Entire DC Network | Open Access Articles | Digital Commons Network™

Appendix D: Author And Subject Index

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Appendix C: Registrants

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Appendix A: Agricultural Practices And Pesticides, Stephen Capel, John A. Crawford, Robert J. Robel, Loren W. Burger Jr., Nicolas W. Sotherton

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Appendix A: Strategic Plan For Quail Management And Research In The United States: Introduction And Background, Leonard A. Brennan

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

I assessed the current, broad-scale status of populations, research, and management for 6 species of quail in the U.S., and used this information as an introduction, background, and justification for a national strategic planning effort for quail management and research. Long-term (1960-89) trends determined from Christmas Bird Count data indicate that California quail (Callipepla californica), northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) populations have undergone (P < 0.05) declines. Geographic distribution of mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) has contracted dramatically in the northeastern portion of this quail's range. Neither Gambel's (C. gambelii) nor Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) showed evidence of long-term increases or decreases. Wildlife professionals have apparently paid scant attention to quail in the U.S. during the past 10 years. A recent survey of Wildlife Review indicated <0.2% of the publications pertained to quail. During 1990, < 1.0% of Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration funds were allocated to quail-related projects. Habitat management by the private sector is apparently having little broad-scale impact on bobwhite populations. Contemporary quail management efforts in the U.S. are clearly in the doldrums and in dire need of leadership from professionals with a creative vision for solving problems caused by changing land-use practices. These factors point to a critical need for a national strategic planning effort to develop a comprehensive, coordinated program for quail management and research. An outline of the structure of the Strategic Planning Workshop that was held at Quail III is provided. Specific management and research problems and associated strategies for solving them are available in Issues and Strategies, which follows (page 181).

Go to article

Symposium Wrap-Up: What Is Missing?, Robert J. Robel

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

The program committee requested that I provide a symposium wrap-up. Generally such presentations provide 1 individual the opportunity to summarize and integrate the information presented during the meeting. That overview is often helpful, if there are several concurrent sessions or if most of the attendees spend their time interacting in the hallways and, thus, miss some of the presentations. Also, the wrap-up speaker can congratulate the organizers of the meeting for a job well done. I intend to neither summarize the information presented nor thank the organizers for doing a good job. Neither of these is necessary, because you all …

Go to article

California Quail In Western Oregon: A Review, John A. Crawford

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Habitat use by California quail (Callipepla californica) was studied at the E. E. Wilson Wildlife Area in northwestern Oregon, a mesic extension of the range of this species, from 1974 to 1992. Abundance of quail on the area was related to plant succession. Dietary studies revealed that legumes-particularly deervetch (Lotus spp.), peavine (Lathyrusspp.), Scot's broom (Cytisusscoparius), and vetch (Viciaspp.)-oomposed 67% of the relative dry mass of the annual diet. California quail typically nested in shrub/grassland and roadside habitats with less grass and shrub cover and more bare ground than at random locations within those cover types. Blackberry (Rubus spp.) stands …

Go to article

Northern Bobwhite Densities In Burned And Unburned Redberry Juniper Rangelands, Anthony P. Leif, Loren M. Smith

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

We estimated northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) densities in 4- and 8-year-old burned and unburned redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchottii) dominated pastures. The 4-year-old burned (800 ha), 8-year-old burned (1,200 ha), and unburned (1,200 ha) treatment sites had 8.6, 14.4, and 22.3% woody canopy coverage, respectively. Fall bobwhite densities were estimated from 122 flushes of quail coveys on 592.8 km of transects. Data histograms indicated that bobwhite were harder to detect in the unburned area than in the 8-year-old burn or the 4-year-old burn. Probability detection functions were smaller in the old burn than the new burn (P = 0.05) or unburned …

Go to article

Determination Of True Metabolizable Energy Content Of Bobwhite Foods, M. E. Spurlock, J. E. Savage

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

True metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) bioassays were used to determine available energy content of several northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) foods. A proximate analysis and trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity were also determined for each food. Corn (Zea mays) was found to contain the highest amount ofTMEn (4.37 kcal/g dry matter) compared with Fayette soybeans (Glycine max; 3.93 kcal/g), Korean lespedeza (Kummerowia stipuki.ceae; 3.73 kcal/g), Marion lespedeza (K. striata; 3.71 kcal/g), tick-trefoil (Desmodium spp.; 3.51 kcal/g), and wild trailing (WI') soybeans (3.24 kcal/g). The higher TMEn value of corn was attributed to its high digestible carbohydrate content …

Go to article

Manipulating Pesticide Use To Increase The Production Of Wild Game Birds In Britain, Nicolas W. Sotherton, Peter A. Robertson, Simon D. Dowell

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

We describe a management technique whereby the adverse effects of pesticides on game-bird chick production were alleviated following selective use or selective avoidance of pesticides on the edges of cereal crops. This technique (known as Conservation Headlands) provided increased amounts of food resources necessary for young gray partridge (Perdix perdix) and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) chicks. The use of Conservation Headlands has consistently increased average numbers of chicks per brood of both species via increases in the densities of arthropods and weed plants. These findings are discussed in the context of the other prerequisites of wild game-bird production in the …

Go to article

Reproductive Ecology Of Northern Bobwhite In North Florida, Theodore Devos, Brad S. Mueller

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Brood habitat use and summer mortality of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks and adults were studied from 1984 to 1986 at Tall Timbers Research Station near Tallahassee, Florida. Adult bobwhite (n = 134) were radio-tagged and monitored throughout the breeding season. Fifty-four nests were located and 227 bobwhite chicks were monitored to determine reproductive output and brood status. Counting chicks on the roost at night provided reliable estimates of brood size reduction. Chick loss rates were 62% to 2 weeks and 71 % to 1 month posthatch. Adult mortality from 15 May to 15 October for combined years was 31 …

Go to article

Survival Of Northern Bobwhite Infected With Avian Pox, Brad S. Mueller, William R. Davidson, James B. Atkinson Jr.

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Avian pox is an enzootic disease among northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) in the southeastern United States, but occasionally it occurs as local or regional epizootics. Little information exists concerning survival of wild bobwhite infected with this disease. During the winters of 1985 and 1986, we compared survival of radio-tagged bobwhite with and without pox lesions. Pox lesions were considered "wet" or "dry" depending on field evaluations. The incidence of pox was greater in 1985 (x1=' 16.536, df= 1, P< 0.005) than in 1986. Bobwhite with wet pox lesions weighed less than those with dry pox (t = 2.550, P = 0.014) or no pox (t = 2.393, P = 0.018). In 1985 6-week survivorship of bobwhite showing signs of wet pox was different compared to those with dry pox (Z = 1. 7 498, P = 0.0402) and no pox (Z = 2.9992, P = 0.0014). Survivorship of birds with dry pox and no pox was not different (Z = 0.6460, P = 0.2611. Bobwhite with wet pox in 1985 had 45.6 and 53.3% overall lower 6-week survival rates than birds with dry and no pox, respectively. No difference in survivorship existed between bobwhite with dry pox and those with no pox in 1986 (Z = 1.1727, P= 0.1210). No difference in predatory agents responsible for mortalities between birds with or without pox occurred (X2 = 0.8851, df= 2, P> 0.05). All mortality of infected birds appeared to be caused by predation and not the disease itself. Implications of these data …

Go to article

Survival Of Northern Bobwhite On Hunted And Nonhunted Study Areas In The North Carolina Sandhills, Charles F. Robinette, Phillip D. Doerr

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Radio-tagged northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were monitored in the Sandhills region of North Carolina to investigate the influences of hunting on seasonal survival. We used the Kaplan-Meier product limit method with staggered entry design to calculate survival estimates and distributions for 79 radio-tagged bobwhite representing 33 coveys during November-February 1987-89. Estimated winter survival rates for year 1 (59%) and for pooled years (67%) in the nonhunted study areas were greater than in the hunted areas (31 and 45%, respectively; P < 0.05). Survival trends for the second winter were again greater in the nonhunted study areas (7 4%) but not different than hunted study areas (63%; P > 0.05). Avian predation was the major proximate cause of mortality, accounting for 66% of the known losses. Summer whistle count …

Go to article

Breeding Strategies Of The Northern Bobwhite In Marginal Habitat, Willie J. Suchy, Ronald J. Munkel

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

We studied nesting behavior of radio-tagged northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) in south-central Iowa from 1984 to 1988. Female bobwhite incubated 78% of81 clutches where incubation was observed and males incubated 22%. On only 1 occasion were both a male and female observed to incubate the same clutch. Incubation was initiated on 73% of the nests by females before 1 July, while incubation was initiated on 56% of the clutches by males after 1 July. Males hatched 16% of all clutches, first nests by females accounted for 69%, renests for 4%, and second clutches by females that had already hatched 1 …

Go to article

Quail And Rain: What's The Relationship?, William M. Giuliano, R. Scott Lutz

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

We used Christmas Bird Count reports in conjunction with precipitation data from 9 locations in Texas, to investigate relationships between rainfall and northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) abundance. Regional differences in northern bobwhite abundance could not be predicted by precipitation regimes, whereas scaled quail abundance was negatively correlated with fall and winter rainfall. Differences in rainfall patterns were not significantly correlated with year-to-year changes in northern bobwhite and scaled quail abundance.

Go to article

Potential Polygamous Breeding Behavior In Northern Bobwhite, Paul D. Curtis, Brad S. Mueller, Phillip D. Doerr, Charles F. Robinette, Theodore Devos

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Breeding behavior ofradio-tagged northern bobwhite (Colinus uirginianus) was observed at Fort Bragg Military Reservation (n = 19), North Carolina, in 1985-88, and Tall Timbers Research Station (n = 27), Florida, during 1984-86. We observed apparent polygamous breeding behavior in 95% (18 of 19) of the radio-tagged northern bobwhite at Fort Bragg, and 93% (25 of 27) of the birds at Tall Timbers. We documented 5 cases of double-clutching by radio-tagged females. Twenty-seven percent of Fort Bragg clutches (n = 30), and 20% of Tall Timbers clutches (n = 56) were incubated by radio-tagged males. Northern bobwhite exhibited characteristics of both …

Go to article

Population Trends Of Quails In North America, Kevin E. Church, John R. Sauer, Sam Droege

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

We used North American Breeding Bird Survey data (1966-91) to estimate distribution, relative abundance, and population trends of quails. Population trends in grassland/shrub birds sympatric with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were also examined. Northern bobwhite and scaled quail (Callipepl,a squamata) populations have declined since 1966. Rates of decline for these quails have increased during the past decade. California quail (C. califomica), Gambel's quail (C. gambelii), and mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) populations have been stable over the long-term (1966-91). However, the short-term (1982-91) trend for California quail is positive, whereas Gambel's quail appear to be declining. Patterns in trends indicate similar …

Go to article

Attitudes Of A Select Group Of Illinois Quail Hunters, John L. Roseberry, William D. Klimstra

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

During the past 3-4 decades major social, political, economic, and environmental changes have taken place in the United States that have greatly affected quail hunters, their quarry, and their sport. Against this backdrop, we examined the attitudes and perceptions of a select group of Illinois quail hunters from 1954 to 1989 regarding issues such as stocking, predator control, habitat management, and harvest regulations. During this time, hunters became increasingly cognizant of the importance of habitat and less inclined to demand unproductive practices such as stocking. Concerns about predators peaked in the 1970's. Hunters in the I980's tended to want more …

Go to article

Quail Methodology: Where Are We And Where Do We Need To Be?, Dean F. Stauffer

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

I review and evaluate methods used for population estimation, determination of survival, radio-tagging, habitat analysis and evaluation, and study design and analysis. I conclude that rigorously designed call-count surveys are likely to provide the best information on quail population trends across time and space. More intensive techniques such as line transects and mark-recapture may be appropriate if the resources are available. Radio-tagging can be a very useful technique; however, in many cases, triangulation error and effects of equipment on the birds may render results suspect. Therefore, caution is urged when using radio-tagging. Approaches to habitat analysis and evaluation are described. …

Go to article

Bobwhite And The "New" Biology, John L. Roseberry

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Phrases and concepts familiar to traditional wildlife managers like carrying capacity, annual surplus, and edge are being replaced in the literature and at conferences by terms such as biodiversity, metapopulations, and fragmentation. I raise the question of whether this new vocabulary merely represents trendy buzzwords of the 1980's, or is it relevant to bobwhite management in the 1990's and beyond? Some aspects of the “new” biology appear to differ from traditional wildlife management primarily with respect to scale, and may therefore be applicable in dealing with relatively isolated populations in dissected habitats. Others, however, reflect more basic differences in philosophies …

Go to article

Taxonomy And Biogeography Of New World Quail, R. J. Gutierrez

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

New World quail are a distinct genetic lineage within the avian order Galliformes. The most recent taxonomic treatment classifies the group as a separate family, Odontophoridae, within the order. Approximately 31 species and 128-145 subspecies are recognized from North and South America. Considerable geographic variation occurs within some species which leads to ambiguity when describing species limits. A thorough analysis of the Galliformes is needed to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of these quail. It is apparent that geologic or climatic isolating events led to speciation within New World quail. Their current distribution suggests that dispersal followed speciation. Because the genetic …

Go to article

The History Of Quail Management With Comments On Pen-Rearing, Edward L. Kozicky

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Quail were present in the Lower Oligocene about 40 million years ago. The remains of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) have been found in Indian middens in the eastern United States, but these birds were not considered a preferred food. However, California quail (Callipep/,a californica) were a choice food of Native Americans. Bobwhite are the most prized species by sportsmen, with the California quail in second place. There is evidence that northern bobwhite reached unprecedented numbers over large geographical areas, especially along their northern range in the mid-1800's. California and Gambel's quail (C. gambelii) were abundant in the mid- to late-1800's. …

Go to article

Closing Remarks, Larry G. Talent

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

No abstract provided.

Go to article

The Influence Of Leasing Upon Wildlife Management And Hunting Opportunity, Michael D. Porter

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

(Invited Paper) Leasing can stimulate better wildlife management on private land. Thus wildlife professionals should support leasing. Private landowners provide most hunting opportunity but receive a disproportionately small share of the revenue generated by hunting, Leasing is a just system that pays the person producing wildlife and charges the person using it, Leasing is not always detrimental to hunting opportunity. Considerations concerning the effect of leasing upon hunting opportunity are less important than considerations concerning the effect of leasing upon wildlife management.

Go to article

Adaptations Of Female Bobwhites To Energy Demands Of The Reproductive Cycle, Ronald M. Case

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

The energy required by bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) to attain reproductive condition was measured for 30 individually caged game-farm raised birds. They were acclimated to an eight-hour photoperiod, which then was increased one hour each week until reaching 15 hours; it was then kept constant. One hen began laying eggs five weeks after the 15-hour photoperiod started. However, only 75 percent of the birds that eventually layed were laying after 12 weeks at 15 hours photoperiod. Average body weights increased from 194.2 g seven weeks prior to egg laying to 214.8 g while laying. Metabolized energy increased 24.4 percent (35.6 to …

Go to article

Modern Pesticides And Bobwhite Populations, Kenneth L. Stromborg

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

(Invited Paper) Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) are frequently used as test animals for wildlife tests of pesticides. The organophosphate and carbamate pesticides that have replaced the organochlorines have many desirable properties, but they span a wide range of acute toxicities and some of them affect survival, reproduction, food consumption, behavior, and nervous system enzymes in laboratory tests. Applying these laboratory findings to the field requires assumptions about the severity of exposure in the field. Direct field measurements show that birds may be exposed to significant amounts of these pesticides or even more toxic degradation products under some conditions. Adverse population effects …

Go to article

An Overview Of Disease And Parasitism In Southeastern Bobwhite Quail, William R. Davidson, Forest E. Kellogg

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

(Invited Paper) Salient information on diseases and parasites of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) in the southeastern United States is summarized. Major diagnostic findings on 146 bobwhites submitted to our regional wildlife disease laboratory from 1972 through 1981 included traumatic injuries, various toxicoses, and avian pox. Traumatic injuries were diagnosed frequently throughout the 10-year period, whereas toxicologic problems occurred sporadically. Avian pox emerged in outbreak proportions in the region in 1978 and thereafter has been prevalent in localized areas, Prompted by severe aflatoxin contamination in southeastern corn crops in 1977, studies on aflatoxicosis in bobwhites indicated that risks to wild bobwhite …

Go to article

Sustained Harvest Of Bobwhite Populations, John L. Roseberry

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

(Invited Paper) Sport hunting is an important aspect of wildlife management, yet the principles of game harvesting seem not to be particularly well understood or accepted by many in the wildlife profession. This paper examines the two major harvest theories as they apply to the bobwhite. The sustained yield approach is considered conceptually superior to the popular annual surplus theory. Wildlife management admittedly involves practical as well as theoretical considerations; nevertheless, it is important that harvest policy be based on sound scientific principles and guided by clear objectives. To do otherwise puts both the resource and our own professional credibility …

Go to article

Harvest Rates And Efforts Of Avid Quail Hunters In East Central Mississippi, George A. Hurst, Randy C. Warren, William R. Davidson, W. Mack Martin

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Six avid quail hunters had an average daily harvest rate of 6.39 (4.97-8.55) and average seasonal harvest of 298 (116-530); they averaged 47 (28-60) hunts or days afield per year for a period of 2-10 years. The avid hunters averaged three to four hunts per week, and the hunts lasted three to four hours. Two hunters often had hunting guests, and the total season harvest by guests averaged 117 (63-211) with one hunter and 121 (56-178) with the other hunter. A seventh avid quail hunter usually had quests, with an average hunting party of 2.45; they harvested an average of …

Go to article

Hunter Success And Crippling Losses For Bobwhite Quail, Gary L. Doster, Forest E. Kellogg, Gary L. Doster, Ernest E. Provost

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

During a two-week period each February from 1972 through 1981, bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were collected on two study sites consisting of 202 and 210 hectares (505 and 524 acres, respectively). Bobwhites were collected by conventional sport hunting techniques, and records were maintained on several criteria concerning hunter success and crippling loss. During the 10-year study, 108 different hunters using 112 different dogs hunted a total of 3,089 man hours, flushed 15, 576 bobwhites, fired 6,820 shots, bagged 2,245 bobwhites, shot down and lost 230 bobwhites, and feathered an additional 385 bobwhites . Bobwhite density ranged from 0.6 to 7.6 …

Go to article

A 10-Year Study Of Bobwhite Quail Movement Patterns, Gladys F. Smith, Forest E. Kellogg, William R. Davidson, W. Mack Martin

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

The movement patterns of 676 bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) on two study areas on Tall Timbers Research Station in northern Florida were studied during a 10-year period. Eighty-six percent of the quail moved no more than 400 m from their first documented location in a one- to five-year period. Ninety-eight percent moved less than 800 m. Movements greater than 1,000 m occurred but were rare. There were no substantial differences in the annual movements of males and females or immatures and adults; however, the few birds which made longer movements ()800 m) tended to be immature males. The average distance …

Go to article

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Appendix D: Author And Subject Index

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Appendix C: Registrants

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Appendix A: Agricultural Practices And Pesticides, Stephen Capel, John A. Crawford, Robert J. Robel, Loren W. Burger Jr., Nicolas W. Sotherton

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Appendix A: Strategic Plan For Quail Management And Research In The United States: Introduction And Background, Leonard A. Brennan

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Symposium Wrap-Up: What Is Missing?, Robert J. Robel

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

California Quail In Western Oregon: A Review, John A. Crawford

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Northern Bobwhite Densities In Burned And Unburned Redberry Juniper Rangelands, Anthony P. Leif, Loren M. Smith

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Determination Of True Metabolizable Energy Content Of Bobwhite Foods, M. E. Spurlock, J. E. Savage

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Manipulating Pesticide Use To Increase The Production Of Wild Game Birds In Britain, Nicolas W. Sotherton, Peter A. Robertson, Simon D. Dowell

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Reproductive Ecology Of Northern Bobwhite In North Florida, Theodore Devos, Brad S. Mueller

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Survival Of Northern Bobwhite Infected With Avian Pox, Brad S. Mueller, William R. Davidson, James B. Atkinson Jr.

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Survival Of Northern Bobwhite On Hunted And Nonhunted Study Areas In The North Carolina Sandhills, Charles F. Robinette, Phillip D. Doerr

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Breeding Strategies Of The Northern Bobwhite In Marginal Habitat, Willie J. Suchy, Ronald J. Munkel

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Quail And Rain: What's The Relationship?, William M. Giuliano, R. Scott Lutz

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Potential Polygamous Breeding Behavior In Northern Bobwhite, Paul D. Curtis, Brad S. Mueller, Phillip D. Doerr, Charles F. Robinette, Theodore Devos

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Population Trends Of Quails In North America, Kevin E. Church, John R. Sauer, Sam Droege

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Attitudes Of A Select Group Of Illinois Quail Hunters, John L. Roseberry, William D. Klimstra

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Quail Methodology: Where Are We And Where Do We Need To Be?, Dean F. Stauffer

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Bobwhite And The "New" Biology, John L. Roseberry

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Taxonomy And Biogeography Of New World Quail, R. J. Gutierrez

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

The History Of Quail Management With Comments On Pen-Rearing, Edward L. Kozicky

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Closing Remarks, Larry G. Talent

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

The Influence Of Leasing Upon Wildlife Management And Hunting Opportunity, Michael D. Porter

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Adaptations Of Female Bobwhites To Energy Demands Of The Reproductive Cycle, Ronald M. Case

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Modern Pesticides And Bobwhite Populations, Kenneth L. Stromborg

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

An Overview Of Disease And Parasitism In Southeastern Bobwhite Quail, William R. Davidson, Forest E. Kellogg

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Sustained Harvest Of Bobwhite Populations, John L. Roseberry

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Harvest Rates And Efforts Of Avid Quail Hunters In East Central Mississippi, George A. Hurst, Randy C. Warren, William R. Davidson, W. Mack Martin

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

Hunter Success And Crippling Losses For Bobwhite Quail, Gary L. Doster, Forest E. Kellogg, Gary L. Doster, Ernest E. Provost

National Quail Symposium Proceedings

A 10-Year Study Of Bobwhite Quail Movement Patterns, Gladys F. Smith, Forest E. Kellogg, William R. Davidson, W. Mack Martin

National Quail Symposium Proceedings