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2016

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Electronic Voting Service Using Block-Chain, Kibin Lee, Joshua I. James, Tekachew G. Ejeta, Hyoung J. Kim Jan 2016

Electronic Voting Service Using Block-Chain, Kibin Lee, Joshua I. James, Tekachew G. Ejeta, Hyoung J. Kim

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Cryptocurrency, and its underlying technologies, has been gaining popularity for transaction management beyond financial transactions. Transaction information is maintained in the block-chain, which can be used to audit the integrity of the transaction. The focus on this paper is the potential availability of block-chain technology of other transactional uses. Block-chain is one of the most stable open ledgers that preserves transaction information, and is difficult to forge. Since the information stored in block-chain is not related to personally identify information, it has the characteristics of anonymity. Also, the block-chain allows for transparent transaction verification since all information in the block-chain …

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Beliefs And Relationships During Children’S Transition To School: Parents, Practitioners And Teachers, Karen Wickett Jan 2016

Beliefs And Relationships During Children’S Transition To School: Parents, Practitioners And Teachers, Karen Wickett

Plymouth Institute of Education Theses

Young children’s experiences, which include their transition to school, can influence not only their academic outcomes but also their life chances. This understanding has led to governments in England investing in the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) sector over the past 20 years. Over time a “discourse of readiness” has become increasingly apparent in ECEC policies. The revised Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) (DfE, 2012a) framework states that the purpose of the framework is to ensure children are ready for school. Increased political involvement in the sector has led to parents/families, ECEC practitioners and teachers sharing the task of …

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On The Bicyclic Acids Of Petroleum, Michael Wilde Jan 2016

On The Bicyclic Acids Of Petroleum, Michael Wilde

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The identification of petroleum acids, also known as ‘naphthenic’ acids (NA), has been an analytical challenge for over 140 years. However, most recent interest in NA has arisen due to concerns over their presence and apparent associated toxic effect in oil platform produced waters and oil sands process waters (OSPW), respectively. Understanding the toxicity, transformations during biodegradation and remediation treatments and predicting the fate of NA in the environment will be aided by the identification of individual NA. However the elucidation of individual acid structures by standard chromatographic techniques, such as GC-MS, has so far been limited by the extreme …

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An Investigation Into The Opportunities And Challenges For A Low Carbon Tourism Economy In The South West Of England, Emma Rachel Whittlesea Jan 2016

An Investigation Into The Opportunities And Challenges For A Low Carbon Tourism Economy In The South West Of England, Emma Rachel Whittlesea

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Achieving a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions has become a key challenge facing global society and its economies. Despite this, tourism policy and strategic planning rarely acknowledge carbon mitigation as a strategic objective and tourism as a sector is rarely recognised in low-carbon plans. This situation represents a substantial challenge, as tourism and travel have a high-carbon impact and carbon mitigation is hindered by lack of carbon data, and a continued drive for economic growth. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effectiveness of carbon footprinting and scenario modelling to help examine the opportunities and challenges for implementing …

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Total Arsenic And Arsenic Speciation In Indigenous Food Stuffs, Bashdar Sadee Jan 2016

Total Arsenic And Arsenic Speciation In Indigenous Food Stuffs, Bashdar Sadee

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The properties of an element are highly dependent on its chemical form, it’s called elemental speciation. This study evaluates the arsenic species found in a range of food stuffs together with growing environments and toxicity issues. Total arsenic concentrations in fish tissue and vegetable crops were determined by ICP-MS following microwave-assisted acid digestion using nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide, trypsin and cellulase enzymatic extraction procedures. The extracted arsenic species were then quantified using HPLC-ICP-MS. A dilute nitric acid (1 % (v/v)) digestion procedure was also used to extract arsenic species from rice and the different parts (root, skin, stem, leaf and grain) …

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Micropalaeontology, Palaeoenvironments And Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Sulaiy Formation Of Eastern Saudi Arabia, Saleh Alenezi Jan 2016

Micropalaeontology, Palaeoenvironments And Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Sulaiy Formation Of Eastern Saudi Arabia, Saleh Alenezi

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The Sulaiy Formation, which is the oldest unit in the Lower Cretaceous succession, is conformably overlain by the Yamama Formation and it is a challenge to identify the precise age of the two formations using foraminifera and other microfossil assemblages. In the eastern side of Saudi Arabia, the Sulaiy Formation and the base of Yamama Formation are poorly studied. The main objectives of this study is to enhance the understanding of the Sulaiy Formation sequence stratigraphical correlation, regional lateral variations and palaeoenvironmental investigation. Lithological and semi-quantitative micropalaeontological analysis of 1277 thin sections taken from core samples from nine cored wells …

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A Study Of The Dissolution Of Atmospherically Derived Trace Metals Into North Atlantic Seawater, Matthew Paul Fishwick Jan 2016

A Study Of The Dissolution Of Atmospherically Derived Trace Metals Into North Atlantic Seawater, Matthew Paul Fishwick

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that affect the dissolution of a suite of trace metals from aerosols into seawater from wet and dry deposition, with a focus on important trace metals: manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). To this end, aerosol and rainwater samples were collected from Tudor Hill (Bermuda) and Penlee Point (Cornwall) atmospheric observatories and surface seawater samples were collected from the Sargasso Sea and the Celtic Sea. These representative aerosol, rainwater and seawater samples were used in aerosol leaching and rainwater mixing experiments, which simulated …

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On The Equilibrium-State Roll Vortices And Their Effects In The Hurricane Boundary Layer, Kun Gao, Isaac Ginis Jan 2016

On The Equilibrium-State Roll Vortices And Their Effects In The Hurricane Boundary Layer, Kun Gao, Isaac Ginis

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

In this study, the authors numerically simulate roll vortices (rolls) generated by the inflection-point instability in the hurricane boundary layer (HBL). The approach is based on embedding a two-dimensional high-resolution single-grid roll-resolving model (SRM) at selected horizontal grid points of an axisymmetric HBL model. The results from a set of idealized experiments indicate that the mixed-layer height is an important factor affecting the magnitude of the roll velocities and the structure of the internal waves triggered in the stably stratified layer above. This study reveals the important difference between the roll-induced cross-roll (nearly radial) and along-roll (nearly azimuthal) momentum fluxes: …

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Detection Of Poly- And Perfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfass) In U.S. Drinking Water Linked To Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, And Wastewater Treatment Plants, Xindi C. Hu, David Q. Andrews, Andrew B. Lindstrom, Thomas A. Bruton, Laurel A. Schaider, Philippe Grandjean, Rainer Lohmann, Courtney C. Carignan, Arlene Blum, Simona A. Balan, Christopher P. Higgins, Elise M. Sunderland Jan 2016

Detection Of Poly- And Perfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfass) In U.S. Drinking Water Linked To Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, And Wastewater Treatment Plants, Xindi C. Hu, David Q. Andrews, Andrew B. Lindstrom, Thomas A. Bruton, Laurel A. Schaider, Philippe Grandjean, Rainer Lohmann, Courtney C. Carignan, Arlene Blum, Simona A. Balan, Christopher P. Higgins, Elise M. Sunderland

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

Drinking water contamination with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses risks to the developmental, immune, metabolic, and endocrine health of consumers. We present a spatial analysis of 2013–2015 national drinking water PFAS concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program. The number of industrial sites that manufacture or use these compounds, the number of military fire training areas, and the number of wastewater treatment plants are all significant predictors of PFAS detection frequencies and concentrations in public water supplies. Among samples with detectable PFAS levels, each additional military site within a watershed’s …

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Acquiring The Right To Get To The Light At The End Of The Tunnel: Rationalising Property Theory, Jonathan T. Ward Jan 2016

Acquiring The Right To Get To The Light At The End Of The Tunnel: Rationalising Property Theory, Jonathan T. Ward

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The framework of private property theory has come under increasing scrutiny over recent years. The orthodox bundle theory of ownership and labour principle of first acquisition has been the subject of attack and scepticism. This discussion suggests a new approach to the analysis of property, focus on synthesis rather than contrast. Further, the classic differences between Roman Law and Anglo-American common law, it is argued here, are in fact more apparent than real – their similarities reveal the basis for a universal grammar in property discourse. An examination of the contemporary property theories identifies that it is time to shift …

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Female Perpetrated Domestic Abuse: A Study Exploring The Hidden Experiences Of Male Victims Through A Thematic Analysis Of Online Blogs, Louise Hall Jan 2016

Female Perpetrated Domestic Abuse: A Study Exploring The Hidden Experiences Of Male Victims Through A Thematic Analysis Of Online Blogs, Louise Hall

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

Despite a great deal of academic literature surrounding domestic abuse in general, it is fair to suggest that the majority of research focuses on male perpetrated domestic abuse and the female victim. This therefore neglects the complexity of domestic abuse as a crime, whilst also undermining and causing further implications for the unrecognised and under researched male victim. Considering how much extensive research has been undertaken to explore female victim experiences of domestic abuse, this study sets out to explore the 'hidden' male victim. It will be evidenced through the collection and thematic analysis of eight online male victim blogs, …

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An Introduction To Corporate Insolvency Law, Hamish Anderson Jan 2016

An Introduction To Corporate Insolvency Law, Hamish Anderson

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

English law provides three forms of insolvency proceeding for companies: liquidation, administration and company voluntary arrangements. This paper begins by examining the nature and purpose of insolvency law, the concepts of insolvency and insolvency proceedings, how insolvency practice is regulated and the role of the court. It then considers the sources of the law before describing the distinguishing characteristics of liquidation, administration and company voluntary arrangements. Finally, it deals with the sanctions for malpractice, transaction avoidance and cross-border insolvency.

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Plymouth Past: Sustainable Future Report On Plymouth Law School Esrc Festival Exhibition, David J. Cox Jan 2016

Plymouth Past: Sustainable Future Report On Plymouth Law School Esrc Festival Exhibition, David J. Cox

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

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Gender Fraud' Where Do We Go From Here?, Penelope Childs Jan 2016

Gender Fraud' Where Do We Go From Here?, Penelope Childs

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

This paper outlines work in progress that examines liability for sex offences involving 'gender fraud' and asks how things might be viewed differently from a transnormative perspective. It considers vitiation of consent by active deception as to gender and by non-disclosure of gender history and asks what implications recent case law might have for the transgender community.

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The Globalisation Of Law, Lord Dyson Jan 2016

The Globalisation Of Law, Lord Dyson

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

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Alleviating The 'Miserable Condition': Fitzjames Stephen And The Development Of Modern Abortion Law, Kate Gleeson Jan 2016

Alleviating The 'Miserable Condition': Fitzjames Stephen And The Development Of Modern Abortion Law, Kate Gleeson

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

Contemporary English abortion law is now typically thought to be a development of the twentieth century, and little academic attention has been paid to its development before the 1938 case of R v Bourne or the Abortion Act 1967. Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's nineteenth century perspectives on pregnancy, abortion and the doctrine of necessity informing the basis of contemporary governance of abortion, child destruction, and infanticide as distinct from homicide, are often overlooked. Stephen understood abortion, child destruction and infanticide as distinct crimes with a common motivation and intention. The desperation of women to conceal or remedy the 'miserable' and …

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Laspo: Balancing Access To Justice With Legal Austerity In Private Family Law, Anna Parson Jan 2016

Laspo: Balancing Access To Justice With Legal Austerity In Private Family Law, Anna Parson

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

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A Critical Analysis Of The Investigative And Procedural Powers Of The European Commission In Implementing Competition Law, Bobbie Ryan Jan 2016

A Critical Analysis Of The Investigative And Procedural Powers Of The European Commission In Implementing Competition Law, Bobbie Ryan

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

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The Duchy Of Cornwall And The Principle Of Crown Immunity, Part Ii: Is The Duchy Free To Break The Law Without Criminal Sanction?, John Kirkhope Jan 2016

The Duchy Of Cornwall And The Principle Of Crown Immunity, Part Ii: Is The Duchy Free To Break The Law Without Criminal Sanction?, John Kirkhope

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

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The Evolving Interface Between European Competition Law And Intellectual Property Rights: Is There A Balance To Be Achieved?, Cara O'Donoghue Jan 2016

The Evolving Interface Between European Competition Law And Intellectual Property Rights: Is There A Balance To Be Achieved?, Cara O'Donoghue

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

A comprehensive debate on the interface between IP (Intellectual Property) and European competition law has emerged over the past 50 years. The initial section of this article examines the gradual development of this conflicting relationship between the two laws. This is followed by an extensive analysis of the relevant precedent, focusing specifically on the significant rulings in Microsoft and IMS Health. The analysis explores the European competition authorities' preference to protect competitors' interests over achieving the general consensus for efficiency in the market and tackles the complex question of whether IP holders should be burdened with the responsibility of safeguarding …

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The Utility Of Key Hate Crime Concepts, Katie Pratt Jan 2016

The Utility Of Key Hate Crime Concepts, Katie Pratt

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

This paper seeks to ascertain what exactly are the most important or relevant aspects of hate crime that we need to understand in order to address this most pernicious of acts. Whilst the UK conceptualization of hate crime was borne out of mass media attention on some key violent events, the official responses that followed were heavily shaped by a populist punitive view of how to address the issue. This paper discusses the limitations of the understanding of this issue and instead suggests a broader view of the underlying issue and causal factors as representative of patterns of prejudice and …

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The Absent Voice Of Male Domestic Abuse Victims: The Marginalisation Of Men In A System Originally Designed For Women, Coralie Wright Jan 2016

The Absent Voice Of Male Domestic Abuse Victims: The Marginalisation Of Men In A System Originally Designed For Women, Coralie Wright

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The problematic construction of domestic abuse as a 'gendered, heterosexual phenomenon that is predominantly physical in nature' has served to marginalise male victims of domestic abuse (Donovan and Hester, 2010:279), and impeded them from reaching victim status (Josolyne, 2011). As such, in comparison to women, men receive less recognition as victims within society, and support services are tailored towards the needs of female victims. Relatively little research has been undertaken on the experiences of male victims of domestic abuse, and thus it remains unclear how it is best to support them. This study adopts a qualitative approach to explore the …

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A Point Of Justice - Granted Or Fought For? Women's Suffrage Campaigns In Plymouth And The West Country, Judith Rowbotham, Kim Stevenson Jan 2016

A Point Of Justice - Granted Or Fought For? Women's Suffrage Campaigns In Plymouth And The West Country, Judith Rowbotham, Kim Stevenson

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The release of the film Suffragette in October 2015, surprisingly the first major feature film on the women's suffrage movement, has raised public consciousness about the issue of women's rights and the role of the suffragettes in demanding votes for women with their call to arms of 'deeds, not words'. But decades before the Women's Social and Political Union was created in 1903 campaigners across the country had begun the struggle for emancipation for women. We argue that the film therefore needs to be seen in a wider context including the high level of male support for the cause and …

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Does Julian Assange Illustrate A Gap In Law That Should Be Codified?, Hamish Tye Jan 2016

Does Julian Assange Illustrate A Gap In Law That Should Be Codified?, Hamish Tye

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

This article dissects the legality and purpose of diplomatic asylum, an intrinsically controversial area of international law. It becomes evident that diplomatic asylum residing in a grey area of international law suits many states. It provides an opportunity to reject diplomatic asylum as illegal when it suits a state but grant diplomatic asylum when an opportune moment arises. I conclude that it would be appropriate to introduce a form of diplomatic asylum internationally. Diplomatic asylum appears as a legal concept which persists in providing politically persecuted individuals protection regardless of the criticism grants of diplomatic asylum receive. Therefore Julian Assange …

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The Soviet Legacy: Crime And Punishment In Latvia, Arta Jaili Idrissi Jan 2016

The Soviet Legacy: Crime And Punishment In Latvia, Arta Jaili Idrissi

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The overall aim of this paper is to explore the operation of the Latvian penal system and to examine the impact of physical prison conditions on social relationships among prisoners and key stakeholders, such as prison officers and administration staff. Specifically the research aims to explore how prison conditions affect the interpersonal relationships and social order among prisoners and prison staff. If prison's overriding goals of reform and rehabilitation are to be achieved, prisoners as well as prison staff need to be asked how this can be accomplished better (redesigning the prison environment, receiving adequate assistance throughout the sentencing and …

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A Naval 'Fracas': From Boat Race To Bounce, Dale Teobald Jan 2016

A Naval 'Fracas': From Boat Race To Bounce, Dale Teobald

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

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Editorial, Kim Stevenson, Lesley Simmonds, Jason Lowther Jan 2016

Editorial, Kim Stevenson, Lesley Simmonds, Jason Lowther

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

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The Animals Act 1971 Places A Disproportionate Burden On The Keepers Of Animals And Is In Need Of Reform, Abigail Saunders Jan 2016

The Animals Act 1971 Places A Disproportionate Burden On The Keepers Of Animals And Is In Need Of Reform, Abigail Saunders

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the Animals Act 1971 places a disproportionate burden on the keepers of animals and whether it is in need of reform. The law prior to the Act will be considered in order to identify the problems that led to the current law. An analysis of the application of the Act and the case law follows to identify any problems with the current law. This paper will also focus specifically on damage caused by horse riding accidents due to the fact that it is a high risk sport and injuries will arise. …

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Legal High Use Among Young Adults In The South-West Rave/Party Community: Implications For Uk Drug Policy, Patrick Allen Jan 2016

Legal High Use Among Young Adults In The South-West Rave/Party Community: Implications For Uk Drug Policy, Patrick Allen

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The UK government has struggled with controlling the legal high problem since the emergence of mephedrone in 2009. Academic research has provided detailed knowledge on how people perceive these substances, mainly focusing on mephedrone, but has yet to identify a viable solution to escalating usage and availability. This research aimed to determine young adults' (18-26) current perceptions of legal highs and to assess how this might help government shape current proposed policy and futurelegislation more successfully. It also examined the under-researched moralistic interpretations of legal highs. Qualitative research was undertaken in the form of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 14 experienced …

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Development Of Biomarker-Based Proxies For Paleo Sea-Ice Reconstructions, Lukas Smik Jan 2016

Development Of Biomarker-Based Proxies For Paleo Sea-Ice Reconstructions, Lukas Smik

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The analysis of the sea-ice diatom biomarker IP25 (a mono-unsaturated Highly Branched Isoprenoid (HBI) alkene) in Arctic marine sediments has previously been shown to provide a useful qualitative proxy measure for the past spring sea-ice occurrence. In the Southern Ocean the occurrence and variable abundance of a structurally similar di-unsaturated HBI (HBI diene II) has previously been proposed as a proxy measure of paleo sea-ice extent. However, the use of such biomarker proxies remains under development. In the current study, a number of additional palaeoceanographic developments of HBIs as sea-ice biomarkers in both polar regions has been undertaken. For the …

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