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2018

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Listening To The Song Of Life: An Autoethnographic Account Of Teaching An Undergraduate Listening Course, E. James Baesler Jan 2018

Listening To The Song Of Life: An Autoethnographic Account Of Teaching An Undergraduate Listening Course, E. James Baesler

Communication & Theatre Arts Faculty Publications

A new approach to teaching the listening course at the undergraduate level provides opportunities for students to experience the SONG of life. SONG is an acronym for listening to the whole of life in the contexts of Self (e.g., discerning inner wisdom), Others (e.g., connecting with feelings and needs), Nature (beholding the beauty of nature), and God (e.g., discovering and connecting with the divine). A rationale and description of the new listening course is provided followed by a chronological autoethnographic account of teaching/learning the SONG of life using the four contexts as verses of the SONG with twenty undergraduate students …


A Continuum Of Care: School Librarian Interventions For New Teacher Resilience, Rita Reinsel Soulen Jan 2018

A Continuum Of Care: School Librarian Interventions For New Teacher Resilience, Rita Reinsel Soulen

Teaching & Learning Theses & Dissertations

School librarians occupy a unique position to offer supports for first year teachers to build resilience, reduce burnout, and ensure retention. The researcher used the psychology theory of resilience to develop the Continuum of Care model which initiates in mentoring and moves toward a collaborative partnership. Fifteen school librarians in one urban district recruited 26 new teachers in their schools to form the treatment group. All new teachers in the district were surveyed to establish their initial level of resilience and collect demographics. A comparison group of 26 new teachers were matched by scores on a resilience scale at the …


Failing Better: Scaffolding Learning With The Metaliteracy Badging System, Kelsey L. O'Brien Jan 2018

Failing Better: Scaffolding Learning With The Metaliteracy Badging System, Kelsey L. O'Brien

University Libraries Faculty Scholarship

The Metaliteracy Badging System, collaboratively produced by educators from across the State University of New York (SUNY), has undergone several trials and transformations. Over the course of this iterative journey, this resource has served in often-unexpected ways as a flexible educational tool that facilitates meaningful curriculum design and collaborative teaching. This chapter provides an overview of the design and implementation of the system, along with our challenges and goals moving forward. Just as we teach our students to fail better, we too have drawn on our setbacks as opportunities for growth and improvement.


Badging Best Practices, Kelsey L. O'Brien Jan 2018

Badging Best Practices, Kelsey L. O'Brien

University Libraries Faculty Scholarship

Digital Badges are gaining traction in the education landscape, and librarians have been some of the leading pioneers at the forefront of this exciting new frontier. This chapter employs Wiggins and McTighe’s “backward design” model as a framework to guide the thoughtful design of digital badges, envisaging how librarians and other educators might leverage the unique qualities of badges at each stage of curricular design.


Caught In The Frame: A Critical Analysis Of Australian Media Representations Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 2014–2015, Mayyada Mhanna Jan 2018

Caught In The Frame: A Critical Analysis Of Australian Media Representations Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 2014–2015, Mayyada Mhanna

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

Despite the many current conflicts in the Middle East and the world, the Israeli- Palestinian conflict is still one of the most significant conflicts of the modern era. The reasons for this include the history and violence of this conflict and the lack of practical solutions for it. The significance of this conflict is reflected in its prevalence in many disciplines, such as political science and media studies. Related literature shows that Australian media coverage of this conflict has not been investigated thoroughly. Hence, this study attempts to bridge this gap in literature, aiming to identify how Australian media portray …


A Framework For Development Of Android Mobile Electronic Prescription Transfer Applications In Compliance With Security Requirements Mandated By The Australian Healthcare Industry, Kyaw Kyaw Htat Jan 2018

A Framework For Development Of Android Mobile Electronic Prescription Transfer Applications In Compliance With Security Requirements Mandated By The Australian Healthcare Industry, Kyaw Kyaw Htat

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

This thesis investigates mobile electronic transfer of prescription (ETP) in compliance with the security requirements mandated by the Australian healthcare industry and proposes a framework for the development of an Android mobile electronic prescription transfer application. Furthermore, and based upon the findings and knowledge from constructing this framework, another framework is also derived for assessing Android mobile ETP applications for their security compliance.

The centralised exchange model-based ETP solution currently used in the Australian healthcare industry is an expensive solution for on-going use. With challenges such as an aging population and the rising burden of chronic disease, the cost of …


The Beloved: A Documentary Film On The History And Aftermath Of Fremantle’S Rajneesh Sannyasin Community – And – Hidden Realities: Transcendental Structures In Documentary Film: An Exegesis, Joseph London Jan 2018

The Beloved: A Documentary Film On The History And Aftermath Of Fremantle’S Rajneesh Sannyasin Community – And – Hidden Realities: Transcendental Structures In Documentary Film: An Exegesis, Joseph London

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

This creative work and its associated exegesis examines the concept of what I have termed a ‘transcendental structure’ in relation to a documentary film form, and what outcomes, specific to a non-fiction mode of representation, result from the application of this structure. A transcendental structure in film has a long history of investigation and interpretation in narrative fiction film theory and practice, but is substantially absent from documentary scholarship. The topic appears, in different forms, in the critical writings of Zavattini (1940), Bazin (1946), Pasolini (1965), Schrader (1972), Deleuze (1985), and more recently, Perez (1998) and Minghelli (2016). All of …


Reading Between The Crimes: Online Media’S Representation Of Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People’S Interaction With The Criminal Justice System In Post-Apology Australia, Jonathan Cannon Jan 2018

Reading Between The Crimes: Online Media’S Representation Of Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People’S Interaction With The Criminal Justice System In Post-Apology Australia, Jonathan Cannon

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

Australian research confirms that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience high levels of social inequality, racism and injustice. Evidence of discrimination and inequality is most obvious within the criminal justice system where they are seriously over-represented. The Australian news media plays a large part in reinforcing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander inequality, stereotypes and racist ideology within specific situations such as the Northern Territory Emergency Response and the Redfern riots. This study widens the scope from how the media reports a single criminal justice event to how the media reports Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s interaction with the …


A Study On The Impact Of A Music Looping Technology Intervention Upon Pre-Service Generalist Teachers’ Self-Efficacy To Teach Music In Primary Schools, John Nathan Heyworth Jan 2018

A Study On The Impact Of A Music Looping Technology Intervention Upon Pre-Service Generalist Teachers’ Self-Efficacy To Teach Music In Primary Schools, John Nathan Heyworth

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

In Australia, in the current climate of economic rationalism in which there has been an increasing emphasis on literacy and numeracy, funding for specialised subjects like music has been reducing. As a result, generalist classroom teachers are being given more responsibility for delivering effective music education in primary schools. However, the time dedicated to training pre-service teachers in music education in tertiary institutions has diminished. Further, time constraints involved in building pre-service knowledge and skills in teaching music may impact many pre-service teachers’ beliefs about their ability to teach music.

Within these constraints, digital technology may provide a key to …


Rock ‘N’ Roll Radio: A Case Study Of ‘Tactics’ And Teenage Identity In Perth, Wa, 1955-1960, Lorna Baker Jan 2018

Rock ‘N’ Roll Radio: A Case Study Of ‘Tactics’ And Teenage Identity In Perth, Wa, 1955-1960, Lorna Baker

Theses : Honours

Post-war Australia was a time of celebration, of prosperity, abundance and consumerism. The booming economic and technological forces within Australia propelled the rise of popular culture and led to a transformation of traditions and identities. Most notable of these transformations was that of youth culture. The rise of the teenager, as a category of person and a consumer of culture, had an impact on the social interactions of many communities. At the same time, new technologies combined with newfound prosperity meant that popular culture, such as music, was available to all and radio became a prominent feature of everyday life. …


The Rhythmic, Harmonic And Phrasing Language Of Lennie Tristano: Analysis And Strategies For Incorporation In Modern Jazz Improvisation, Austin Salisbury Jan 2018

The Rhythmic, Harmonic And Phrasing Language Of Lennie Tristano: Analysis And Strategies For Incorporation In Modern Jazz Improvisation, Austin Salisbury

Theses : Honours

Pianist Lennie Tristano is regarded as one of the most original voices in jazz history. His uncompromising adherence to artistic ideals led to both great innovation and obscurity, limiting his impact on future generations of musicians. Until recently, his music has been largely overlooked by musicians and academics alike. Coinciding with a revival in interest in Tristano and his music by modern jazz musicians, this dissertation seeks to investigate the transferability of several aspects of Tristano’s rhythmic, harmonic and phrasing vocabulary to modern jazz improvisation. Building upon existing literature concerning his pedagogy and musical analysis, this research emphasises Tristano’s relevance …


Snac_Oshc: Exploring A Multifaceted Approach To Develop Outside Of School Hours Care As A Health Promoting Setting, Karen Forde Jan 2018

Snac_Oshc: Exploring A Multifaceted Approach To Develop Outside Of School Hours Care As A Health Promoting Setting, Karen Forde

Theses : Honours

Background: Outside of school hours care (OSHC) services are underutilised as health promoting settings, yet are well positioned to influence health behaviours. OSHC Professionals are ideally placed to become positive influencers in this setting, although may require training to confidently perform this role.

Aim: This research trialed a multifaceted intervention strategy to increase OSHC Professional’s confidence and competencies, to support a health promoting OSHC environment with a nutrition and PA activity focus.

Design and Methods: This exploratory study adopted a mixed methods approach. The three-pronged, multifaceted intervention included: a workshop, a closed Facebook group, and a website. 19 OSHC Professionals, …


A Survey To Investigate The Participation Of Female Jazz-Trained Instrumentalists At Waapa And In Perth’S Professional Music Scene, Talya Valenti Jan 2018

A Survey To Investigate The Participation Of Female Jazz-Trained Instrumentalists At Waapa And In Perth’S Professional Music Scene, Talya Valenti

Theses : Honours

Traditionally, men have dominated jazz music in terms of participation and professional acknowledgement, but even in present times, female instrumentalists remain under-represented in jazz performance and education. Various studies such as Kathleen M. McKeage’s Gender and Participation in Undergraduate Jazz Ensembles: A National Survey and Erin L. Wehr’s Understanding the Experiences of Women in Jazz: A Suggested Model, have produced statistics that illustrate the low participation of female instrumentalists in jazz, and have also provided social-psychological theories to explain why these patterns continue to prevail.

As a working jazz-trained female instrumentalist myself, I have noticed the under-representation of female jazz …


Hope For The Orphan: Re-Imagining The Youth Sabbath School, S. Joseph Kidder, Gerardo Oudri Jan 2018

Hope For The Orphan: Re-Imagining The Youth Sabbath School, S. Joseph Kidder, Gerardo Oudri

All Books

Hope for the Orphan is a compilation of reports given at the 180 Symposium themed "Sabbath School Matters!" At this event a group of administrators, scholars, practitioners, youth, and resource producers met for an honest dialogue with the purpose of identifying some of the main challenges affecting youth and young adult Sabbath School ministry, as well as potential solutions.

The presentations are divided into four sections:

  • Defining the Challenges
  • Exploring the Solutions
  • Improving Learning Styles and Models
  • Recommendations for a Brighter Future

Of particular interest to readers will be recommendations included in the final chapter of this book, "Report from …


Postgraduate Students' Perception Towards The Use Of Ict In Research In Ghanaian Public Universities, Samuel Ankamah, Harry Akussah, Musah Adams Jan 2018

Postgraduate Students' Perception Towards The Use Of Ict In Research In Ghanaian Public Universities, Samuel Ankamah, Harry Akussah, Musah Adams

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The use of ICT in research has become significant among postgraduate students. However, available literature shows that there is little research on the perception and adoption of this technology in developing countries. This problem has created gap in the existing literature. This, therefore, make it necessary to find out more about the perceptions of postgraduate students on the use of ICT in research. The paper intents to discuss these. The paper adopted the survey methodology by using the stratified and convenience sampling techniques to select 346 postgraduate students from University of Ghana and University of Cape Coast to participate in …


The Study Of The Relationship Between Perceived Richness Of Information Resources At Academic Library And Attitude Towards Using Them, Mohammad Reza Farhadpoor Jan 2018

The Study Of The Relationship Between Perceived Richness Of Information Resources At Academic Library And Attitude Towards Using Them, Mohammad Reza Farhadpoor

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived richness of information resources at academic library and the attitude to use them by students' of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz; and conducted by an analytical survey method. Using stratified random sampling 380 students were selected and data were collected using researcher made questionnaire. Results showed that the students have no tendency (mean=3.2281) to use the information resources of library. Meanwhile, the library information resources in terms of update (mean=3.2281), accessibility (mean=3.1702), quality (mean=3.1342), transparency (mean=3.1325) and quick feedback ability (mean=3.1325) are above average and in a relatively favorable level; but, …


Evaluation Of Library And Information Science (Lis) Professional Skills: A Case Study Of Dr. B R. Ambedkar Central Library, Jnu, New Delhi, India, Ajit Kumar Jan 2018

Evaluation Of Library And Information Science (Lis) Professional Skills: A Case Study Of Dr. B R. Ambedkar Central Library, Jnu, New Delhi, India, Ajit Kumar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Skills are very essential for every professional, which help them to deliver services on time and in efficient manner to their users. In this article skills of the Library and Information Science Professionals of Dr. B. R. Amberdkar Central Library, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi has been evaluated based on the predefined skills required for the LIS professionals in new age’s library. It has been noticed that the LIS professional of this library has up to date their skills as per the demand of digital age.


Open Access To Legal Resources In South Africa: The Benefits And Challenges, Siviwe Bangani Jan 2018

Open Access To Legal Resources In South Africa: The Benefits And Challenges, Siviwe Bangani

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

It is a constitutional right of all South Africans to have access to information held by the state or any other person especially if the information is required to protect a right (South Africa 1996). With this right comes the obligation on the state to ensure that whatever information it has in its possession, and can be reasonably shared, is distributed widely, openly, freely and fairly to the citizenry. Since the adoption of the Constitution in 1996, the Internet’s reach in South Africa has increased significantly. The Internet has therefore become an attractive platform to distribute legal information. The South …


Contemporary Trends Of Information Seeking Behaviour Of Research Scholars Of Gujarat University: A Case Study, Dharmendra Trivedi, Atul Bhatt Dr. Jan 2018

Contemporary Trends Of Information Seeking Behaviour Of Research Scholars Of Gujarat University: A Case Study, Dharmendra Trivedi, Atul Bhatt Dr.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study inspects the Information needs and seeking behavior of research scholars of Gujarat University in Social science and Linguistics disciplines. Sample constituted the population of total 80 research scholars from social science and linguistic disciplines. The study conducted through survey methodology with questionnaire developed basis on the core compounds of information seeking behaviour and collected the research data from the registered research scholars of Gujarat University. The results revealed that female little dominated in research work and the major purpose of seeking behaviour is for research work, knowledge enrichment and writing research and conference papers. Research scholars desired to …


The Role Of Libraries And Librarians In Open Educational Resources In Tanzania: The Case Of Selected Public University Libraries, Chausiku Mtumwa Mwinyimbegu Jan 2018

The Role Of Libraries And Librarians In Open Educational Resources In Tanzania: The Case Of Selected Public University Libraries, Chausiku Mtumwa Mwinyimbegu

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This paper examined the Role of Libraries and Librarians in Open Educational Resources (OER) in selected public university libraries in Tanzania. Specifically, the study sought to find out the level of OER awareness among librarians and the role played by libraries and librarians in OER in Tanzania. The study also identified challenges encountered by librarians in promoting access and use of OER. Fifty two librarians of different ranks and academic qualifications from four public university libraries participated in this study. These were selected using simple random sampling techniques. Data was collected through a self administered questionnaire and documentary review. Data …


Multicultural Competence In Pre-Service Teachers: Questioning Assumptions Through Juvenile Literature, Alessia Zanin-Yost Jan 2018

Multicultural Competence In Pre-Service Teachers: Questioning Assumptions Through Juvenile Literature, Alessia Zanin-Yost

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The article highlights how librarians and faculty can collaborate to prepare pre-service teaching students to select culturally appropriate juvenile books. Results show how the students’ misconceptions or poor knowledge about multiculturalism impact their decision in the selection of material. Changes in the content and delivery of information demonstrate how to improve the knowledge and application of cultural literacy skills by the students. This case study approaches the importance of the connection between textual and visual content in juvenile books, and how a collaborative approach between a faculty member and an academic librarian can improve the acquisition of lifelong learning skills.


A Relationship Of Reciprocal Influence: Singapore Company Law And The Economy, Vincent Ooi, Cheng Han Tan Jan 2018

A Relationship Of Reciprocal Influence: Singapore Company Law And The Economy, Vincent Ooi, Cheng Han Tan

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

A strong reciprocal relationship has existed between Singapore Company Law (“SCL”) and the economy since Independence in 1965. Swift Parliamentary responses to economic events and successful implementation of Government policies has made it possible to clearly attribute cause and effect to statutory amendments and economic events in turn, proving the reciprocal relationship between the two. The first theme of this paper seeks to explain the fundamental characteristics of SCL that have resulted in such an unusually strong reciprocal relationship: the 1) Autochthonous nature of SCL; 2) Responsive nature of legislation; and 3) Government control at multiple levels of implementation. The …


Achieving Substantive Justice In Mediation Through Procedural Justice: An Illusory Or Realizable Goal?, Dorcas Quek Anderson Jan 2018

Achieving Substantive Justice In Mediation Through Procedural Justice: An Illusory Or Realizable Goal?, Dorcas Quek Anderson

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Mediation has been plagued with a problem of legitimacy. Genn stated that mediation “does not contribute to substantive justice because mediation requires the parties to relinquish ideas of legal rights during mediation and focus, instead, on problem-solving”. Mediation appears to be all about procedural justice, a concept that is associated with perceptions of fair treatment. And procedural justice does not seem to have any discernible link with substantive justice, in terms of giving effect to well-accepted norms.This blog entry is drawn from a paper that was presented at the Australasian Dispute Resolution Research Network 6th Annual Roundtable and the LSAANZ …


Pagesense: Toward Stylewise Contextual Advertising Via Visual Analysis Of Web Pages, Tao Mei, Lusong Li, Xinmei Tian, Dacheng Tao, Chong-Wah Ngo Jan 2018

Pagesense: Toward Stylewise Contextual Advertising Via Visual Analysis Of Web Pages, Tao Mei, Lusong Li, Xinmei Tian, Dacheng Tao, Chong-Wah Ngo

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The Internet has emerged as the most effective and a highly popular medium for advertising. Current contextual advertising platforms need publishers to manually change the original structure of their Web pages and predefine the position and style of embedded ads. Although publishers spend significant effort optimizing their Web page layout, a large number of Web pages contain noticeable blank regions. We present an innovative stylewise advertising platform for contextual advertising, called PageSense. The "style" of Web pages refers to the visual appearance of a Web page, such as color and layout. PageSense aims to associate style-consistent ads with Web pages. …


The Policy And Implementation Of The Feed-In Tariff Scheme For Solar Power System In Hong Kong, Chi Wing, Alex Tsang Jan 2018

The Policy And Implementation Of The Feed-In Tariff Scheme For Solar Power System In Hong Kong, Chi Wing, Alex Tsang

Department of Construction, Environment and Engineering

Hong Kong people has been becoming more and more aware of the necessity of environmental protection. Various emerging green technologies have been introduced to Hong Kong in recent years. To enhance the rate of usage of alternative energy and to reduce the use of fossil fuels such as coal for thermal and electricity generation, Hong Kong Government has proposed a program called “Feed-in Tariff for Solar Power Scheme on business and residential buildings in Hong Kong”. Using electricity generated by solar panels, citizens can gain benefits for selling electricity to power companies. However, despite the advantages of using solar electricity, …


Anatomy Of Online Hate: Developing A Taxonomy And Machine Learning Models For Identifying And Classifying Hate In Online News Media, Joni Salminen, Hind Almerekhi, Milica Milenkovic, Soon-Gyu Jung, Haewoon Kwak, Haewoon Kwak, Bernard J. Jansen Jan 2018

Anatomy Of Online Hate: Developing A Taxonomy And Machine Learning Models For Identifying And Classifying Hate In Online News Media, Joni Salminen, Hind Almerekhi, Milica Milenkovic, Soon-Gyu Jung, Haewoon Kwak, Haewoon Kwak, Bernard J. Jansen

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Online social media platforms generally attempt to mitigate hateful expressions, as these comments can be detrimental to the health of the community. However, automatically identifying hateful comments can be challenging. We manually label 5,143 hateful expressions posted to YouTube and Facebook videos among a dataset of 137,098 comments from an online news media. We then create a granular taxonomy of different types and targets of online hate and train machine learning models to automatically detect and classify the hateful comments in the full dataset. Our contribution is twofold: 1) creating a granular taxonomy for hateful online comments that includes both …


The Status Of School Libraries In Migori County, Kenya, Cary Francis Ouma, Joel Nakitare Jan 2018

The Status Of School Libraries In Migori County, Kenya, Cary Francis Ouma, Joel Nakitare

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Whereas there is a general appreciation of libraries' role in educational performance and literacy development among learners, the status of school libraries still needs to improve. The struggle to secure a workable school library policy in Kenya is far from won. This study investigated the status of school libraries in Migori County by analyzing available resources and giving a framework for their development. Data was collected using questionnaires and Interviews in schools drawn from all the eight sub-counties in the county. The data was analyzed thematically based on parameters that define successful school libraries to arrive at study conclusions. They …


Diapause Disruption In Cirina Butyrospermi Vuillet (Lepidoptera, Attacidae), The Shea Caterpillar, In Burkina Faso, H. B. Bama, R. A. Dabire, D. Ouattara, S. Niassy, M. N. Ba, D. Dakouo Jan 2018

Diapause Disruption In Cirina Butyrospermi Vuillet (Lepidoptera, Attacidae), The Shea Caterpillar, In Burkina Faso, H. B. Bama, R. A. Dabire, D. Ouattara, S. Niassy, M. N. Ba, D. Dakouo

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The shea caterpillar Cirina butyrospermi is an important insect, highly valued as a human food item in Burkina Faso. However, its appearance is seasonal due to its univoltine cycle. This study therefore investigated the possibilities of breaking the nymphal diapause by changing the environmental factors and through the hormonal treatment of prepupae and pupae using bovine insulin and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Changes in humidity and temperature did not result in emergence, suggesting a mandatory nature of the diapause in C. butyrospermi. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone between 20 and 40 ng on 20 C. butyrospermi pupae resulted in 15.24 and 47.5% emergence, respectively. The …


Push-Pull Farming System Controls Fall Armyworm: Lessons From Africa, Zeyaur R. Khan, Jimmy O. Pittchar, Charles A.O. Midega, John A. Pickett Jan 2018

Push-Pull Farming System Controls Fall Armyworm: Lessons From Africa, Zeyaur R. Khan, Jimmy O. Pittchar, Charles A.O. Midega, John A. Pickett

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda invaded Africa, with the first detections being reported in Central and Western Africa in early 2016, and now affects at least 40 countries in Africa, causing up to total crop loss amounting to over $6.2 billion p.a. FAW is an invasive polyphagous pest that causes damage to economically important crops and has recently been reported in the Indian sub-continent. Effective control of FAW through use of synthetic chemical pesticides and genetically modified crops such as Bt maize faces challenges including improper use, unaffordability by smallholder farmers and development of resistance by the pest. Additionally, dispersal …


Independence And Impartiality Of Arbitrators: A Rule Of Law Analysis, Stefanie Schacherer Jan 2018

Independence And Impartiality Of Arbitrators: A Rule Of Law Analysis, Stefanie Schacherer

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) through arbitration remains in a state of legitimacy crisis and discussions on reform are ongoing. Much of the criticism is focussed on who is deciding investment dispute cases. Investment arbitrators have been called “private judges” who operate in secrecy, are biased in favour of big multinational companies and have no regard for conflicts of interest. The course of the negotiations on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union (EU) and the United States, highlighted to what extent ISDS through arbitration is perceived as unfair and biased (at least in Europe). As a reaction …