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2016

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2016-December-20-Health Departments, University Marketing And Commucications, East Tennessee State Univeristy Dec 2016

2016-December-20-Health Departments, University Marketing And Commucications, East Tennessee State Univeristy

ETSU News

No abstract provided.


Alternative Securities Markets In Poland And The United Kingdom, Joanna Małecka Dec 2016

Alternative Securities Markets In Poland And The United Kingdom, Joanna Małecka

European Management Studies

No abstract provided.


Outcome Uncertainty, Fan Travel, And Aggregate Attendance, Brad R. Humphreys, Thomas J. Miceli Dec 2016

Outcome Uncertainty, Fan Travel, And Aggregate Attendance, Brad R. Humphreys, Thomas J. Miceli

Economics Faculty Working Papers Series

The classical Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis (UOH) informs economists’ understanding consumer decisions to attend sporting events and models of team revenue generation. Coates, Humphreys and Zhou (2014) developed a reference dependent preference based consumer choice model under uncertainty to motivate the UOH in which loss-averse consumers prefer games with certain outcomes. We develop an alternative model based on a standard expected utility model of fan behavior which incorporates fans’ decisions to travel to away games and aggregates decisions across local and visiting fans. This model generates predictions consistent with the classical UOH and concave team and league-wide total revenue functions.


Il-15 Activates The Jak3/Stat3 Signaling Pathway To Mediate Glucose Uptake In Skeletal Muscle Cells, James E. Krolopp, Shantaé M. Thornton, Marcia J. Abbott Dec 2016

Il-15 Activates The Jak3/Stat3 Signaling Pathway To Mediate Glucose Uptake In Skeletal Muscle Cells, James E. Krolopp, Shantaé M. Thornton, Marcia J. Abbott

Health Sciences and Kinesiology Faculty Articles

Myokines are specialized cytokines that are secreted from skeletal muscle (SKM) in response to metabolic stimuli, such as exercise. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a myokine with potential to reduce obesity and increase lean mass through induction of metabolic processes. It has been previously shown that IL-15 acts to increase glucose uptake in SKM cells. However, the downstream signals orchestrating the link between IL-15 signaling and glucose uptake have not been fully explored. Here we employed the mouse SKM C2C12 cell line to examine potential downstream targets of IL-15-induced alterations in glucose uptake. Following differentiation, C2C12 cells were treated overnight with 100 …


Digitally Mediated: Exploring The Correlation Between Hyper-Reliance On Electronically-Mediated Communication, Verbal Communication Apprehension And Interpersonal Relationship Skills, Kevin R. Bertsch Dec 2016

Digitally Mediated: Exploring The Correlation Between Hyper-Reliance On Electronically-Mediated Communication, Verbal Communication Apprehension And Interpersonal Relationship Skills, Kevin R. Bertsch

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to identify a possible correlation between the use of electronically-mediated communication (EMC) as the dependent variable and both verbal communication apprehension (CA) and interpersonal intimacy and closeness as independent variables. Viewed through the lens of three primary theoretical perspectives, social penetration theory, social information processing, and uncertainty reduction, two questions formed the foundation of the project. RQ1) Is hyper-reliance on electronically-mediated communication associated with a corresponding increase in verbal communication apprehension during face-to-face conversations? RQ2) Is there a correlation between hyper-reliance on electronically-mediated communication and the ability to develop close interpersonal relationships? A combination …


“Earnings Management” As A Factor For Underpricing Initial Public Offerings: Evidence From The Warsaw Stock Exchange, Rafał Cieślik Dec 2016

“Earnings Management” As A Factor For Underpricing Initial Public Offerings: Evidence From The Warsaw Stock Exchange, Rafał Cieślik

European Management Studies

The paper undertakes the assessment of the relationship between “earnings quality” and the underpricing effect in initial public offerings (IPO). The research encompasses data found in the financial statements of companies making their IPO on the Warsaw Stock Exchange over the years 2008–2011. The approach used to assess earnings quality was the measurement of abnormal accruals. The results of this research are consistent with other studies. They demonstrate that on the Polish capital market the “quality” of financial information is a significant factor behind the underpricing of shares in the IPO process.


How Should We Motivate Effort, Shamima Khan Dec 2016

How Should We Motivate Effort, Shamima Khan

Theses and Dissertations

This research uses an experimental design to study if the pattern and positioning of rewards influence the amount of effort participants put in. The three key hypotheses tested here are: 1) are people more likely to complete a task if the incentives are given in more regular intervals, 2) do uncertainty of reward timing hurt or help in maintaining motivation, 3) is intrinsic motivation more influential than the patterns in which incentives are structured? The treatments in this experiment are created by varying the reward structure of candies and pens in exchange of a simple math test completion. Among the …


Current And Evolving Approaches For Improving The Oral Permeability Of Bcs Class Iii Or Analogous Molecules, Vivek S. Dave, Deepak Gupta, Monica Yu, Phong Nguyen, Sheeba Varghese Gupta Dec 2016

Current And Evolving Approaches For Improving The Oral Permeability Of Bcs Class Iii Or Analogous Molecules, Vivek S. Dave, Deepak Gupta, Monica Yu, Phong Nguyen, Sheeba Varghese Gupta

Pharmacy Faculty/Staff Publications

The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classifies pharmaceutical compounds based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability. The BCS Class III compounds are hydrophilic molecules (high aqueous solubility) with low permeability across the biological membranes. While these compounds are pharmacologically effective, poor absorption due to low permeability becomes the rate-limiting step in achieving adequate bioavailability. Several approaches have been explored and utilized for improving the permeability profiles of these compounds. The approaches include traditional methods such as prodrugs, permeation enhancers, ion-pairing, etc., as well as relatively modern approaches such as nanoencapsulation and nanosizing. The most recent approaches include a combination/hybridization of …


View From The Street: Partnerships And Collaboration, Josh Reynolds, Richard Simonds Dec 2016

View From The Street: Partnerships And Collaboration, Josh Reynolds, Richard Simonds

Journal of Family Strengths

Richard Simonds and Josh Reynolds are social workers in Houston. Richard is the Director of THRIVE Connection at Family Houston. Josh is the Director of United Way Care for Elders, an initiative of United Way of Greater Houston that is a collaborative of aging service providers.

One avenue of our collaboration has been a program called Financial Coaching at Family Services of Greater Houston. In aggregate we have run the program since 2007 – Josh from 2007 until the end of 2010, and Richard since that time. Financial Coaching and the more traditional Financial Education have been a part of …


Developing Understandings Of Collaborative Partnerships Between University And Community, Judith Harris, Rebecca Pfeffer, Bernardo Pohl, Myrna Cohen, Leigh Van Horn Dec 2016

Developing Understandings Of Collaborative Partnerships Between University And Community, Judith Harris, Rebecca Pfeffer, Bernardo Pohl, Myrna Cohen, Leigh Van Horn

Journal of Family Strengths

University faculty define collaborative partnerships with the community and examine how collaborative partnerships engender community-based research and the learning process of students in the College of Public Service. Considerations include how students are acculturated, specific benefits to learning, unanticipated benefits, and the unexpected challenges of collaborative partnerships between a university and a community.


On The Non-Kolmogorov Nature Of Flare-Productive Solar Active Regions, Revati S. Mandage, R. T. James Mcateer Dec 2016

On The Non-Kolmogorov Nature Of Flare-Productive Solar Active Regions, Revati S. Mandage, R. T. James Mcateer

Astronomy: Faculty & Staff Publications

A magnetic power spectral analysis is performed on 53 solar active regions, observed from 2011 August to 2012 July. Magnetic field data obtained from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, inverted as Active Region Patches, are used to study the evolution of the magnetic power index as each region rotates across the solar disk. Active regions are classified based on the numbers and sizes of solar flares they produce in order to study the relationship between flare productivity and the magnetic power index. The choice of window size and inertial range plays a key role in determining the correct magnetic power …


Isscm Newsletter, Volume 15, December 20, 2016, Raj Soin College Of Business, Wright State University Dec 2016

Isscm Newsletter, Volume 15, December 20, 2016, Raj Soin College Of Business, Wright State University

ISSCM Newsletters

An eight page newsletter from the Department of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management in the Raj Soin College of Business at Wright State University.


Impact Of Time-Varying Treatment Exposures On The Risk Of Venous Thromboembolism In Multiple Myeloma, Joshua D. Brown, Val R. Adams, Daniela C. Moga Dec 2016

Impact Of Time-Varying Treatment Exposures On The Risk Of Venous Thromboembolism In Multiple Myeloma, Joshua D. Brown, Val R. Adams, Daniela C. Moga

Pharmacy Practice and Science Faculty Publications

Multiple myeloma (MM) has one of the highest risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) of all cancers due to pathologic changes and treatment-related exposures. This study assessed the one-year incidence of VTE in newly diagnosed MM and to determine the baseline and time-varying treatment-related factors associated with VTE risk in a U.S.-based cohort. MM patients were identified and age, gender, and baseline comorbidities were determined. Treatment-related exposures included thalidomide derivatives (IMIDs), proteasome inhibitors, cytotoxic chemotherapy, steroids, erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), stem cell transplants (SCT), hospitalizations, infection, and central venous catheters (CVC). Multiple statistical models were used including a baseline competing risks model, …


Dependence Of Photoelectrochemical Properties On Geometry Factors Of Interconnected “Caterpillar-Like” Zno Networks, Qiang Li, Xing Sun, Karen Lozano, Yuanbing Mao Dec 2016

Dependence Of Photoelectrochemical Properties On Geometry Factors Of Interconnected “Caterpillar-Like” Zno Networks, Qiang Li, Xing Sun, Karen Lozano, Yuanbing Mao

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Highlights

  • Hierarchical “caterpillar-like” ZnO nanostructures have been prepared through a hybrid route.

  • The ease and high throughput of the method favors a feasible PEC applications.

  • The tunability of the geometric factors could optimize the light-material interaction.

  • Ultralong and ultrathin branches shorten minority carrier diffusion lengths to further improve PEC performance.

Abstract

To elevate the spatial occupancy of one-dimensional ZnO nanostructures and overcome the limitations of multistep seeding methods currently widely used, a rational, facile and high-yielding procedure has been reported by our group previously for the fabrication of the interconnected three-dimensional “caterpillar-like” ZnO nanostructured networks (CZNs) for photoelectrochemical applications. In …


Liver Enzymes And Risk Of Ischemic Heart Disease And Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mendelian Randomization Study, Junxi Liu, Shiu Lun Au Yeung, Gabriel M. Leung, C. Mary Schooling Dec 2016

Liver Enzymes And Risk Of Ischemic Heart Disease And Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mendelian Randomization Study, Junxi Liu, Shiu Lun Au Yeung, Gabriel M. Leung, C. Mary Schooling

Publications and Research

We used Mendelian randomization to estimate the causal effects of the liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), on diabetes and cardiovascular disease, using genetic variants predicting these liver enzymes at genome wide significance applied to extensively genotyped case-control studies of diabetes (DIAGRAM) and coronary artery disease (CAD)/myocardial infarction (MI) (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes). Genetically higher ALT was associated with higher risk of diabetes, odds ratio (OR) 2.99 per 100% change in concentration (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62 to 5.52) but ALP OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.19) and GGT OR 0.88 (95% CI 0.75 …


Immunogenicity And Protective Efficacy Of The Dar-901 Booster Vaccine In A Murine Model Of Tuberculosis, Timothy Lahey, Dominick Laddy, Krystal Hill, Jacqueline Schaeffer Dec 2016

Immunogenicity And Protective Efficacy Of The Dar-901 Booster Vaccine In A Murine Model Of Tuberculosis, Timothy Lahey, Dominick Laddy, Krystal Hill, Jacqueline Schaeffer

Dartmouth Scholarship

The development of a novel tuberculosis vaccine is a leading global health priority. SRL172, an inactivated, whole-cell mycobacterial vaccine, was safe, immunogenic and reduced the incidence of culture-confirmed tuberculosis in a phase III trial in HIV-infected and BCG immunized adults in Tanzania. Here we describe the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DAR-901, a booster vaccine against tuberculosis manufactured from the same seed strain using a new scalable method.


Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties?, Andy Y. Chiou, Brittany K. Mercado Dec 2016

Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties?, Andy Y. Chiou, Brittany K. Mercado

Publications and Research

Biculturals are individuals who are acculturated in two cultures and have dual identities. Due to this, many early discussions on biculturalism argued that biculturals may have divided loyalties between their two cultural backgrounds and the identities derived from these backgrounds. This view is further highlighted given historical and contemporary debate regarding immigrants in the European and American political arenas. These concerns illustrate two possibilities. First, that biculturals have a preference for their home or host culture, identifying one as the in-group to express loyalty toward and the other as the out-group. Second, biculturals may alternate between who they identify as …


Trust At Work: A Study On Faith And Trust Of Protestant Entrepreneurs In China, Joy K. C. Tong, Fenggang Yang Dec 2016

Trust At Work: A Study On Faith And Trust Of Protestant Entrepreneurs In China, Joy K. C. Tong, Fenggang Yang

Department of Sociology Faculty Publications

There is much talk about the trust crisis in China and the possible role of religion in rebuilding China’s moral order. This study is an attempt to examine religion’s impact on the emerging market economy in China, focusing on trust in business relations that might be generated by the Christian faith. Based on 43 in-depth interviews with Christian entrepreneurs in China, our study shows that the majority of our respondents tend to be: (1) more willing to be trustworthy after becoming Christians; (2) trusting people who share their faith more than others; (3) perceiving religious persons, regardless of what that …


Continued Study On Finite Element Models Of Flagella, Gary Hu, Philip V. Bayly Dec 2016

Continued Study On Finite Element Models Of Flagella, Gary Hu, Philip V. Bayly

Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Independent Study

In previous study, we developed finite element models of flagella that show wavelike oscillation above certain load threshold. However, these baseline models were highly simplified and had inevitable limitations. In the current study, inter-doublet components have been meshed with finer setting to give more accurate results, multibody dynamics (translational joints) has introduced to allow more deflection, and inter-doublet materials have included viscoelasticity. Nondimensional waveform equations have been developed to find parameter values that allow larger deflection and frequencies close to actual cilia and flagella.


Synthesis And In Vitro Experiment Of Biomaterial Tricalcium Phosphate, Bui X.V Dec 2016

Synthesis And In Vitro Experiment Of Biomaterial Tricalcium Phosphate, Bui X.V

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

Calcium phosphate ceramics consist of materials such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium phosphate cement (CPC), biphasic calcium phosphate, etc. CPCs have been used for filling bone defects in dentistry and orthopedics. Among these materials, β-tricalcium phosphate is suggestedas an ideal candidate for bone graft in hard tissue engineering due to its high biocompatibility, bioactivity and bone bonding. The preparation, as well as the application of this powder material, has been the important topic of research in material science. In this paper, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), a component that has chemical formulation similar to bone structure, was synthesized by the precipitate …


A Clinical Audit On The Compliance Of Ultrasound Users To The Standard Operating Procedure Of Ultrasonography In A Private Radiologic Academy, Yuliawati Y, Dioso P Dec 2016

A Clinical Audit On The Compliance Of Ultrasound Users To The Standard Operating Procedure Of Ultrasonography In A Private Radiologic Academy, Yuliawati Y, Dioso P

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

This clinical audit identified the compliance rate of ultrasound users to the standard operating procedures (SOP); and identified the factors that led to a compliance rate of ultrasound human users. The review was conducted for six days in a private radiologic academy in Indonesia. Only 23 subjects selected randomly were audited. Of the 23 participants, there were 11 males and 12 females. Of the 11 males, seven were compliant, and three were non-compliant. Of the 12 females, eight were compliant, and four were non-compliant. The factors that affect the compliance to the SOP were based on the skills of the …


Knowledge And Caring Attitude Of Sri Lankan Nurses In Providing Care For Dying Patients ― A Cohort Study, Rajudeen M.M, Janoof M., Dioso P Dec 2016

Knowledge And Caring Attitude Of Sri Lankan Nurses In Providing Care For Dying Patients ― A Cohort Study, Rajudeen M.M, Janoof M., Dioso P

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

This research identified evidence of knowledge and caring attitude among Sri Lankan nurses caring for dying patients; and identified the factors affecting nursing care for the dying in the eastern province of Sri Lanka. A quantitative cohort study design was used having questionnaires as the means of collecting the data. The purposive way of sampling selected 120 staff nurses employed in a government hospital as respondents who falls under the inclusion and exclusion criteria.There was significant evidence of caring attitude towards the dying (p = 0.005534) and knowledge on the end-of-life nursing care (p = 0.0004703) for the dying patients. …


Variable Patterns Of Ectopic Mineralization In Enpp1asj-2j Mice, A Model For Generalized Arterial Calcification Of Infancy., Sarah Y. Siu, Nathaniel A. Dyment, David W. Rowe, John P. Sundberg, Jouni Uitto, Qiaoli Li Dec 2016

Variable Patterns Of Ectopic Mineralization In Enpp1asj-2j Mice, A Model For Generalized Arterial Calcification Of Infancy., Sarah Y. Siu, Nathaniel A. Dyment, David W. Rowe, John P. Sundberg, Jouni Uitto, Qiaoli Li

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Faculty Papers

Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset of extensive mineralization of the cardiovascular system. The classical forms of GACI are caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene, encoding a membrane-bound pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes ATP to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate. The asj-2J mouse harboring a spontaneous mutation in the Enpp1 gene has been characterized as a model for GACI. These mutant mice develop ectopic mineralization in skin and vascular connective tissues as well as in cartilage and collagen-rich tendons and ligaments. This study examined in detail the temporal ectopic mineralization phenotype of connective …


Real-Time Online Chinese Character Recognition, Wenlong Zhang Dec 2016

Real-Time Online Chinese Character Recognition, Wenlong Zhang

Master's Projects

In this project, I built a web application for handwritten Chinese characters recognition in real time. This system determines a Chinese character while a user is drawing/writing it. The techniques and steps I use to build the recognition system include data preparation, preprocessing, features extraction, and classification. To increase the accuracy, two different types of neural networks ared used in the system: a multi-layer neural network and a convolutional neural network.


Faculty Peer Review In Teacher Preparation: Does Peer Review Lead To Instructional Change?, Shelly Tennett Dec 2016

Faculty Peer Review In Teacher Preparation: Does Peer Review Lead To Instructional Change?, Shelly Tennett

All Theses And Dissertations

This action research case study investigated the impact of reciprocal peer review on the instructional practices of faculty in a teacher preparation program. The participants in this study were all teaching faculty in the teacher preparation program at a small private university in Maine. Based on the established research proving that peer review is an effective way to aid teachers in reflection and collaboration, this action research case study examined peer review as an avenue to improve teaching practice in a teacher preparation program. The positive outcomes of the implementation of peer review in teacher preparation were evident through review …


Diet And Lifetyle Factors Associated With Mirna Expression In Colorectal Tissue, Martha L. Slattery, Jennifer S. Herrick, Lila E. Mullany, John R. Stevens, Roger K. Wolff Dec 2016

Diet And Lifetyle Factors Associated With Mirna Expression In Colorectal Tissue, Martha L. Slattery, Jennifer S. Herrick, Lila E. Mullany, John R. Stevens, Roger K. Wolff

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-protein-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. Diet and lifestyle factors have been hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of miRNA expression. In this study it was hypothesized that diet and lifestyle factors are associated with miRNA expression. Data from 1,447 cases of colorectal cancer to evaluate 34 diet and lifestyle variables using miRNA expression in normal colorectal mucosa as well as for differential expression between paired carcinoma and normal tissue were used. miRNA data were obtained using an Agilent platform. Multiple comparisons were adjusted for using the false discovery rate q-value. There were 250 …


Exploring The Multi-Sensory Based Memorable Tourism Experiences: A Study Of Adam&Eve Hotel In Turkey, Ozlem Guzel, Taylan Dortyol Dec 2016

Exploring The Multi-Sensory Based Memorable Tourism Experiences: A Study Of Adam&Eve Hotel In Turkey, Ozlem Guzel, Taylan Dortyol

Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets

Tourism business executives should discover critical ways to create a memorable experience by appealing to consumers’ multi-sensory organs emotionally and rationally. From this point of view determining the most successful multi-sensory brand experience concept, which the customers fi nd most satisfying, is becoming a critical marketing strategy. So this study aims to fi nd the sensory based memorable tourism experiences, attributes/specifi c elements of the hotel business. With this aim, Adam&Eve Hotel, a themed hotel in Antalya, was chosen as the study sample. In this exploratory research, comments which were made electronically on Tripadvisor. com, known as the world’s most …


Economic Analysis Of Charitable Donations, Moon Young Kang, Byungho Park, Sanghak Lee, Jaehwan Kim, Greg Allenby Dec 2016

Economic Analysis Of Charitable Donations, Moon Young Kang, Byungho Park, Sanghak Lee, Jaehwan Kim, Greg Allenby

Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets

This paper examines the effect of message characteristics on donation behavior using an economic model of giving. The utility of giving can come from one’s own contribution and possibly from the combined contributions of others. Donors are assumed to be constrained utility maximizers, and the message attributes affect the degree to which they react altruistically or egoistically. The model is estimated with data from an incentive-aligned study of South Korean consumers, and implications for message optimization and donor targeting are explored.


Mass Reduction Patterning Of Silicon-On-Oxide–Based Micromirrors, Harris J. Hall, Andrew Green, Sarah Dooley, Jason D. Schmidt, Lavern A. Starman, Derrick Langley, Ronald A. Coutu Jr. Dec 2016

Mass Reduction Patterning Of Silicon-On-Oxide–Based Micromirrors, Harris J. Hall, Andrew Green, Sarah Dooley, Jason D. Schmidt, Lavern A. Starman, Derrick Langley, Ronald A. Coutu Jr.

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

It has long been recognized in the design of micromirror-based optical systems that balancing static flatness of the mirror surface through structural design with the system’s mechanical dynamic response is challenging. Although a variety of mass reduction approaches have been presented in the literature to address this performance trade, there has been little quantifiable comparison reported. In this work, different mass reduction approaches, some unique to the work, are quantifiably compared with solid plate thinning in both curvature and mass using commercial finite element simulation of a specific square silicon-on-insulator–based micromirror geometry. Other important considerations for micromirror surfaces, including surface …


A New Benzoyl Compound Isolated From The Endophytic Fungi Of Kandis Gajah (Garcinia Griffithii) And Asam Kandis (Garcinia Cowa), Elfita, Munawar, Muharni, Gusti Pratiwi, Rahmadania Dec 2016

A New Benzoyl Compound Isolated From The Endophytic Fungi Of Kandis Gajah (Garcinia Griffithii) And Asam Kandis (Garcinia Cowa), Elfita, Munawar, Muharni, Gusti Pratiwi, Rahmadania

Makara Journal of Science

Garcinia griffithii and Garcinia cowa belong to the genus Garcinia. The genus Garcinia has been known to be a rich source of secondary metabolites, such as xanthones, benzophenones, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and other phenolic derivatives. Previous investigations of endophytic fungi from G. griffithii revealed the presence of three compounds not found in the host. In order to the continue the phytochemical work on endophytic fungi of G. griffithii, the constituent of the endophytic fungi of G. griffithii was re-examined. In this study, a benzoyl compound similar to that found in the endophytic fungus of G. cowa was observed. The same …