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Sexual Harassment, Public Transportation, And Labor Market Outcomes For Women: Case Study Of Lahore, Pakistan, Rachel A. Wilder

Honors Undergraduate Theses

This thesis investigates an understudied question in the economics literature: how does sexual harassment experienced in and around public transportation affect labor market outcomes for women? Previous research suggests that access to public transport can improve labor market outcomes and that women's use of public transportation is sometimes limited by their experience of sexual harassment. It follows that when harassment is particularly widespread or severe – as is the case in much of South Asia – it may lead women who depend on public transportation for travel to make different labor market choices or not to work at all. If …

H. Wayne Huizenga College Of Business And Entrepreneurship 2018-2019 Graduate Catalog, Nova Southeastern University

Huizenga Postgraduate Course Catalogs

No abstract provided.

M.P.A. With A Concentration In Criminal Justice 2018-2019, Nova Southeastern University

Huizenga Postgraduate Course Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Unmarked? Criminal Record Clearing And Employment Outcomes, Jeffrey Selbin, Justin Mccrary, Joshua Epstein

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

An estimated one in three American adults has a criminal record. While some records are for serious offenses, most are for arrests or relatively lowlevel misdemeanors. In an era of heightened security concerns, easily available data, and increased criminal background checks, these records act as a substantial barrier to gainful employment and other opportunities. Harvard sociologist Devah Pager describes people with criminal records as “marked” with a negative job credential. In response to this problem, lawyers have launched unmarking programs to help people take advantage of legal record clearing remedies. We studied a random sample of participants in one such …

Technological Incarceration And The End Of The Prison Crisis, Mirko Bagaric, Dan Hunter, Gabrielle Wolf

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

The United States imprisons more of its people than any nation on Earth, and by a considerable margin. Criminals attract little empathy and have no political capital. Consequently, it is not surprising that, over the past forty years, there have been no concerted or unified efforts to stem the rapid increase in incarceration levels in the United States. Nevertheless, there has recently been a growing realization that even the world’s biggest economy cannot readily sustain the $80 billion annual cost of imprisoning more than two million of its citizens. No principled, wide-ranging solution has yet been advanced, however. To resolve …

Now You See Me: Problems And Strategies For Introducing Gender Self-Determination Into The Eighth Amendment For Gender Nonconforming Prisoners, Lizzie Bright

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

As the fight for transgender rights becomes more visible in the United States, the plight of incarcerated transgender individuals seeking medical care behind bars is likewise gaining attention—and some trans prisoners are gaining access to gender-affirming care. However, progress for incarcerated members of the trans community has been slow, piecemeal, and not without problems. As federal court opinions in Eighth Amendment access-to-care cases brought by trans prisoners show, how a court interprets the subjective intent requirements of the Eighth Amendment and how the imprisoned plaintiff pleads his/her/their case can make or break the claim. Further, courts and plaintiffs rely on …

A More Just System Of Juvenile Justice: Creating A New Standard Of Accountability For Juveniles In Illinois, Brooke Troutman

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

For over a century, America’s legal system has made substantial reforms to change its treatment of adolescents. Every day, we see that our legal system treats adolescents differently from their adult counterparts. With regards to driving privileges, voting rights, and the ability to drink, our laws recognize that adults and adolescents are different and therefore require a different set of standards. America extended this treatment to the realm of juvenile justice in 1899, when Cook County, Illinois, created the country’s first juvenile court. Originating in this court was the overarching purpose of America’s juvenile justice system—rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. Though …

The Thin Blue Line From Crime To Punishment, Alice Ristroph

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Criminal law scholarship is marked by a sharp fault line separating substantive criminal law from criminal procedure. Philosophical work focuses almost exclusively on the substantive side of that line, addressing adjudicative procedure (the trial process) rarely and investigative procedure (especially police conduct) almost never. Instead, criminal law theorists devote substantial attention to just two questions: what conduct should be criminal, and why is punishment justified? This essay argues that criminal law theory cannot adequately address these favored subjects—the definition of crime and the justification of punishment—without also addressing the enforcement mechanisms that link crimes to punishments. Specifically, philosophers of criminal …

Employment Discrimination On The Basis Of Criminal History: Why An Anti-Discrimination Statute Is A Necessary Remedy, Elizabeth Westrope

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

The harms of mass incarceration do not end when an individual is released from prison. Instead, criminal records haunt approximately 70 million people throughout the United States today. Criminal histories follow persons convicted of crimes for the rest of their lives, creating collateral consequences that make it difficult for these individuals to get back on their feet and re-integrate into society. Gaining employment is one of the most crucial steps for returning citizens to take in order to regain stability in their lives. Yet, it remains one of the biggest obstacles. Employers are often wary of hiring persons with criminal …

The Effects Of Body-Worn Cameras On Police Activity And Police-Citizen Encounters: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Anthony A. Braga, William H. Sousa, James R. Coldren, Jr., Denise Rodriguez

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Many have suggested that placing body-worn cameras (BWCs) on police officers improves the civility of police-citizen encounters and enhances citizen perceptions of police transparency and legitimacy. In response, many police departments have adopted this technology to address public concerns over the quality of policing in their communities. The existing program evaluation evidence on the intended and unintended consequences of outfitting police officers with BWCs is still developing, however. This study reports the findings of a randomized controlled trial involving more than 400 police officers in Las Vegas, Nevada. We find that officers equipped with body-worn cameras generated fewer complaints and …

Assessing Dangerousness Amidst Racial Stereotypes: An Analysis Of The Role Of Racial Bias In Bond Decisions And Ideas For Reform, Lydette S. Assefa

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

The problems of mass incarceration in the United States and its burdens on the economic and social well-being of local communities, counties, and states have received increased attention and have spurred conversations on prison and jail reform. More recently, reform efforts have appropriately focused on the bond system and the role of pretrial detention in fueling jail and prison overcrowding. The bond process presents a unique opportunity for reform because defendants at this stage are presumed innocent and, as the Supreme Court has affirmed, these defendants possess fundamental rights to liberty and a presumption towards pretrial release. Yet jurisdictions, such …

Principles Of Pretrial Release: Reforming Bail Without Repeating Its Harms, Brook Hopkins, Chiraag Bains, Colin Doyle

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Bail reform is happening. Across the country, jurisdictions are beginning to recognize that contemporary pretrial systems rooted in money bail are discriminatory, ineffective, and (by and large) unconstitutional. A common and substantial component of contemporary reforms is an increased reliance on conditional release as an alternative to pretrial incarceration. In many ways, conditional release represents an improvement over money bail, but the practice of conditional release has its own pitfalls.

This Article identifies unforeseen and unplanned harms that can result from a system of conditional release and proposes five principles that jurisdictions can follow to eliminate or mitigate these harms. …

Toward A Just Model Of Pretrial Release: A History Of Bail Reform And A Prescription For What's Next, Alexa Van Brunt, Locke E. Bowman

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

The criminal justice system is in the midst of the “third wave” of bail reform in the United States. The current movement aims to end the ingrained practices of wealth-based discrimination in pretrial administration. The authors—civil rights attorneys who have litigated the issue of cash bond in Cook County, Illinois—have been on the front lines of this policy shift. From this vantage, we conduct a historical analysis of modern-day bail reform efforts in the “first” and “second” waves of bail reform, and examine the impact of these reforms on incarceration rates and racial disparities in the justice system. We explain …

Pre-Imprisonment Employment Drops: Another Instance Of The Ashenfelter Dip?, Charles E. Loeffler

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

A number of recent studies examining the effects of imprisonment on ex-prisoner labor market outcomes have reported sizable pre-imprisonment employment drops. The precise cause of these employment declines has not yet been identified. The present Article provides evidence that these geometric declines in employment prior to imprisonment are largely unrelated to the long-term economic trajectories of the soon-to-be imprisoned, and instead reflect the mechanical disruption of labor market activity resulting from pre-imprisonment criminal case processing, especially pretrial incarceration.

Are The U.K.'S Payment-By-Results Programs Right For U.S. Prisons?, Alys V. Brown

Emory International Law Review

The United States currently houses the world¿s largest prison population, which creates a heavy financial burden on our government. To improve the current state of America¿s criminal justice system it is imperative that the we look to other countries to determine how to provide justice in a more cost-efficient manner. In 2011 the United Kingdom piloted a Payment-by-Results (PbR) program, a form of incentive-based payments, in a number of their private prisons. The purpose of the PbR program was to encourage private prison providers to find creative ways to lower reconviction rates to receive a bonus payment. This Comment focuses …

Navigating Between Scylla And Charybdis: How The International Criminal Court Turned Restraint Into Power Play, Rebecca A. Shoot

Emory International Law Review

On July 17, 2018, dignitaries and jurists from around the globe gathered at the permanent premises of the first international criminal justice institution to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the Rome Statute, the foundational treaty of the International Criminal Court (ICC or the Court). After decades in the making and to its detractors¿ vexation, the ICC is now a fact of life. Its hurdles are no longer existential but experiential. The ongoing saga surrounding Omar al-Bashir exemplifies the Court¿s current challenges in bringing perpetrators of atrocities to justice and fulfilling the promise of accountability. This Comment posits that, on the …

Ideology In The Evolution Of Nonprofit Academic Programs, Norman A. Dolch, Robert F. Ashcraft, Jack Beckerle, Roger Weis

Journal of Ideology

How do academic programs evolve? This overarching question has several subcomponents such as the following: 1. What gives impetus to new programs on a campus? 2. Do new programs begin as undergraduate majors and degrees that eventually progress to the graduate level? 3. Are there critical faculty masses that are necessary for the evolution of programs? These and similar questions are addressed in this analysis of four case studies examined over a 20 plus year period. Guiding this inquiry is the literature on organizational development as well as academic program development and sustainability. Among the findings are these: 1. External …

Community Policing Relations: Texas Law Enforcement Practices In One Community, Natalie M. Garcia, Edward C. Polson

Journal of Ideology

In this exploratory study, we examine the implementation and perceived effectiveness of community policing in one central Texas community, as an emerging field of practice in contrast to the conventional methods of U.S. law enforcement. Interviews were conducted with members from local law enforcement departments. Qualitative analysis revealed several significant findings. First, respondents expressed a preference for the Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (1998) model over the “Broken Windows” model. Further, they identified relationship-building with citizens and engaging youth as the aspects of community policing most likely to be both demonstrably effective and personally meaningful. We explore the implications of these findings, …

The Intersection Between Young Adult Sentencing And Mass Incarceration, Josh Gupta-Kagan

Faculty Publications

This Article connects two growing categories of academic literature and policy reform: arguments for treating young adults in the criminal justice system more leniently than older adults because of evidence showing brain development and maturation continue until the mid-twenties; and arguments calling for reducing mass incarceration and identifying various mechanisms to do so. These categories overlap, but research has not previously built in depth connections between the two.

Connecting the two bodies of literature helps identify and strengthen arguments for reform. First, changing charging, detention, and sentencing practices for young adults is one important tool to reduce mass incarceration. Young …

Twitter And The #So-Calledjudge, Elizabeth G. Thornburg

SMU Law Review

Two-hundred-eighty characters may be insufficient to deliver a treatise on the judiciary, but it is more than enough to deliver criticism of the third branch of government. Today, these tweeted critiques sometimes come not from the general public but from the President himself. Attacks such as these come at a challenging time for court systems. We live in a highly politicized, polarized society. This polarization is reflected in attitudes toward the courts, particularly the federal courts. Unfortunately, public doubts about the court system come at a time when public understanding of the structure of government, and especially the court system, …

Quelling The Silver Tsunami: Compassionate Release Of Elderly Offenders, Jalila Jefferson-Bullock

Law Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Leveraging Surprise: What Standards Of Proof Imply That We Want From Jurors, And What We Should Say To Them To Get It, D. Michael Risinger

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

Solitary Confinement Reform Act: A Blueprint For Restricted Use Of Solitary Confinement Of Juveniles Across The States, Brielle Basso

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents - Vol. 48, No. 4 2018

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

Toward A Sociology Of Forensic Knowledge? A (Supplementary) Response To Cole, David S. Caudill

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

The National Commission On Forensic Science: Impactful Or Ineffectual?, Jules Epstein

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

Critical Issues Affecting The Reliability And Admissibility Of Handwriting Identification Opinion Evidence—How They Have Been Addressed (Or Not) Since The 2009 Nas Report, And How They Should Be Addressed Going Forward: A Document Examiner Tells All, Andrew Sulner

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

Reducing Error In The Criminal Justice System, Keith A. Findley

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

Tradeoffs Between Wrongful Convictions And Wrongful Acquittals: Understanding And Avoiding The Risks, Paul G. Cassell

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Anti-Blackstonians, Marvin Zalman

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.