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2017

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How Emerging Adults Are Affected By Parental Chronic Illness: A Study Of Psychosocial Functioning And Academic Achievement, Ashley May Jan 2017

How Emerging Adults Are Affected By Parental Chronic Illness: A Study Of Psychosocial Functioning And Academic Achievement, Ashley May

Psychology

Chronic illness is widespread and often affects parents, yet the impact of parental chronic illness on emerging adults has been largely ignored by research. The existing literature on the impact of chronic illness on family members suggests spousal and parental caregivers can suffer significant adverse psychological, social, cognitive, and physical consequences. This study was designed to examine the effects of parental chronic illness on children transitioning to adulthood. Participants were asked to complete several questionnaires, which quantified psychosocial and academic functioning of college students. Upon comparing those with parents with chronic illness to those without, we found that emerging adults …

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Revising The Body Esteem Scale With A U.S. College Student Sample: Evaluation, Validation, And Uses For The Bes-R, Katherine Frost, Stephen L. Franzoi, Debra L. Oswald, Stephanie A. Shields Jan 2017

Revising The Body Esteem Scale With A U.S. College Student Sample: Evaluation, Validation, And Uses For The Bes-R, Katherine Frost, Stephen L. Franzoi, Debra L. Oswald, Stephanie A. Shields

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

The Body Esteem Scale (BES; Franzoi and Shields 1984) has been a primary research tool for over 30 years, yet its factor structure has not been fully assessed since its creation, so a two-study design examined whether the BES needed revision. In Study 1, a series of principal components analyses (PCAs) was conducted using the BES responses of 798 undergraduate students, with results indicating that changes were necessary to improve the scale’s accuracy. In Study 2, 1237 undergraduate students evaluated each BES item, along with a select set of new body items, while also rating each item’s importance to their …

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Five-Year Longitudinal Brain Volume Change In Healthy Elders At Genetic Risk For Alzheimer's Disease, Katherine Reiter, Kristy A. Nielson, Sally Durgerian, John L. Woodard, J. Carson Smith, Michael Seidenberg, Dana A. Kelly, Stephen M. Rao Jan 2017

Five-Year Longitudinal Brain Volume Change In Healthy Elders At Genetic Risk For Alzheimer's Disease, Katherine Reiter, Kristy A. Nielson, Sally Durgerian, John L. Woodard, J. Carson Smith, Michael Seidenberg, Dana A. Kelly, Stephen M. Rao

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

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Cmos Approach To Compressed-Domain Image Acquisition, Javad Ghasemi, Manish Bhattarai, Glauco R.C. Fiorante, Payman Zarkesh-Ha, Sanjay Krishna, Majeed M. Hayat Jan 2017

Cmos Approach To Compressed-Domain Image Acquisition, Javad Ghasemi, Manish Bhattarai, Glauco R.C. Fiorante, Payman Zarkesh-Ha, Sanjay Krishna, Majeed M. Hayat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

A hardware implementation of a real-time compressed-domain image acquisition system is demonstrated. The system performs front-end computational imaging, whereby the inner product between an image and an arbitrarily-specified mask is implemented in silicon. The acquisition system is based on an intelligent readout integrated circuit (iROIC) that is capable of providing independent bias voltages to individual detectors, which enables implementation of spatial multiplication with any prescribed mask through a bias-controlled response-modulation mechanism. The modulated pixels are summed up in the image grabber to generate the compressed samples, namely aperture-coded coefficients, of an image. A rigorous bias-selection algorithm is presented to the …

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Optimization Of Patch Antennas Via Multithreaded Simulated Annealing Based Design Exploration, James E. Richie, Cristinel Ababei Jan 2017

Optimization Of Patch Antennas Via Multithreaded Simulated Annealing Based Design Exploration, James E. Richie, Cristinel Ababei

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

In this paper, we present a new software framework for the optimization of the design of microstrip patch antennas. The proposed simulation and optimization framework implements a simulated annealing algorithm to perform design space exploration in order to identify the optimal patch antenna design. During each iteration of the optimization loop, we employ the popular MEEP simulation tool to evaluate explored design solutions. To speed up the design space exploration, the software framework is developed to run multiple MEEP simulations concurrently. This is achieved using multithreading to implement a manager-workers execution strategy. The number of worker threads is the same …

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A Patterned Single Layer Graphene Resistance Temperature Sensor, Benyamin Davaji, Hak Dong Cho, Mohamadali Malakoutian, Jong-Kwon Lee, Gennady Panin, Tae Wong Kang, Chung-Hoon Lee Jan 2017

A Patterned Single Layer Graphene Resistance Temperature Sensor, Benyamin Davaji, Hak Dong Cho, Mohamadali Malakoutian, Jong-Kwon Lee, Gennady Panin, Tae Wong Kang, Chung-Hoon Lee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Micro-fabricated single-layer graphenes (SLGs) on a silicon dioxide (SiO2)/Si substrate, a silicon nitride (SiN) membrane, and a suspended architecture are presented for their use as temperature sensors. These graphene temperature sensors act as resistance temperature detectors, showing a quadratic dependence of resistance on the temperature in a range between 283 K and 303 K. The observed resistance change of the graphene temperature sensors are explained by the temperature dependent electron mobility relationship (~T−4) and electron-phonon scattering. By analyzing the transient response of the SLG temperature sensors on different substrates, it is found that the graphene sensor …

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An Efficient And Cost Effective Fpga Based Implementation Of The Viola-Jones Face Detection Algorithm, Peter Irgens, Curtis Bader, Theresa Lé, Devansh Saxena, Cristinel Ababei Jan 2017

An Efficient And Cost Effective Fpga Based Implementation Of The Viola-Jones Face Detection Algorithm, Peter Irgens, Curtis Bader, Theresa Lé, Devansh Saxena, Cristinel Ababei

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

We present an field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) based implementation of the popular Viola-Jones face detection algorithm, which is an essential building block in many applications such as video surveillance and tracking. Our implementation is a complete system level hardware design described in a hardware description language and validated on the affordable DE2-115 evaluation board. Our primary objective is to study the achievable performance with a low-end FPGA chip based implementation. In addition, we release to the public domain the entire project. We hope that this will enable other researchers to easily replicate and compare their results to ours and …

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Using Online Social Support To Predict Cancer Stage, Jun Liu, Sudha Ram Jan 2017

Using Online Social Support To Predict Cancer Stage, Jun Liu, Sudha Ram

Research & Publications

Provenance is becoming increasingly important as more and more people are using data that they themselves did not generate. In the last decade, significant efforts have been directed toward developing generic, shared data provenance ontologies that support the interoperability of provenance across systems. An issue that is impeding the use of such provenance ontologies is that a generic provenance ontology, no matter how complete it is, is insufficient for capturing the diverse, complex provenance requirements in different domains. In this paper, the authors propose a novel approach to adapting and extending the W7 model, a well-known generic ontology of data …

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Antecedents To Managerial Preference For Agile Software Development Methods – A Research Plan, David Bishop, Pam Rowland, Cherie Noteboom Jan 2017

Antecedents To Managerial Preference For Agile Software Development Methods – A Research Plan, David Bishop, Pam Rowland, Cherie Noteboom

Research & Publications

Agile development methods are widely used and continue to grow in their adoption. A theoretical understanding of agile is needed. This research plan uses a Grounded Theory approach to develop antecedents to managerial preference for agile development methods. First, we provide the motivation for the research. Next, we provide a brief literature review to orient the research to the domain. Finally, we discuss the research methodology and research plan.

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Health Social Network Websites: Design Features And Users’ Participation, Mohammad A. Al-Ramahi, Insu Park Jan 2017

Health Social Network Websites: Design Features And Users’ Participation, Mohammad A. Al-Ramahi, Insu Park

Research & Publications

Patients are increasingly utilizing health Social Network Sites (SNSs) to share useful health information and support with peers. The long-term viability of health SNSs depends critically on voluntary contributions by their members, which in turn relies on members’ participation. Literature examined the drivers of users’ participation in online communities and suggested that social identity plays important roles in determining virtual community members’ participation and contribution to the community. However, little known regarding healthcare SNSs design features that facilitate users’ social identity. With such knowledge, it could determine the most effective design features that motivate higher levels of participation, which in …

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The Effect Of Perceived System Risks On His Misuse Intention: The Role Of System Resilience Under The Context Of Disasters, Dheyaaldin Alsalman, Insu Park Jan 2017

The Effect Of Perceived System Risks On His Misuse Intention: The Role Of System Resilience Under The Context Of Disasters, Dheyaaldin Alsalman, Insu Park

Research & Publications

Although, the usage of healthcare information systems (HIS) has provided many potential benefits such as enhancing the availability, accessibility and readability of information, healthcare information security has become a growing public concern. Most of the studies have shown the importance of sanctions, information security policy, and information awareness programs in reducing IS misuse behavior, but individuals may still tend to engage in inappropriate behaviors, especially under the context of disasters. The vulnerabilities and risks associated with the HIS could be very extreme under disasters, which may cause employees to misuse their HIS for the sake of delivery of health services …

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A Framework For Profiling Prospective Students In Higher Education, Santhosh Kumar Lakkaraju, Deb Tech, Shuyuan Deng Jan 2017

A Framework For Profiling Prospective Students In Higher Education, Santhosh Kumar Lakkaraju, Deb Tech, Shuyuan Deng

Research & Publications

Prospective student acquisition is a prominent issue in higher education marketing. Noel-Levitz (2012) estimated that higher education institutions are losing as high as 75% of the prospects after receiving an inquiry. Another study reported that 80% of the students who decide to apply to a program were influenced by the post-inquiry communications they had received from the higher education institutions (Aarinen, 2012). This chapter attempts to study the underlying concepts from literature and design a framework to extract prospective student profiles and further extend a discussion on how these profiles can be used to address the prospect engagement.

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An Exploration Of Anchoring Female Millennial Students To An It Career Path: The Class Model, Cherie Noteboom, Pamela Rowland Jan 2017

An Exploration Of Anchoring Female Millennial Students To An It Career Path: The Class Model, Cherie Noteboom, Pamela Rowland

Research & Publications

There has been much research conducted on the under-representation of women in Science, Technology, and Engineering & Math (STEM). Looking specifically at the area of Information Systems and Information Technology (IS/IT), women are largely under-represented in degree programs and the workforce. With the growth in the IS/IT workforce and the future demands of IS/IT career growth, the importance of understanding the perceptions and influences on the female IS/IT students grows. While there is research investigating the demographics of the IS/IT workforce, the relationship between female students and millennial influences has not been investigated. This research contends that addressing the demographic …

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A Proposed Improvement To Google Scholar Algorithms Through Broad Topic Search Emergent Research Forum Paper, Matthew Russell Kearl, Cherie Noteboom, Deb Tech Jan 2017

A Proposed Improvement To Google Scholar Algorithms Through Broad Topic Search Emergent Research Forum Paper, Matthew Russell Kearl, Cherie Noteboom, Deb Tech

Research & Publications

Google Scholar uses ranking algorithms to find the most relevant academic research possible. However, its algorithms use an exact keyword match that excludes synonymous search terms that may be overlooked or neglected by researchers. This paper aims to improve on the current Google Scholar Search System by allowing a broad topic search algorithm to diversify and allow synonymous search terms to be included and ranked with other results. The authors propose a Design Science method to improve the Google Scholar Search System by developing a broad topic prototype that will add synonymous keywords into Google Scholar ranking algorithms. The results …

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Online Health Recommendation System: A Social Support Perspective, Tareq Nasralah, Cherie Noteboom, Abdullah Wahbeh, Mohammad Aref Al-Ramahi Jan 2017

Online Health Recommendation System: A Social Support Perspective, Tareq Nasralah, Cherie Noteboom, Abdullah Wahbeh, Mohammad Aref Al-Ramahi

Research & Publications

Online Health Communities (OHC) aim to support patients through offer them the opportunities to exchange support with others. However, patients have difficulties and problems locating expertise within the online health communities. In this regard, this study aims to create a patient recommender system to help users locate those with relevant experience and similar health status. Specifically, we aim to leverage the type of online social support users seek to determine the patient health status to build a patient status prediction model. Building the model will help create a peer recommendation system for online support group members to easily locate peers …

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Factors Affecting Virtual Gift Acceptance: Mediating Roles Of Hedonic And Utilitarian Values, Eric M. Tamandja, Assion Lawson-Body, Laurence Lawson-Body, Jun Liu Jan 2017

Factors Affecting Virtual Gift Acceptance: Mediating Roles Of Hedonic And Utilitarian Values, Eric M. Tamandja, Assion Lawson-Body, Laurence Lawson-Body, Jun Liu

Research & Publications

There is little formalized knowledge of virtual gifting in the information technology (IT) literature. The objective of this paper is to explore the factors affecting the acceptance of virtual gifts and specifically the factors within a virtual gift that affect individuals’ intention to accept it and the mediating role of these factors. This research combines several acceptances, hedonic and utilitarian view related theories to explore the factors affecting acceptance of virtual gifts. Moreover, this study investigates the effects of usefulness, beautifulness, subjective norms of the receiver, and importance of the giver of a virtual gift as determinants of its utilitarian …

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2017 Weed Science Research Report – Yellow Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences Jan 2017

2017 Weed Science Research Report – Yellow Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences

Plant Sciences Weed Science Reports

The Weed Science team at North Dakota State University conduct field research in the State of North Dakota. This specific document reports on field research conducted in 2017. It includes work on several minor crops and the management of several weeds in North Dakota.

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2017 Weed Science Research Report – Gold Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences Jan 2017

2017 Weed Science Research Report – Gold Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences

Plant Sciences Weed Science Reports

The Weed Science team at North Dakota State University conduct field research in the State of North Dakota. This specific document reports on field research conducted in 2017. It includes work on sugarbeet and the management of several weeds in North Dakota.

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2017 Weed Science Research Report – Pink Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences Jan 2017

2017 Weed Science Research Report – Pink Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences

Plant Sciences Weed Science Reports

The Weed Science team at North Dakota State University conduct field research in the State of North Dakota. This specific document reports on field research conducted in 2017. It includes work on leafy spurge in North Dakota.

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2017 Weed Science Research Report – White Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences Jan 2017

2017 Weed Science Research Report – White Section, Ndsu Weed Science, Dept. Of Plant Sciences

Plant Sciences Weed Science Reports

The Weed Science team at North Dakota State University conduct field research in the State of North Dakota. This specific document provides environmental, indexes, abbreviations and collaborators in 2017.

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Legal Resources On The Trump Immigration Ban, Center For Constitutional Law Jan 2017

Legal Resources On The Trump Immigration Ban, Center For Constitutional Law

Con Law Center Articles and Publications

This resource bibliography provides legal resources related to the litigation over the presidential immigration ban issued on Jan. 27, 2017. These resources include the executive order, key court decisions, and explanatory commentary.

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The Elements Of Urban Design : An Analysis Of Urban Planning In Ancient Israel, Scott Andrew Engebretson Jan 2017

The Elements Of Urban Design : An Analysis Of Urban Planning In Ancient Israel, Scott Andrew Engebretson

ATS Dissertations

No abstract provided.

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Potential For Scaling Up Climate Smart Agricultural Practices: Examples From Sub-Saharan Africa, Kindie Tesfaye, Menale Kassie, Jill E. Cairns, Misiko Michael, Clare Stirling, Tsedeke Abate, B. M. Prasanna, Mulugetta Mekuria, Habtamu Hailu, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Olaf Erenstein, Bruno Gerard Jan 2017

Potential For Scaling Up Climate Smart Agricultural Practices: Examples From Sub-Saharan Africa, Kindie Tesfaye, Menale Kassie, Jill E. Cairns, Misiko Michael, Clare Stirling, Tsedeke Abate, B. M. Prasanna, Mulugetta Mekuria, Habtamu Hailu, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Olaf Erenstein, Bruno Gerard

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is predominantly rain-fed, and erratic weather patterns and extreme weather events, exacerbated by the changing climate, adds to the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in producing enough food to feed the ever growing population of the region. While the farming communities are responding to these challenges, there is an intensive need for scaling-up adoption of appropriate interventions that can help increase crop yields and resilience to climate change. A review and analysis of potential climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAs) in SSA indicate that some CSAs are increasingly adopted by farmers and show potential for scaling up. …

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Mursamacin: A Novel Class Of Antibiotics From Soil-Dwelling Roundworms Of Central Kenya That Inhibits Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Ryan Musumba Awori, Peter Njenga Ng'ang'a, Lorine Nanjala Nyongesa, Nelson Onzere Amugune, Daniel Masiga Jan 2017

Mursamacin: A Novel Class Of Antibiotics From Soil-Dwelling Roundworms Of Central Kenya That Inhibits Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Ryan Musumba Awori, Peter Njenga Ng'ang'a, Lorine Nanjala Nyongesa, Nelson Onzere Amugune, Daniel Masiga

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, also called " superbugs", can at worst retrogress modern medicine to an era where even sore throats resulted in death. A solution is the development of novel types of antibiotics from untapped natural sources. Yet, no new class of antibiotic has been developed in clinical medicine in the last 30 years. Here, bacteria from insect-killing Steinernema roundworms found in the soils of Central Kenya were isolated and subjected to specific molecular identification. These were then assayed for production of antibiotic compounds with potential to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. The bacteria were identified as Xenorhabdus griffiniae and produced …

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Cotesia Icipe Sp. N., A New Microgastrinae Wasp (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) Of Importance In The Biological Control Of Lepidopteran Pests In Africa, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Jose Fernández-Triana, Faith W. Nyamu, Komi M. Agbodzavu Jan 2017

Cotesia Icipe Sp. N., A New Microgastrinae Wasp (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) Of Importance In The Biological Control Of Lepidopteran Pests In Africa, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Jose Fernández-Triana, Faith W. Nyamu, Komi M. Agbodzavu

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

A new species of Microgastrinae, Cotesia icipe Fernández-Triana & Fiaboe, sp. n., is described from eastern Africa. It was reared in Kenya as a solitary parasitoid from two major amaranth pests, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) and S. exigua (Hübner, 1808); study of specimens in collections also revealed its presence in four other countries in the Afrotropical region (Madagascar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Yemen). Morphological, molecular and biological characters are used to describe the new species and to distinguish it from all 12 previously described species of Afrotropical Cotesia. Cotesia icipe shows potential in the biological control of key Lepidopteran …

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Impact Of Push-Pull Technology On The Nutritional Status Of Farmers' Children In Western Kenya, Nicholas O. Ogot, J. O. Pittchar, C. A.O. Midega, Z. R. Khan Jan 2017

Impact Of Push-Pull Technology On The Nutritional Status Of Farmers' Children In Western Kenya, Nicholas O. Ogot, J. O. Pittchar, C. A.O. Midega, Z. R. Khan

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

This study examined the impact of push-pull technology (PPT) on the nutritional status of children aged 1-12 years. Non-push-pull (NPPT) farmers were used as a control group to establish a comparative model for this study. It determined household production, consumption, and surpluses, comparing the PPT adopters to the nonadopters; found out the incomes and food expenditures from farm products; found out the household dietary diversity scores; and finally found the nutritional status of the two household groups. A six faceted household-level metrics was employed. A sample of 216 households that registered 326 children was derived. This study was conducted in …

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Plant–Insect Interactions In A Changing World, S. Pincebourde, J. Van Baaren, S. Rasmann, P. Rasmont, G. Rodet, B. Martinet, P. A. Calatayud Jan 2017

Plant–Insect Interactions In A Changing World, S. Pincebourde, J. Van Baaren, S. Rasmann, P. Rasmont, G. Rodet, B. Martinet, P. A. Calatayud

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Global change is resetting the spatial and ecological equilibrium of complex co-evolutionary relationships between plants and their insect herbivores. We review the mechanisms at play in the responses of plant–insect interactions to global changes, including increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, modification of land use and pollution. We distinguish between the direct effects of global changes on each partner from the indirect impacts on insects via the responses of plants. The indirect effects include a change in the nutritional quality of the plant tissues for herbivore insects, as well as a change in the microclimatic conditions at the leaf surface. …

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Impact Of Cross-Level Measurement Noninvariance On Hospital Rankings Based On Patient Experiences With Care In 7 European Countries, Benedict O. Orindi, Emmanuel Lesaffre, Walter Sermeus, Luk Bruyneel Jan 2017

Impact Of Cross-Level Measurement Noninvariance On Hospital Rankings Based On Patient Experiences With Care In 7 European Countries, Benedict O. Orindi, Emmanuel Lesaffre, Walter Sermeus, Luk Bruyneel

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Background: Hospital-level findings on patient experiences with care are increasingly reported publicly. A critical aspect left unexamined is the commonality of composite measures of patient experiences across different groups of patients, nursing units, hospitals, and countries. Absence of commonality is termed measurement noninvariance and is hypothesized to have a strong impact on performance assessment. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine measurement invariance across groups and levels under study (patients, nursing units, hospitals, and countries) and illustrate the degree to which this method of analysis impacts hospital rankings. Research Design: Data were collected from 11,289 patients in 7 …

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Response To Climate Risks Among Smallholder Farmers In Malawi: A Multivariate Probit Assessment Of The Role Of Information, Household Demographics, And Farm Characteristics, Chalmers Mulwa, Paswel Marenya, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Menale Kassie Jan 2017

Response To Climate Risks Among Smallholder Farmers In Malawi: A Multivariate Probit Assessment Of The Role Of Information, Household Demographics, And Farm Characteristics, Chalmers Mulwa, Paswel Marenya, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Menale Kassie

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Why do many smallholder farmers fail to adopt what appear to be relatively simple agronomic or management practices which can help them cope with climate-induced stressors? Using household and plot level data collected in 2011, we implement a multivariate probit model to assess the determinants of farmer adaptation behavior to climatic risks and the relative contribution of information, credit and education on the probability of adopting specific practices in response to adverse changes in weather patterns. We find that plot characteristics, credit constraints and availability of climate-related information explain the adoption of several of these practices. In relative terms, we …

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Randomised Controlled Trial Of Two Sequential Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Regimens To Treat Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria In African Children: A Protocol To Investigate Safety, Efficacy And Adherence, Henk D.F.H. Schallig, Halidou Tinto, Patrick Sawa, Harparkash Kaur, Stephan Duparc, Deus S. Ishengoma, Pascal Magnussen, Michael Alifrangis, Colin J. Sutherland Jan 2017

Randomised Controlled Trial Of Two Sequential Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Regimens To Treat Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria In African Children: A Protocol To Investigate Safety, Efficacy And Adherence, Henk D.F.H. Schallig, Halidou Tinto, Patrick Sawa, Harparkash Kaur, Stephan Duparc, Deus S. Ishengoma, Pascal Magnussen, Michael Alifrangis, Colin J. Sutherland

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Background Management of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria relies on artemisininbased combination therapies (ACTs). These highly effective regimens have contributed to reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality. However, artemisinin resistance in Asia and changing parasite susceptibility to ACT in Africa have now been well documented. Strategies that retain current ACT as efficacious treatments are urgently needed. Methods We present an open-label, randomised three-arm clinical trial protocol in three African settings representative of varying malaria epidemiology to investigate whether prolonged ACTbased regimens using currently available formulations can eliminate potentially resistant parasites. The protocol investigates whether a sequential course of two licensed ACT …

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