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2017

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Process Models Discovery And Traces Classification: A Fuzzy-Bpmn Mining Approach., Kingsley Okoye Dr, Usman Naeem Dr, Syed Islam Dr, Abdel-Rahman H. Tawil Dr, Elyes Lamine Dr Dec 2017

Process Models Discovery And Traces Classification: A Fuzzy-Bpmn Mining Approach., Kingsley Okoye Dr, Usman Naeem Dr, Syed Islam Dr, Abdel-Rahman H. Tawil Dr, Elyes Lamine Dr

Journal of International Technology and Information Management

The discovery of useful or worthwhile process models must be performed with due regards to the transformation that needs to be achieved. The blend of the data representations (i.e data mining) and process modelling methods, often allied to the field of Process Mining (PM), has proven to be effective in the process analysis of the event logs readily available in many organisations information systems. Moreover, the Process Discovery has been lately seen as the most important and most visible intellectual challenge related to the process mining. The method involves automatic construction of process models from event logs about any domain …


Data Protection In Nigeria: Addressing The Multifarious Challenges Of A Deficient Legal System, Roland Akindele Dec 2017

Data Protection In Nigeria: Addressing The Multifarious Challenges Of A Deficient Legal System, Roland Akindele

Journal of International Technology and Information Management

This paper provides an overview of the current state of privacy and data protection policies and regulations in Nigeria. The paper contends that the extant legal regime in Nigeria is patently inadequate to effectively protect individuals against abuse resulting from the processing of their personal data. The view is based on the critical analysis of the current legal regime in Nigeria vis-à-vis the review of some vital data privacy issues. The paper makes some recommendations for the reform of the law.


Are Csr Activities Associated With Shareholder Voting In Director Elections And Say-On-Pay Votes?, Charles Cullinan, Lois S. Mahoney, Pamela B. Roush Dec 2017

Are Csr Activities Associated With Shareholder Voting In Director Elections And Say-On-Pay Votes?, Charles Cullinan, Lois S. Mahoney, Pamela B. Roush

Accounting Department Faculty Journal Articles

When making investment decisions, many investors now regularly consider a company’s CSR activities along with traditional financial performance measures (Elliott et al., 2014). Our study considers whether shareholders may also consider CSR activities when voting in director elections and say-on-pay votes. We find that CSR performance is associated with shareholder support in both director elections and say-on-pay votes. In particular, we find higher support for both director elections and executive compensation when there are more CSR strengths. Additionally, we find that the social strength aspect of CSR is the most important component in the relationships between CSR and director elections …


Eeg Characterization During Motor Tasks That Are Difficult For Movement Disorder Patients, Adam Joshua Aslam Dec 2017

Eeg Characterization During Motor Tasks That Are Difficult For Movement Disorder Patients, Adam Joshua Aslam

Master's Theses

Movement disorders are a group of syndromes that often arise due to neurological abnormalities. Approximately 40 million Americans are affected by some form of movement disorder, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life and their ability to live independently. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is one treatment that has shown promising results in the past couple decades, however, the currently used open-loop system has several drawbacks. By implementing a closed-loop or adaptive DBS (aDBS) system, the need for expensive parameter reprogramming sessions would be reduced, side-effects may be relieved, and habituation could be avoided. Several biomarkers, for example signals or activity derived …


Interfacing A Hirudo Medicinalis Retzius Cell With Insulated Gate Of Mosfet, Rachel M. Smith Dec 2017

Interfacing A Hirudo Medicinalis Retzius Cell With Insulated Gate Of Mosfet, Rachel M. Smith

Master's Theses

Much work has been done to study the external stimulation of nervous tissue as well as the transmission of neural signals to electronics. Peter Fromherz was one of the pioneers in this area of electrophysiology, with a series of experiments in the 1990s that aimed to characterize and optimize the interface between neural tissue and transistors. In this thesis, Kurt Sjoberg and I interfaced a Retzius cell isolated from a Hirudo medicinalis ganglion with the insulated gate of a MOSFET. The goal was to see change in membrane potential that could be related Fromherz’s original 1991 work. Our experimental setup …


“All Students Are Brilliant”: A Confession Of Injustice And A Call To Action, Amy D. Robertson, Leslie J. Atkins Elliott Dec 2017

“All Students Are Brilliant”: A Confession Of Injustice And A Call To Action, Amy D. Robertson, Leslie J. Atkins Elliott

Curriculum, Instruction, and Foundational Studies Faculty Publications and Presentations

The two of us (AR and LAE), in our teaching, research, and work with teachers, advocate for responsive teaching—an approach that seeks out and builds on the productive “seeds of science” in what our students say and do and assumes that “all students…are brilliant.” This pedagogical approach requires a commitment to listening to and intellectually empathizing with students’ scientific ideas.


Influence Of Dietary Salt Knowledge, Perceptions, And Beliefs On Consumption Choices After Stroke In Uganda, Martin N. Kaddumukasa, Elly Katabira, Martha Sajatovic, Svetlana Pundik, Mark Kaddumukasa, Larry B. Goldstein Dec 2017

Influence Of Dietary Salt Knowledge, Perceptions, And Beliefs On Consumption Choices After Stroke In Uganda, Martin N. Kaddumukasa, Elly Katabira, Martha Sajatovic, Svetlana Pundik, Mark Kaddumukasa, Larry B. Goldstein

Neurology Faculty Publications

Background

Previous research on Uganda's poststroke population revealed that their level of dietary salt knowledge did not lead to healthier consumption choices.

Purpose

Identify barriers and motivators for healthy dietary behaviors and evaluate the understanding of widely accepted salt regulation mechanisms among poststroke patients in Uganda.

Methods

Convergent parallel mixed methods triangulation design comprised a cross-sectional survey (n = 81) and 8 focus group discussions with 7-10 poststroke participants in each group. We assessed participant characteristics and obtained insights into their salt consumption attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge. Qualitative responses were analyzed using an inductive approach with thematic analytic procedures. Relationships …


In House Development Of A Scalar Magnetometer, Prasanna Mahavarkar Dec 2017

In House Development Of A Scalar Magnetometer, Prasanna Mahavarkar

Manipal Journal of Science and Technology

Scalar magnetometers namely the proton precession magnetometers (PPM) are popular in various ground surveys and observatories. With this primary purpose of generating the ground based magnetic data, the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) for the last three decades have been developing low cost PPM. Beginning with the 1 nT PPM, which has undergone several changes in design, the successor 0.1 nT PPM – the advanced version has been successfully developed and is installed at various observatories of the institute. The 1 nT version is a manual operated PPM commissioned in the institute observatories to record the absolute geomagnetic field and …


Neutron Imaging Of Laser Melted Ss316 Test Objects With Spatially Resolved Small Angle Neutron Scattering, Adam J. Brooks, Gerald L. Knapp, Jumao Yuan, Caroline G. Lowery, Max Pan, Bridget E. Cadigan, Shengmin Guo, Daniel S. Hussey, Leslie G. Butler Dec 2017

Neutron Imaging Of Laser Melted Ss316 Test Objects With Spatially Resolved Small Angle Neutron Scattering, Adam J. Brooks, Gerald L. Knapp, Jumao Yuan, Caroline G. Lowery, Max Pan, Bridget E. Cadigan, Shengmin Guo, Daniel S. Hussey, Leslie G. Butler

Faculty Publications

© 2017 by the authors. A novel neutron far field interferometer is explored for sub-micron porosity detection in laser sintered stainless steel alloy 316 (SS316) test objects. The results shown are images and volumes of the first quantitative neutron dark-field tomography at various autocorrelation lengths, x. In this preliminary work, the beam defining slits were adjusted to an uncalibrated opening of 0.5 mm horizontal and 5 cm vertical; the images are blurred along the vertical direction. In spite of the blurred attenuation images, the dark-field images reveal structural information at the micron-scale. The topics explored include: the accessible size range …


Swim Bladder Morphology Changes With Female Reproductive State In The Mouth-Brooding African Cichlid Astatotilapia Burtoni, Julie M. Butler, Sarah M. Whitlow, Anwei P. Gwan, Prosanta Chakrabarty, Karen P. Maruska Dec 2017

Swim Bladder Morphology Changes With Female Reproductive State In The Mouth-Brooding African Cichlid Astatotilapia Burtoni, Julie M. Butler, Sarah M. Whitlow, Anwei P. Gwan, Prosanta Chakrabarty, Karen P. Maruska

Faculty Publications

© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd. Journal of Experimental Biology. Mouth brooding is an extreme form of parental care in which the brooding parent carries the developing young in their buccal cavity for the duration of development. Brooding fish need to compensate for the brood weight on the anterior portion of their body. For fishes with a compartmentalized swim bladder, gas distribution between the chambers may aid in regulating buoyancy during brooding. To test this hypothesis, we took radiographs of Astatotilapia burtoni to compare the swim bladder morphology of gravid, mouth-brooding and recovering females. Following spawning, females …


Customizable Textured Tablet Case And Magnetic Prompting System To Improve Communication For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Christina Maragioglio Dec 2017

Customizable Textured Tablet Case And Magnetic Prompting System To Improve Communication For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Christina Maragioglio

Theses

As Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnoses increase in prevalence, there is a growing need for assistive devices to help meet the communication needs of each person and their own unique set of challenges. Autism is a neurological disorder which most prominently impacts communication and social skills but can impact each person differently by way of coupled conditions. Of these conditions, two of the most common with Autism are Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) and Motor Skill delays.

Additionally, to help with communication and language development, Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) techniques are often used, with tablet AAC applications being one of the …


Effect Of Homoeopathic Preparation Of Ruta Graveolens On The Progression Of Childhood Myopia Before, During And After Cessation Of Treatment: A Retrospective Study, Sandeep Sathye Dec 2017

Effect Of Homoeopathic Preparation Of Ruta Graveolens On The Progression Of Childhood Myopia Before, During And After Cessation Of Treatment: A Retrospective Study, Sandeep Sathye

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Background: Increased incidence and progression of myopia, especially in Asian countries, have been attributed to excess near work. Topical use of Atropine was effective in controlling myopia but has got side effects and rebound effect after stopping the treatment. Homoeopathy mentions Ruta graveolens (Ruta) for myopia with its action on accommodation. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of Ruta on annual myopia progression rate (AMPR) before, during and after stopping treatment in childhood myopia. Materials and Methods: Ten cases of simple myopia in progressive stage aged 11–16 years were studied retrospectively. Myopia or spherical equivalent …


Random Coefficient Continuous Systems: Testing For Extreme Sample Path Behaviour, Yubo Tao, Peter C.B. Phillips, Jun Yu Dec 2017

Random Coefficient Continuous Systems: Testing For Extreme Sample Path Behaviour, Yubo Tao, Peter C.B. Phillips, Jun Yu

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper studies a continuous time dynamic system with a random persistence parameter. The exact discrete time representation is obtained and related to several discrete time random coefficient models currently in the literature. The model distinguishes various forms of unstable and explosive behaviour according to specific regions of the parameter space that open up the potential for testing these forms of extreme behaviour. A two-stage approach that employs realized volatility is proposed for the continuous system estimation, asymptotic theory is developed, and test statistics to identify the different forms of extreme sample path behaviour are proposed. Simulations show that the …


Hybrid Stochastic Local Unit Roots, Offer Lieberman, Peter C.B. Phillips Dec 2017

Hybrid Stochastic Local Unit Roots, Offer Lieberman, Peter C.B. Phillips

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Two approaches have dominated formulations designed to capture small departures from unit root autoregressions. The first involves deterministic departures that include local-to-unity (LUR) and mildly (or moderately) integrated (MI) specifications where departures shrink to zero as the sample size n→∞. The second approach allows for stochastic departures from unity, leading to stochastic unit root (STUR) specifications. This paper introduces a hybrid local stochastic unit root (LSTUR) specification that has both LUR and STUR components and allows for endogeneity in the time varying coefficient that introduces structural elements to the autoregression. This hybrid model generates trajectories that, upon normalization, have non-linear …


Finite-Sample Optimal Estimation And Inference On Average Treatment Effects Under Unconfoundedness, Timothy B. Armstrong, Michal Kolesár Dec 2017

Finite-Sample Optimal Estimation And Inference On Average Treatment Effects Under Unconfoundedness, Timothy B. Armstrong, Michal Kolesár

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

We consider estimation and inference on average treatment effects under unconfoundedness conditional on the realizations of the treatment variable and covariates. We derive finite-sample optimal estimators and confidence intervals (CIs) under the assumption of normal errors when the conditional mean of the outcome variable is constrained only by nonparametric smoothness and/or shape restrictions. When the conditional mean is restricted to be Lipschitz with a large enough bound on the Lipschitz constant, we show that the optimal estimator reduces to a matching estimator with the number of matches set to one. In contrast to conventional CIs, our CIs use a larger …


Finite-Sample Optimal Estimation And Inference On Average Treatment Effects Under Unconfoundedness, Timothy B. Armstrong, Michal Kolesár Dec 2017

Finite-Sample Optimal Estimation And Inference On Average Treatment Effects Under Unconfoundedness, Timothy B. Armstrong, Michal Kolesár

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

We consider estimation and inference on average treatment effects under unconfoundedness conditional on the realizations of the treatment variable and covariates. Given nonparametric smoothness and/or shape restrictions on the conditional mean of the outcome variable, we derive estimators and confidence intervals (CIs) that are optimal infinite samples when the regression errors are normal with known variance. In contrast to conventional CIs, our CIs use a larger critical value that explicitly takes into account the potential bias of the estimator. When the error distribution is unknown, feasible versions of our CIs are valid asymptotically, even when √n-inference is not possible due …


Thesis For Graduate Study In Vocal Performance, Kendra Switzer Dec 2017

Thesis For Graduate Study In Vocal Performance, Kendra Switzer

Electronic Theses & Dissertations

This thesis is an extension of Ms. Switzer’s graduate vocal recital program notes. Each chapter contains a brief biography of the composers and arranger performed on the program: George Frideric Handel, Samuel Barber, Jules Massenet, Robert Schumann, Stephen Schwartz, and David Downes. The thesis also includes a musical analysis of each single piece, the larger original work (if applicable), and descriptions of rehearsal and performance aspects specific to each piece.


Implementation And Verification Of A Synthetic Eddy Method (Sem) In The Eagle3d Compressible Flow Solver, Patrick Kopper Dec 2017

Implementation And Verification Of A Synthetic Eddy Method (Sem) In The Eagle3d Compressible Flow Solver, Patrick Kopper

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

The objective of this thesis is to implement and evaluate a Synthetic Eddy Method (SEM) into the Eagle3D compressible flow solver. Both the ability of Eagle3D to resolve unsteady turbulent ow field and capability of the SEM to reproduce given Reynolds stress profiles to start realistic turbulent behavior are verified using common academic cases. Eagle3D is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver using a novel combination of a Bounded Central Differencing (BCD) scheme with Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) approximation to reduce numerical dissipation. SEM is a modern synthetic turbulence method able to reproduce an arbitrary Reynolds stresses specification on discretionary …


Faith Comes By Hearing: The Interrelationship Of Theology, Faith, And Practice, Nathan Olson Dec 2017

Faith Comes By Hearing: The Interrelationship Of Theology, Faith, And Practice, Nathan Olson

Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation

Olson, Nathan, J. “Faith Comes By Hearing: The Interrelationship Between Faith, Theology, and Practice.” Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, 2017. 202 pp.

This work provides a constructive systematic framework which sets forth a conception of faith as Trust in a Promise, utilizing an understanding of justification as God’s declaration of man being made right with Himself, a theology of the Word as an effectual promise and effectual act, and a pneumatology which acknowledges the Spirit’s role to elicit faith by killing and making alive in those who hear the gospel. Through a critical assessment of selected church practices and of the …


Potential Predictors That Influence Women To Undergo Cosmetic Surgery, Eun Jin Han Dec 2017

Potential Predictors That Influence Women To Undergo Cosmetic Surgery, Eun Jin Han

Senior Honors Theses

There may be relationships among collectivism, self-esteem, and religiousness in relation to individual acceptance of cosmetic surgery. This present study hypothesized that both self-esteem and religiousness would be negatively correlated with individual acceptance of cosmetic surgery. It was also hypothesized that an individual with higher levels of collectivism would be more likely to show higher levels of acceptance of cosmetic surgery. A multiple regression analysis expected self-esteem, collectivism, and religiousness to be the significant predictors of the acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Questionnaire data were collected from 565 female college students from a Christian university in the southeastern United States. Based …


Raising Sex Trafficking Awareness Among School Nurses, Johanna Mccollum Dec 2017

Raising Sex Trafficking Awareness Among School Nurses, Johanna Mccollum

Senior Honors Theses

Sex trafficking, a type of human trafficking, has become a public health concern. Sex trafficking is taking place on a large scale in the United States. Children in the United States are at greatest risk. Raising the awareness of healthcare providers about sex trafficking is imperative. An unsung hero that may hold the keys to this awareness in the healthcare profession is the school nurse. The school nurse is trained in many areas, and upholds practice standards, but sex trafficking is not currently included in their repertoire. As nurses, they already hold a trusted position. With education, proper resources, and …


Impacts Of Impaired Vision And Eye Diseases On Vision-Related Quality Of Life In Indonesia, Muhammad Asroruddin, Widya Artini, Tjahjono D. Gondhowiarjo, Tri Rahayu, Yeni D. Lestari Dec 2017

Impacts Of Impaired Vision And Eye Diseases On Vision-Related Quality Of Life In Indonesia, Muhammad Asroruddin, Widya Artini, Tjahjono D. Gondhowiarjo, Tri Rahayu, Yeni D. Lestari

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: To determine the impacts of visual impairment and eye diseases on vision-related quality of life (QoL) in populations with severe visual impairment (SVI) and blindness in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 134 respondents from, 5 different provinces, simultaneously with a validation study using data from the 2013 National Basic Health Survey. Participants aged ≥ 18 years with visual acuity of < 6/60 underwent an ocular examination and guided interview. The impact of vision impairment related to their QoL was assessed using the NEI-VFQ 25 questionnaire. The scores were then compared between participants with blindness (< 3/60) and participants with SVI (> 3/60 to < 5/60), and the causes of visual impairment. Results: Severe visual impairment and blindness were mostly found in productive aged females with lower education and income levels, and cataracts were the leading cause. Vision-related quality of life was lower in the blind group compared to the SVI group (p = 0.001). The impacts of visual impairment related mostly to distance activities (p = 0.007), social functions, and near activities (p = 0.002). NEI-VFQ 25 scores were lower in glaucoma respondents than cataract respondents. Conclusions: Results suggest that subjects with blindness had a lower total QoL score than those with SVI, in addition to the subscale scores. Furthermore, glaucoma disease had the lowest QoL score.


Blockchain Technology: An Analysis Of Potential Applications And Uses, Jeffrey Kogon Dec 2017

Blockchain Technology: An Analysis Of Potential Applications And Uses, Jeffrey Kogon

Honors College Theses

This paper will focus on explaining what blockchain technology is, the fundamentals of how it works, and applications of it. By utilizing sophisticated cryptography, a distributed network, a specified order of events the technology is able to create a ledger that cannot be altered due to its existence on many computers that able to detect if the data has been changed or tampered with. To help illustrate the uses of blockchain technology the technical explanation is complemented with real and hypothetical ways that the technology it being used. The use of blockchain technology originated with financial application and has expanded …


The Extrapolation Conundrum: Finding A Unified Theory For The Use Of Statistical Sampling In Medicare Fraud Cases Brought Under The False Claims Act, Thomas Reilly Dec 2017

The Extrapolation Conundrum: Finding A Unified Theory For The Use Of Statistical Sampling In Medicare Fraud Cases Brought Under The False Claims Act, Thomas Reilly

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.


Rebel Recycling Program, Shayla Camero Dec 2017

Rebel Recycling Program, Shayla Camero

First-Year Seminar Posters (COE 102/103)

The health of our planet or environmental protection is something that most people ignore until it becomes a bigger problem.


The Specifications And Ingredients Found In Commercially Available Toothpastes, Kalyan C. Gundavarapu, Srinivas S. Ramachandra, Daniel D. Dicksit, Vivek V. Gupta Dec 2017

The Specifications And Ingredients Found In Commercially Available Toothpastes, Kalyan C. Gundavarapu, Srinivas S. Ramachandra, Daniel D. Dicksit, Vivek V. Gupta

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the specifications and ingredients of various commercially available toothpastes in Malaysia. Methods: Various toothpaste brand samples were collected from malls & pharmacies in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Each brand was studied and information regarding the presence or absence of fluoride, the fluoride content, whether the fluoride content was displayed on the packaging, the type of fluoride present, and the country of manufacture was noted. Using this information, a comprehensive list of commercially available toothpastes in the Malaysian market was prepared. Results: the 57 toothpastes collected, 12.3% (n = 7) did not state …


Probing The Black-Hole-Mass-Galaxy Connection Of Active Galaxies Using 2d Galaxy Fitting Techniques On Near-Infrared Images, Isak Dan Stomberg Dec 2017

Probing The Black-Hole-Mass-Galaxy Connection Of Active Galaxies Using 2d Galaxy Fitting Techniques On Near-Infrared Images, Isak Dan Stomberg

Physics

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) provide a unique opportunity to measure the mass of supermassive black holes located in the centers of their host galaxies. This enables studying the scaling relations between the mass of the black hole and the properties of the host galaxy.

In this thesis, we present an investigation of the relationship between black hole masses and the host galaxy bulge and total luminosity for a pilot sample of 15 objects imaged in the near-infrared with the 8m telescope of Gemini North observatory. We perform a 2D decomposition of the host galaxies using the software Galfit and obtain …


Dyno-Mite Redesign, Brandon Joseph Miller, Daniel Robert Hoffman, Richard Demedici Young Dec 2017

Dyno-Mite Redesign, Brandon Joseph Miller, Daniel Robert Hoffman, Richard Demedici Young

Mechanical Engineering

The Cal Poly Mechanical Control Systems Laboratory currently employs an outdated device, known as the Motomatic, to teach students about various motor characteristics and control methods. These include open-loop vs. closed-loop control, speed vs. position control, and DC motor response curves. The current device does not function properly and produces unreliable data due to overwhelming non-linear effects such as stiction and shaft misalignment. Our team was tasked with designing a replacement device that retains many of the same educational goals as the original lab procedure, while also adding new educational goals pertaining to the device system dynamics. The new apparatus, …


Poly Spotlight Control, Ryan P. O'Neill, C. Oleg Frandle, Anthony T. Lombardi Dec 2017

Poly Spotlight Control, Ryan P. O'Neill, C. Oleg Frandle, Anthony T. Lombardi

Mechanical Engineering

When this project began, The Cambria Center for the Arts Theater used a manually-operated spotlight. The sound created by the fans, along with the sheer size of the spotlight, required that it be housed in an attic room above the theater and shined through a closed window. This trapped a lot of heat in the room and involved some risk with climbing into and out of the attic room. This project sought to remedy those issues by mounting a pair of newer LED spotlights inside the theater. Doing this required a method for remotely controlling and actuating the angular position …


Prevalence Of Psychiatric Morbidity In A Community Sample In Western Kenya, Edith Kwobah, Steve Epstein, Ann Mwangi, Debra Litzelman, Lukoye Atwoli Dec 2017

Prevalence Of Psychiatric Morbidity In A Community Sample In Western Kenya, Edith Kwobah, Steve Epstein, Ann Mwangi, Debra Litzelman, Lukoye Atwoli

Internal Medicine, East Africa

Background:About 25% of the worldwide population suffers from mental, neurological and substance use disorders but unfortunately, up to 75% of affected persons do not have access to the treatment they need. Data on the magnitude of the mental health problem in Kenya is scarce.

The objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence and the socio-demographic factors associated with mental and substance use disorders in Kosirai division, Nandi County, Western Kenya.

Methods:This was a cross sectional descriptive study in which participants were selected by simple random sampling. The sampling frame was obtained from a data base of …