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Undergraduate Bulletin, 2019-2020, Minnesota State University Moorhead

Undergraduate Bulletins (Catalogs)

No abstract provided.

Numerical Simulations Of Premixed Flames Of Multi Component Fuels/Air Mixtures And Their Applications, Essa Kh I J Salem

Theses and Dissertations--Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Combustion has been used for a long time as a means of energy extraction. However, in the recent years there has been further increase in air pollution, through pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, acid rain etc. To solve this problem, there is a need to reduce carbon and nitrogen oxides through lean burning, fuel dilution and usage of bi-product fuel gases. A numerical analysis has been carried out to investigate the effectiveness of several reduced mechanisms, in terms of computational time and accuracy. The cases were tested for the combustion of hydrocarbons diluted with hydrogen, syngas, and bi-product fuel in …

Domain Decomposition Methods For The Solution Of Multiple Scattering Problems, Michael Pedneault

Dissertations

This presents a Schur complement Domain Decomposition (DD) algorithm for the solution of frequency domain multiple scattering problems. Just as in the classical DD methods,(1) the ensemble of scatterers is enclosed in a domain bounded by an artificial boundary, (2) this domain is subdivided into a collection of nonoverlapping subdomains so that the boundaries of the subdomains do not intersect any of the scatterers, and (3) the solutions of the subproblems are connected via Robin boundary conditions matching on the common interfaces between subdomains. Subdomain Robin-to-Robin maps are used to recast the DD problem as a sparse linear system whose …

Impairments In Ground Moving Target Indicator (Gmti) Radar, Phuoc Doan Huu Vu

Dissertations

Radars on multiple distributed airborne or ground based moving platforms are of increasing interest, since they can be deployed in close proximity to the event under investigation and thus offer remarkable sensing opportunities. Ground moving target indicator (GMTI) detects and localizes moving targets in the presence of ground clutter and other interference sources. Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) implemented with antenna arrays has been a classical approach to clutter cancellation in airborne radar. One of the challenges with STAP is that the minimum detectable velocity (MDV) of targets is a function of the baseline of the antenna array: the larger the …

Optimizing Resource Allocation In Eh-Enabled Internet Of Things, Ali Shahini

Dissertations

Internet of Things (IoT) aims to bridge everyday physical objects via the Internet. Traditional energy-constrained wireless devices are powered by fixed energy sources like batteries, but they may require frequent battery replacements or recharging. Wireless Energy Harvesting (EH), as a promising solution, can potentially eliminate the need of recharging or replacing the batteries. Unlike other types of green energy sources, wireless EH does not depend on nature and is thus a reliable source of energy for charging devices. Meanwhile, the rapid growth of IoT devices and wireless applications is likely to demand for more operating frequency bands. Although the frequency …

Storage Systems For Mobile-Cloud Applications, Nafize R. Paiker

Dissertations

Mobile devices have become the major computing platform in todays world. However, some apps on mobile devices still suffer from insufficient computing and energy resources. A key solution is to offload resource-demanding computing tasks from mobile devices to the cloud. This leads to a scenario where computing tasks in the same application run concurrently on both the mobile device and the cloud.

This dissertation aims to ensure that the tasks in a mobile app that employs offloading can access and share files concurrently on the mobile and the cloud in a manner that is efficient, consistent, and transparent to locations. …

Methods To Improve The Remediation Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) In Aerobic And Anaerobic Environments, Brian Wartell

Dissertations

Oil spills occur regularly in terrestrial environments and crude oil can contain many compounds that are highly resistant to degradation. Among these compounds are high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are not only toxic but can also be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic. The first chapter of this dissertation includes an extensive review chapter on the variables affecting the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons, with a particular focus on PAHs. Electron acceptors, electron donors, temperature, salinity, pH all play key roles in determining the possibility effective of effective degradation occurring. Thus, by addressing solutions, such as biostimulation, improving environmental variables for …

High-Speed Data Communications For Vehicular Networks Using Free-Space Optical Communications, Yagiz Kaymak

Dissertations

The demand for high-speed Internet access for vehicles, such as high-speed trains (HSTs) and cars, is on the rise. Several Internet access technologies that use radio frequency are being considered for vehicular networking. Radio-frequency communications technologies cannot provide high data rates due to interference, bandwidth limitations, and the inherent limited data rates of radio technology. Free-space optical communications (FSOC) is an alternative approach and a line-of-sight (LOS) technology that uses modulated light to transfer data between two free-space optical (FSO) transceivers. FSOC systems for vehicular networks are expected to provide data rates in the range of Gbps for stationary and …

Fwer Controlling Procedures In Simultaneous And Selective Inference, Li Yu

Dissertations

With increasing complexity of research objectives in clinical trials, a variety of relatively complex and less intuitive multiple testing procedures (MTPs) have been developed and applied in clinical data analysis. In order to make testing strategies more explicit and intuitive to communicate with non-statisticians, several flexible and powerful graphical approaches have recently been introduced in the literature for developing and visualizing newer MTPs. Nevertheless, some theoretical as well as methodological issues still remain to be fully addressed. This dissertation addresses several important issues arising in graphical approaches and related selective inference problems. It consists of three parts.

In the first …

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes In Hydrophobic Drug Delivery, Kun Chen

Dissertations

The direct incorporation of carboxylated carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) into hydrophobic drug particles during their formation via anti-solvent precipitation is presented. The approach is tested using two drugs namely antifungal agent Griseofulvin (GF) and antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) that have very different aqueous solubility. It is observed that the f-CNTs dispersed in the water serve as nucleating sites for crystallization and are readily incorporated into the drug particles without altering crystal structure or other properties. The results show that the hydrophilic f-CNTs dramatically enhance dissolution rate for both drugs. The increased degree of functionalization leads to higher hydrophilicity and therefore faster dissolution …

Analysis Of Design Peculiarities Of Preventive Shoes For Diabetics, A.J Djuraevich, A.A Khaydarov, M.O Muhammedova

Central Asian Problems of Modern Science and Education

Quality shoes are fundamental to affecting the health of the feet, in particular, when the foot can be subjected to many serious problems, as is the case with diabetes patients. This article identifies, identifies and analyzes the problems of correct design of shoes for people suffering from diabetes, and design features that distinguish orthopedic shoes from other types of shoes.

Deep Learning Methods For Mining Genomic Sequence Patterns, Xin Gao

Dissertations

Nowadays, with the growing availability of large-scale genomic datasets and advanced computational techniques, more and more data-driven computational methods have been developed to analyze genomic data and help to solve incompletely understood biological problems. Among them, deep learning methods, have been proposed to automatically learn and recognize the functional activity of DNA sequences from genomics data. Techniques for efficient mining genomic sequence pattern will help to improve our understanding of gene regulation, and thus accelerate our progress toward using personal genomes in medicine.

This dissertation focuses on the development of deep learning methods for mining genomic sequences. First, we compare …

The Effect Of Problem-Based E-Learning Content On The Learning Achievement In Basic Computer System Course (Dsk) Of The Student Of Informatics Engineering Education Department, I Gede Partha Sindu, A. A. Gede Yudhi Paramartha

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This study was aimed at finding out the difference in learning achievement in basic computer system course (DSK) between the students who learned from content e-problem-based learning in experiment class and those who learned from conventional model in control class in learning basic computer system course. This study used quasi-experimental non-equivalent Pretest Post-test Control Group Design. There were three variables involved in this study. Two of them were independent variable and dependent variable. The independent variable was e-problem-based learning and the dependent variable was learning achievement. Another variable which functioned as covariate was students'prior learning achievement. The population consisted of …

Learning Strategies Of Productive Lesson At Vocational High School In Serang City, Mohammad Fatkhurrokhman, Suroso Mukti Leksono, Sulaeman Deni Ramdan, Ikman Nur Rahman

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The purpose of this research are: (1) to know the design of delivery strategy of learning of productive lesson; (2) to know the implementation of delivery strategy of learning of productive lesson; and (3) to find out the result of applying the delivery strategy of learning of productive lesson. This research uses qualitative phenomenological approach with multi-case design. Informants in this study are students, teachers, leaders of Vocational High School in Serang City. Data collection through interviews and observation. Data analysis technique is Miles & Huberman interactive model. The results of this study found that (1) The design of the …

Education Media Development For Clutch (Emc) In Vocational Education: The Concept Of Clutch Work, Muhammad Nurtanto

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This development research aims to describe the working concept of EMC with VPE valuation method. The EMC quality is based on following aspects: (1) valid according to experts; (2) practical according to practitioners; and (e) effective based on students ability test. The developed cycles and procedures refer to the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). Data was collected using rating scale sheet (1-5) and percentage of learning using EMC outcomes. The research results show that the valid and practical aspects of the category are valid and practical enough with an average score of 3.68 (73.6%) and 3.75 (75.0%) …

Developing Scale To Measure Student's Honesty Characters On Mathematics Learning Using Subject Scaling, Kana Hidayati, Budiyono Budiyono, Sugiman Sugiman

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to measure honesty characters of students on mathematics learning using sucject scaling model. This development research is carried out in several steps namely: preparing initial scales, trials, and interpretation of trials result. The research is conducted on students of SMP N 5 Yogyakarta, SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta, and SMPIT Abu Bakar Yogyakarta. The first trial involves 688 students and the second trial involves 696 students. Content validity is obtained through expert judgment. The construct validity is determined by Lisrel's second order CFA. Reliability coefficients include Omega coefficients (ω) and Alpha …

Keefektifan Perangkat Pembelajaran Berbasis Inquiry Lesson Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa, Susilowati Susilowati, Sajidan Sajidan, Murni Ramli

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas Perangkat Pembelajaran Biologi untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa. Tempat dan sampel penelitian dipilih secara purposive random sampling. Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan dan diteliti meliputi Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), modul dan instrumen penilaian. Perangkat Pembelajaran tersebut dikembangkan berdasarkan indikator berpikir kritis menurut Facione yang terdiri dari enam aspek, yaitu: interpretasi, analisis, evaluasi, kesimpulan, penjelasan dan pengaturan diri. Instrumen yang dikembangkan, yaitu RPP, modul dan instrumen penilaian berupa tes telah diuji validitasnya dengan menggunakan formula Aiken V dengan indeks validitas secara berturut-turut sebesar 0,93, 0,92, dan 0,90. Adapun estimasi reliabilitas instrumen tersebut adalah 0,66, 0,69 …

The Accuracy Of The Cheating Detection Methods In Large-Scale Tests: Mathematics National Examination, Thomas Mbenu Nulangi, Djemari Mardapi

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study aimed to describe (1) the characteristics of items based on the Item Response Theory, (2) the cheating level in the implementation of the national examinartion based on Angoffs B-Index method, Pair 1 method, Pair 2 method, Modified Error Similarity Analysis (MESA) method, and G2 method, (3) the most accurate method to detect the cheating in the mathematics national examination at the senior secondary school level in the academic year of 2015/2016 in East Nusa Tenggara Province. The result of the item response theory analysis showed that 17 (42.5%) items of the mathematics national examination fit with the 3-PL …

Estimasi Kesalahan Pengukuran Standard Setting Dalam Penilaian Kompetensi Matematika Tingkat Smp Di Kabupaten Sumbawa, Weni Wendari, Samsul Hadi

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui metode yang lebih akurat dalam mengestimasi kesalahan pengukuran standard setting pada metode Ebel, Bookmark, dan Contrasting group. Data penelitian ini merupakan dokumen Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Sumbawa berupa respon peserta Ujian Nasional Matematika Paket P0C5520 tahun ajaran 2015/2016 yang berjumlah 352 siswa. Guru juga dilibatkan dalam penelitian sebagai panelis dalam Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis melaui tiga tahap.. Tahap pertama yaitu persiapan, kegiatan pada tahap ini mencakup penyiapan data, penggolongan SMP, dan penentuan karakteristik butir. Tahap kedua yaitu FGD dilakukan dalam dua putaran. Tahap ketiga yaitu mengestimasi …

How These Three Schools In Indonesia Could Exceed The International Average Score In Timss 2015?, Fasiha Fatmawati, Heri Retnawati

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

The achievement of students' mathematics learning is strongly influenced by how the learning process takes place in the classroom. But, that is not the only factor that could affect learning achievement. This research aimed to describe the advantages of learning in three schools in Indonesia with highest score in TIMSS 2015 which exceed international standard score. Participants in this case study research were teachers and students from the three elementary schools, that are SD N Gunungsaren, SD N Kentungan, and SD N Semanu III in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Data triangulation had been conducted to test the validity of data collected …

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Contextual Guded Inquiry Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Dan Prestasi Belajar Matematika, Maria Noor Cahaya Budhi

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran matematika SMP dengan pendekatan contextual guided inquiry pada materi bangun ruang untuk meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi belajar matematika siswa, yang valid, praktis dan efektif. Produk yang dikembangkan berupa RPP yang memuat langkah-langkah pendekatan contextual guided inquiry dan LKS yang memuat materi kontekstual dan langkah-langkah penemuan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan yang mengadaptasi model pengembangan Dick & Carey. Model pengembangan Dick & Carey dimodifikasi sehingga menghasilkan 5 tahap pengembangan yaitu analisis kebutuhan dan perumusan tujuan; desain/pengembangan produk; uji coba produk; revisi produk serta produk akhir. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 73 siswa kelas …

Optimasi Perencanaan Produksi Bahan Bakar Minyak Dengan Fungsi Kendala Fuzzy Menggunakan Metode Goal Programming, Wiwiet Widyaningsih, Sri Andayani

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Dalam perencanaan produksi PT. Pertamina (Persero) TBBM Boyolali, perusahaan tersebut hanya mendistribusikan BBM sesuai dengan permintaan SPBU tanpa melakukan perhitungan matematis apakah pendapatan yang diperoleh sudah optimal dengan semua faktor dan kendala yang ada, seperti harga setiap jenis BBM, jam kerja mesin pengisian BBM di New Gantry System (NGS), moda transport mobil tangki, dan tingkat keselamatan mobil tangki. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan optimasi perencanaan produksi BBM menggunakan metode goal programming agar perusahaan dapat memperoleh pendapatan yang maksimal dengan memperhatikan faktor-faktor dan kendala yang ada. Metode goal programming merupakan perluasan dari linear programming yang dapat menyelesaikan optimasi dengan …

Kesiapan Guru Matematika Sekolah Menengah Pertama Dalam Melaksanakan Kurikulum 2013, Khikayah Khikayah

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap kesiapan guru matematika SMP negeri di Kabupaten Cilacap dalam melaksanakan Kurikulum 2013, terdiri dari: pengetahuan guru tentang pembelajaran matematika Kurikulum 2013, upaya yang dilakukan guru untuk meningkatkan pemahaman terhadap pembelajaran matematika Kurikulum 2013, sikap guru terhadap pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013, perencanaan pelaksanaan pembelajaran matematika yang sesuai dengan Kurikulum 2013, dan ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana sekolah yang menunjang pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan didukung pendekatan kualitatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 31 guru ditentukan dengan teknik stratified purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan melalui angket, wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil …

Model Matematis Predator-Prey Tanaman Padi, Hama Penggerek Batang, Tikus, Dan Wereng Batang Coklat Di Karawang, Tesa Nur Padilah, Betha Nurina Sari, Hannie Hannie

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Karawang merupakan salah satu pusat penanaman padi di Pulau Jawa. Keberhasilan panen dapat terganggu oleh adanya organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) sehingga dapat mengancam target swasembada beras. Hubungan antara tanaman padi dengan OPT dapat dibentuk menjadi suatu model matematis yaitu model predator-prey. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis model matematis predator-prey tanaman padi dan OPT. Predator (pemangsa) adalah makhluk hidup yang memakan mangsa (prey). Model predator-prey antara tanaman padi dengan OPT yang dibahas adalah model tiga predator yaitu hama penggerek batang, tikus, dan wereng batang coklat dengan prey yaitu padi. Pertumbuhan padi mengikuti …

Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Dan Minat Belajar Siswa Dalam Mengerjakan Soal Open Ended Dengan Pendekatan Ctl, Puput Wahyu Hidayat, Djamilah Bondan Widjajanti

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kategori dan aspek kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan minat belajar siswa, peningkatan minat belajar, dan menganalisis pembelajaran yang lebih baik antara pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dengan soal open ended dan pendekatan CTL ditinjau dari kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan minat belajar siswa SMP. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu, dengan rancangan pretest-posttest non-equivalent group design. Populasi penelitian mencakup seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Miri, Kabupaten Sragen, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, dan diambil secara acak dua kelas sebagai sampel penelitian. Instrumen pengumpulan data meng­gunakan tes dan angket. Untuk meng­analisis kategori dan aspek kemampuan …

Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Dengan Metode Make A Match Dalam Inkuiri Ditinjau Dari Perbedaan Gender, Anggela Soraya, Wardani Rahayu, Lukita Ambarwati

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis menggunakan metode make a match dalam strategi pembelajaran inkuiri ditinjau dari perbedaan gender. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMP Jakarta Islamic School dan SMPIT Thariq Bin Ziyad, DKI Jakarta. Di SMP Jakarta Islamic School diterapkan strategi pembelajaran inkuiri, sementara di SMPIT Thariq Bin Ziyad diterapkan strategi pembelajaran inkuiri yang dipadukan dengan metode pembelajaran make a match. Populasi penelitian melibatkan peserta didik kelas VII, dimana kelas tersebut terpisah antara peserta didik laki-laki dan perempuan. Data yang diperoleh yaitu berasal dari data pre test dan post test yang berisi soal-soal pemecahan masalah …

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Dengan Pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Berorientasi Pada Minat Dan Prestasi, Ivone Marlinda, Ariyadi Wijaya

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran untuk siswa kelas VIII SMP dengan pendekatan pendidikan matematika realistik yang valid, praktis, dan efektif. Perangkat Pembelajaran ini terdiri atas RPP dan LKS yang berorientasi pada minat dan prestasi belajar siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan (Research & Development). Penelitian ini mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pengembangan 4D (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). Subjek uji coba penelitian adalah 21 siswa kelas uji coba. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari lembar validasi, lembar penilaian kepraktisan siswa, lembar penilaian kepraktisan guru dan instrumen penilaian. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengkonversi total …

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching Ditinjau Dari Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Peserta Didik Pada Materi Bangun Datar Segiempat, Trini Andira, Budi Santoso, Muhammad Yusup

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penalaran matematis merupakan salah satu aspek penting yang sangat dibutuhkan peserta didik dalam mempelajari matematika. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran matematis peserta didik, salah satunya dengan penerapan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pembelajaran dan kemampuan penalaran matematis peserta didik melalui penerapan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching pada materi bangun datar segiempat di kelas VII. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 34 peserta didik kelas VII.5 yang berasal dari SMP Negeri 13 Palembang. Data dikum­pulkan menggunakan observasi dan tes. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah data hasil observasi kegiatan …

Komparasi Pendekatan Matematika Realistik Dengan Model Pbl Dan Pjbl Ditinjau Dari Kemampuan Interpersonal, Berfikir Kritis, Dan Prestasi Belajar, Ida Trisnadati

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keefektifan pendekatan matematika realistik dengan model Problem-Based Learning (PBL) dan Project-Based Learning (PjBL) serta mendes­kripsikan manakah yang lebih efektif antara pendekatan matematika realistikdengan model PBL dan PjBL ditinjau dari kemampuan interpersonal, berpikir kritis dan prestasi belajar matematika pada sis­wa SMP Negeri 1 Samigaluh, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimen semu dengan desain pretest-posttest non-equivalent group design. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah angket kemampuan interpersonal, tes kemampuan berpikir kritis dan tes prestasi belajar. Pengujian keefektifan pendekatan pembelajaran matematika realistik dengan model PBL dan model PjBL dilakukan …

Model Diskursus Multi Representasi Dan Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika Siswa Sekolah Menegah Pertama, Kadek Pasek Budarsini, I Made Suarsana, I Nengah Suparta

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran Diskursus Multi Representasi terhadap kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematika siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 5 Singaraja, Provinsi Bali. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah post-test only control group design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 5 Singaraja semester genap tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Sampel penelitian ditentukan dengan teknik cluster random sampling dan terpilih 2 kelas yakni kelas VII H dan kelas VII I sebagai sampel penelitian. Melalui pengundian kelas VII I dipilih sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas VII H sebagai kelas kontrol. …