, John Hest

History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies

In this thesis, I examine the image of the Nonpartisan League in several different contexts, arguing that the League carefully crafted their advocative political image and their opponents painted them as disloyal socialists. The Nonpartisan League was an agrarian radical political movement beginning in North Dakota in 1915, and both its proponents and opponents created powerful images of it. I first examine the creative output of two Leaguers, the poet Florence Borner and the cartoonist John Miller Baer. I then transition to four competing histories of the Nonpartisan League, published from 1920-21, by Herbert Gaston, Charles Edward Russell, William Langer, …

Katharina Schütz Zell: The Religious Vocation Of A Female Reformer In Sixteenth-Century Strasbourg, Samantha Howard

History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies

Katharina Schütz Zell lived in the free imperial city of Strasbourg during the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. Commitment to a lifelong faith led Katharina to embrace early protestant beliefs: salvation by faith and grace, the sole authority of Scripture, and the priesthood of all believers. In 1524, she joined the reform movement and began sharing her beliefs. This study argues that Katharina Schütz Zell established herself as a reformer who served God through Christ with love and compassion. Katharina’s early writings convey her steadfast values of Christian living. In times of chaos and uncertainty, her unwavering faith provided …

Image Is Everything: Information-Seeking Of College Students And The Effectiveness Of Public Relations Efforts, Emily Constance Schubert

Communication

Organizations are continually searching for the most effective ways to distribute information and gain referrals from consumers. This study sought to find out how consumers seek information about an organization and how this impacts their views on the organization and advocacy intentions. The findings from this research conclude that views on the organization were positively impacted by individuals who identified as passive information seekers, more so than the active information-seekers. Passive information-seeking also had a higher association with advocacy than the, still positively associated, active information-seekers. Moreover, the results indicated that the most effective public relationship indicator on advocacy was …

Attributions Online: An Examination Of Time Stamps, Read Receipts, And Ellipses In Text-Based Communication, Kelsey Kathleen Earle

Communication

According to social information processing theory (SIPT), humans are actively encoding and decoding information when communicating through technology (Walther, 1992). This study uses SIPT as a theoretical guideline and examines the type of attributions formed when elements such as time stamps, read receipts, and ellipses are present in text-based communication. Malle’s (2006) categorization of attribution types was used to analyze attributions from a free response section of an online experiment. Various chi-square tests were used to determine if attributions differed when various chronemic cues were present. Only one hypothesis was supported, but results provide opportunities for future research in this …

Service Learning Assignments: The Interesect Between Assignment Framing, Student Motivation, And Perceived Relevance, Tori Benders

Communication

Although learning has traditionally happened within the four walls of a classroom, as service learning courses become more prevalent, instructors are challenging their students to take learning outside of the classroom and into the community. Service learning has the potential to transform students and their learning, it is not widely known how to ensure students are motivated to complete these assignments and see them as relevant to their futures. This study used social determination theory and a 2X2 experimental design to survey 271 students about their motivation to complete a service learning project presented to them in an assignment sheet …

Leaving A Lasting Impression: The Role Of Foundational Family, Privacy, And Gender Messages On Coming Out Disclosures, Justin Stewart Motto

Communication

This dissertation investigates the influence of family messages about gender, free expression, conformity, and privacy on coming out disclosures, a difficult experience in today’s society. Using communication privacy management theory, this study explored how heteronormative beliefs, family privacy boundaries, and family communication patterns relate to disclosure concerns. A total of 218 self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) participants were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. Participants completed an online survey to measure family privacy orientations, family communication patterns, heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, and disclosure concerns. Six linear regression analyses were performed. The findings suggest that both family privacy …

Creating And Facilitating Change For Person-Centred Coordinated Care (P3c): The Development Of The Organisational Change Tool (P3c-Oct), Jane Horrell, Helen Lloyd, Thavapriya Sugavanam, James Close, Richard Byng

More Faculty of Health Research

BACKGROUND: Person Centred Coordinated Care (P3C) is a UK priority for patients, carers, professionals, commissioners and policy makers. Services are developing a range of approaches to deliver this care with a lack of tools to guide implementation. METHODOLOGY: A scoping review and critical examination of current policy, key literature and NHS guidelines, together with stakeholder involvement led to the identification of domains, subdomains and component activities (processes and behaviours) required to deliver P3C. These were validated through codesign with stakeholders via a series of workshops and cognitive interviews. RESULTS: Six core domains of P3C were identified as follows: (i) my …

A Circle-Geocaching Game Based On Classified Specimens, Prabhakara Reddy Agasaladinni Reddy

Computer Science

This paper describes a CIRCLE-Geocaching extensible system played for the purpose of rehearsal learning. The system operates over a classification tree built by an instructor or a group of students engaged in classification, identification and learning of real world objects. Geocaching involves gathering specimens, naming specimens, recording GPS coordinates, and performing experiments on each specimen. It is assumed that student motivation is increased, as it is an outdoor activity to locate specimens using coordinates, allowing students to learn about features during game play. Implementation of this game draws on the Model, View and Template architecture (MVT). Client software is a …

Understanding Human Errors To Improve Requirements Quality, Kavitha Manjunath

Computer Science

Requirements engineering is the first and perhaps the most important phase of software life cycle. Software faults committed during the requirements development, if left undetected can affect downstream activities. While previous research has developed fault-detection techniques, they are inadequate because they lack an understanding of root cause of faults to be able to avoid its future occurrences. Our research is aimed at helping software engineers understand human errors (i.e., the root cause) that cause faults that are inserted into Software Requirements Specification (SRS). This can help software engineers become more aware and reduce the likelihood of committing human errors during …