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2016

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Recent Awareness And Use Of The Great American Smokeout And Variation Across Socioeconomic Status, Age And Gender, Joshua Lovelace Jan 2016

Recent Awareness And Use Of The Great American Smokeout And Variation Across Socioeconomic Status, Age And Gender, Joshua Lovelace

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the current level of awareness and use of the Great American Smokeout (GASO) and the extent to which that may vary by lifetime smoking, socioeconomic status, age and gender. We hypothesized and found that the current levels of awareness and use were significantly less than the most recent reports available (over 13 years ago), and that awareness of the GASO was more likely in lifetime smokers, those with more education, and older age groups, but found no significant effect related to gender. The drop in awareness and use of the GASO was …

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Social Interaction On Facebook, Jeffrey Hanrahan Jan 2016

Social Interaction On Facebook, Jeffrey Hanrahan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

How we share our good news with people can have a significant effect on our lives. Sharing good news on social media sites involves a process called capitalization. Capitalization has been shown to increase well-being when others provide appropriate responses in face-to-face interactions. To see if this effect on well-being extends to our online presence, this study utilized the social media site Facebook to observe if capitalization predicted well-being and relationship satisfaction. This study used data collected from 137 participants recruited from an undergraduate participant pool and from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Consistent with hypotheses, participants who reported receiving active and …

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The American Police Paramilitary Unit: An Analysis Of Swat As An Aggressive Policing Strategy, Brian P. Mello Jan 2016

The American Police Paramilitary Unit: An Analysis Of Swat As An Aggressive Policing Strategy, Brian P. Mello

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

This research study examines the American paramilitary units know as Special Weapons and Tactics. Throughout this thesis, the fundamental and foundational research on police paramilitary units is presented and discussed. Additionally, this paper focuses on trends of militarization in American policing. Mainly, these trends are identified by the tremendous rise and normalization of American paramilitary police units since the internal societal wars of the 1970s. In this study, research is presented on Special Weapons and Tactics team deployments in the state of Maryland. Four years of data are analyzed focusing on proactive search warrant crime deployments from 2010 through 2013. …

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Text Mining And Topic Modeling For Social And Medical Decision Support, Jose Luis Hurtado Jan 2016

Text Mining And Topic Modeling For Social And Medical Decision Support, Jose Luis Hurtado

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Effective decision support plays vital roles in people's daily life, as well as for professional practitioners such as health care providers. Without correct information and timely derived knowledge, a decision is often suboptimal and may result in signi cant nancial loss or compromises of the performance. In this dissertation, we study text mining and topic modeling and propose to use text mining methods, in combination with topic models, to discover knowledge from texts popularly available from a wide variety of sources, such as research publications, news, medical diagnose notes, and further employ discovered knowledge to assist social and medical decision …

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The Effect Of Maximal Aerobic Exercise On Plasma Bdnf And Bdnf Expression In Pbmcs In Obese And Non-Obese Individuals, Arun Maharaj Jan 2016

The Effect Of Maximal Aerobic Exercise On Plasma Bdnf And Bdnf Expression In Pbmcs In Obese And Non-Obese Individuals, Arun Maharaj

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine if maximal aerobic exercise promotes BDNF expression in obese individuals. Plasma levels and the expression of BDNF in PBMCs were examined. 22 participants (10 obese, 12 non-obese) completed a V02max treadmill test and blood was obtained pre, post, and 1 and 2 hours into exercise recovery. Plasma and PBMCs were isolated and analyzed for BDNF via ELISA and Western blot techniques. A significant effect for time was observed for plasma BDNF (P= <0.00 1 ). Additionally, A significant group-by-time interaction was found from pre-to-RIH for BDNF expression in PBMCs (P= 0.046). Further, significant correlations were found between BMI and waist circumference (r= .91, P< 0.001), WHR (r= .51, P= 0.002) and Pre-to-RlH ratio (r=0.58, P=0.008). Young obese subject's BDNF response to maximal exercise was consistent with previous studies. Post-exercise BDNF expressed in PBMCs were significantly higher than rest suggesting immunological-neuroprotective interactions in the CNS.

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The Expression And Analysis Of A Lysine-Rich Wound-Response Protein In Tomato Plants., Noah Kaplan Jan 2016

The Expression And Analysis Of A Lysine-Rich Wound-Response Protein In Tomato Plants., Noah Kaplan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Understanding the genetic regulation of the response to wounding and wound healing in fruiting plants is imperative to maintaining agricultural sustainability, preserving the quality of food supplies, and ensuring the economic viability of agriculture. Many genes are known to be induced by wounding, providing both structural repair and defense. The KED gene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) has been shown to be induced by wounding. We have identified its homologue gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that we named SlKED. We have analyzed gene expression pattern of SlKED through tomato growth and development and in response to wounding as well as hormonal …

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The Legitimacy Of Cookbooks As Rhetoric Of Southern Culture, Cynthia Carrico-Rausch Jan 2016

The Legitimacy Of Cookbooks As Rhetoric Of Southern Culture, Cynthia Carrico-Rausch

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Community cookbooks operate through a rhetoric of place as ways of thinking about belonging and influencing communal identities. They reveal much about a community, including the sharing of memories and tradition, geographical identification, and representation of socio-cultural hierarchies and habits. For that reason, this paper advances the claim that the discourse and visuality in community cookbooks, specifically the cookbooks 200 Years of Charleston Cooking, Charleston Receipts, and Charleston Receipts Repeats published during the height of a renaissance in Southern literature, influenced the identity of “Southerness” which, taken in conjunction with place, space, and time has resulted in a unification of …

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The Impact Of Shifting Funding Levels On The Institutional Effectiveness Of Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Anelle Shanna Jayd Alfred Jan 2016

The Impact Of Shifting Funding Levels On The Institutional Effectiveness Of Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Anelle Shanna Jayd Alfred

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

While there exists extensive research on the historical development of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the United States, there is limited research focused on the current development of HBCUs in terms of institutional effectiveness and strategic planning. This gap in the research is particularly relevant in the midst of shifts in state funding that have occurred over the past decade. This research study is designed to move further towards filling this research gap by determinations through the examination of: (1) the interplay of fiscal issues and institutional effectiveness in relation to the historic mission, strategic efforts, and state …

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The Effects Of Case Conceptualization Training Over Time And Its Relationship To Practitioner Attitudes Towards Evidence-Based Practice, George Stoupas Jan 2016

The Effects Of Case Conceptualization Training Over Time And Its Relationship To Practitioner Attitudes Towards Evidence-Based Practice, George Stoupas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental study was to examine the effects of a standardized case conceptualization training workshop on 104 psychotherapy practitioners recruited from the community. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between participants’ attitudes about evidence-based practice and the effects of the training. Participants attended two 3-hour training workshops, which taught the integrative case conceptualization model developed by Sperry (2010b). Pre- and postintervention case conceptualization skills were assessed using the Case Conceptualization Evaluation Form (CCEF) 2.0, an updated version of the instrument used in previous studies. Additionally, participants’ views about case conceptualization were assessed before and …

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The Impact Of “Real World” Experiences Through Academic Service Learning On Students’ Success Rate, Attitudes, And Motivation In Intermediate Algebra At A Public University, Mario J. Toussaint Jan 2016

The Impact Of “Real World” Experiences Through Academic Service Learning On Students’ Success Rate, Attitudes, And Motivation In Intermediate Algebra At A Public University, Mario J. Toussaint

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

A report issued in 2012 by the United States Government Accountability Office (US Government Accountability Office, 2012) concluded that the United States is not producing enough graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) to meet the demands of its economy. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2001), fewer than fifty percent of students nationally possess a solid command of mathematical content. This study tested whether the insertion of Academic Service Learning (ASL) into intermediate algebra courses improved students’ performance, their motivation to learn the subject, and attitudes towards mathematics learning. ASL is an educational strategy that integrates …

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The Role Of Chemical Cues In Locating Pelagic Sargassum By The Associated Fish Stephanolepis Hispidus, Derek Cox Jan 2016

The Role Of Chemical Cues In Locating Pelagic Sargassum By The Associated Fish Stephanolepis Hispidus, Derek Cox

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

The ecosystem created by pelagic Sargassum is important in the life histories of a number of economically and ecologically important associated organisms. Fishes play a vital role in this food web and nutrient flow within these systems, but it is unknown how they locate these floating habitats. This study examined the role of natural chemical cues from Sargassum patches and the synthetic chemical Dimethylsulfonionpropionate (DMSP) for an associated fish, the planehead filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus) and a control fish species not associated with Sargassum, the masked goby (Coryphopterus personatus). Choice trials with a Y-maze apparatus determined that S. hispidus responded significantly …

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The Terror Of Utopia: Examining Doubles As The Source For Cognition In Margaret Atwood’S Fiction, Rosemary Toulas Jan 2016

The Terror Of Utopia: Examining Doubles As The Source For Cognition In Margaret Atwood’S Fiction, Rosemary Toulas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Much has been written about the effectiveness of speculative fiction, especially utopian works. In this thesis I will examine the source of fear in Margaret Artwood’s works The Handmaid’s Tale and Oryx and Crake using Sigmund Freud’s “The Uncanny” to illustrate the terror of doubles as they appear in the novels. The terror in The Handmaid’s Tale comes from the descriptions of distorted physical environments, while the horror in Oryx and Crake emanates from the familiar yet twisted animals and characters found inside the corporate compounds. Through the recognition of these doubles as uncanny, Atwood’s work moves readers to cognition …

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Through The North Door: The Invocation Of Invitational Rhetoric In Wiccan Rituals, Kayleigh Howald Jan 2016

Through The North Door: The Invocation Of Invitational Rhetoric In Wiccan Rituals, Kayleigh Howald

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Wiccan witchcraft, a contemporary religion, frequently suffers from misunderstandings; the worst of which, arguably, being that it thrives in a postfeminist society. Although it remains unclear why witches, despite their specific traditions, would not immediately embrace feminism, this study claims that whether practitioners agree or disagree, they are performing feminism. In this study, I argue that Wiccan rhetoric (both discursive and non-discursive) functions epistemically to encourage feminist values. The thesis analyzes three typical forms of Wiccan rhetoric using Sonja K. Foss and Cindy L. Griffin’s approach of invitational rhetoric and the values of equality, immanent value, and self-determination.

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Traveling Waves Of Dominance In Motion-Induced Blindness, Dustin Cox Jan 2016

Traveling Waves Of Dominance In Motion-Induced Blindness, Dustin Cox

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

In the present study, it was examined whether the spatiotemporal dynamics of transitions towards target dominance in motion-induced blindness (MIB) were wave-like, similar to those in binocular rivalry. The spatiotemporal dynamics of transitions towards dominance in MIB were further compared with those in binocular rivalry to reveal a potential neural locus of MIB. Across a series of experiments, the relationship between target length, stimulus structure, presentation location and the latency for circular arc segment-shaped targets to reappear was examined, respectively. It was found that target reappearance durations increase with target length, as if they reappear in a gradual, wavelike fashion. …

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Was I Ready? The Perceptions Of Preparedness Of New Student Affairs Professionals Who Served As Graduate Assistants, Lisa A Samuda Byard Jan 2016

Was I Ready? The Perceptions Of Preparedness Of New Student Affairs Professionals Who Served As Graduate Assistants, Lisa A Samuda Byard

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

According to higher education preparation standards, students who complete master’s preparation programs in student affairs should not only be acquiring skills and knowledge, they should be socialized into the field of student affairs Master’s level preparation programs in college student personnel or higher education leadership are often coupled with a graduate assistantship so that students are able to obtain valuable theory-to-practice experience This additional experience becomes complementary to the work the graduate student is doing in the classroom and thus becomes a practical learning opportunity After completing a preparation program, a former master’s student will most likely move into an …

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Verb Memory And Text Comprehension, Lamiya Khan Jan 2016

Verb Memory And Text Comprehension, Lamiya Khan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Kersten, Earles, and Berger (2015) reported a distinction between two kinds of motion representations. Extrinsic motions involve the path of a person or object, with respect to an external frame of reference. Intrinsic motions involve the manner in which the various parts of a person or object move. They found that intrinsic motions are encoded and remembered with the corresponding actor performing the motions in a unitized memory representation. Extrinsic motions are encoded as separate memory representations, making them more difficult to accurately associate with the correct actor. In the proposed experiment, I will examine the generality of this distinction …

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Women’S Plasticity During Childhood And Their Influence On Rape-Avoidance Behaviors, Sammy Penaloza Jan 2016

Women’S Plasticity During Childhood And Their Influence On Rape-Avoidance Behaviors, Sammy Penaloza

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Evolutionary theory predicts that sexual coercion and rape are likely to occur in any species in which males are more aggressive, more eager to mate, more sexually assertive, and less discriminating in choosing a mate (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000). McKibbin and Shackelford (2011) state that males of many species have evolved strategies to sexually coerce and rape females. It is for this reason that researchers have speculated that several female traits or behaviors evolved to reduce the risks of being raped (McKibbin & Shackelford, 2011). The rationale behind the proposed experiment examined whether parents’ childrearing practices and women’s plasticity during …

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Daily Feedback Of Self-Concept Clarity And Grit, Alexander E. Wong Jan 2016

Daily Feedback Of Self-Concept Clarity And Grit, Alexander E. Wong

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Self-concept clarity and grit are important constructs in the self-concept and selfregulation domains. Though distinct in their focus on identity and goal processes, self-concept clarity and grit similarly emphasize the extent to which self-views and goal-perseverance are strong, clear, consistent, and unshakeable. We hypothesized self-knowledge and goalperseverance may be mutually reinforcing given the role of self-knowledge in directing goal pursuit, and of goal pursuit in structuring the self-concept. The present study tested this hypothesis in the form of whether self-concept clarity and grit reciprocally influence one other across time, and was conducted using a daily diary design with 97 college-aged …

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Determining The Effects Of Fire On Ridge Shape Complexity In The Central Everglades, Jacob Dombrowski Jan 2016

Determining The Effects Of Fire On Ridge Shape Complexity In The Central Everglades, Jacob Dombrowski

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Self-organized spatial patterning of microtopographic features is a trademark characteristic of the Everglades landscape. Anthropogenic modifications to Everglades’ hydrology have reduced and degraded pattern, where ridges occur at higher elevations and spread into open water sloughs under dryer conditions. Wildfire is an important ecological force in the central Everglades and may maintain ridge-slough patterning through reducing ridge size and complexity, and thus preserve habitat heterogeneity. To investigate fire as a patterning mechanism in the central Everglades I examined the shape complexity and area distribution of ridges along a chronosequence of time since fire. Shape complexity did not change following fire, …

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Distribution And Diversity Of Benthic Foraminifera Within The Nearshore Ridge Complex Off Pompano Beach, Broward County, Florida., Caitlin Hanley Jan 2016

Distribution And Diversity Of Benthic Foraminifera Within The Nearshore Ridge Complex Off Pompano Beach, Broward County, Florida., Caitlin Hanley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

Benthic foraminifera are exceptional organisms with distinctive features that allow for interpretation of both past and present environmental conditions. Some benthic foraminifera are widely distributed while some are restricted to specific environments due to their way of life. Foraminiferal assemblages south of Biscayne Bay and north of Cape Canaveral have previously been investigated; however, a gap exists in data covering a transitional zone along the Florida coast between the tropical waters of the western Atlantic and the cooler coastal waters along the North American coast. The purpose of this study was to collect baseline data on the benthic foraminifera of …

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Early Childhood Preservice Teachers’ Knowledge Of Children’Scognitive Development And Developmentally Appropriatepedagogical Practices: Understanding The Role Of Clinicalexperiences, Courtney Beers Jan 2016

Early Childhood Preservice Teachers’ Knowledge Of Children’Scognitive Development And Developmentally Appropriatepedagogical Practices: Understanding The Role Of Clinicalexperiences, Courtney Beers

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019

The quality of early caregiving and educational environments has a significant effect on children’s later cognitive outcomes. Early childhood teachers are an important determining factor in the quality of these environments. Due to inconsistencies in practice across the early childhood field, there is a call for better prepared teachers. Teacher preparation itself is criticized for its lack of innovative and effective practices. While research finds that more effective teacher preparation programs are those that are steeped in clinical practice, these types of experiences are inconsistent and fragmented in the early childhood field. Part of the issue is the lack of …

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Five Decades Of Intellectual Property And Global Development, Peter K. Yu Jan 2016

Five Decades Of Intellectual Property And Global Development, Peter K. Yu

Faculty Scholarship

The 2016-2017 biennium marks the historical milestones of several major pro-development initiatives relating to intellectual property law and policy. These important milestones include the Intellectual Property Conference of Stockholm in 1967, the adoption of the Declaration on the Right to Development (UNDRD) in 1986 and the establishment of the WIPO Development Agenda in 2007.

On January 1, 2016, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also came into force. Adopted by the UN General Assembly in September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development featured 17 SDGs and 169 targets. Prominently mentioned in Target 3.b of SDG 3 are the WTO …

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Undergraduate Teaching Assistant Impact On Student Academic Achievement., Stephanie B. Philipp, Thomas R. Tretter, Christine V. Rich Jan 2016

Undergraduate Teaching Assistant Impact On Student Academic Achievement., Stephanie B. Philipp, Thomas R. Tretter, Christine V. Rich

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

This study evaluated the impact that trained and supported undergraduate teaching assistants (UTAs) may have had on the academic achievement of students in the first semester of an introductory chemistry course for science and engineering majors. Framed by the concepts of Lave and Wenger’s Community of Practice and Wheeler, Martin and Suls’ Proxy Model of Social Comparison , the study used an untreated control group with dependent post-test only design. Covariates related to student academic achievement and contextual variables were also collected and used to build models for the final exam core outcome variable. Hierarchical linear models indicated that having …

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Development Of Undergraduate Teaching Assistants As Effective Instructors In Stem Courses., Stephanie B. Philipp, Thomas R. Tretter, Christine V. Rich Jan 2016

Development Of Undergraduate Teaching Assistants As Effective Instructors In Stem Courses., Stephanie B. Philipp, Thomas R. Tretter, Christine V. Rich

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

This study examined the development of peer mentoring skills and deepening of content knowledge by trained and supported undergraduate teaching assistants (UTAs) working with students in entry-level STEM courses across nine departments at a large research intensive U.S. university. Data were collected from two sources: a survey with 10 items requesting 5-point Likert-type responses and an open-ended reflection written by each UTA to process their experiences. The survey responses were analyzed by comparing rates of agreement across the 10 items. Statements from the reflections were categorized by research question and descriptively labeled to capture the essence of implied or explicit …

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Comparing Different Sequential Mediational Interpretations Of Beck’S Depression Model In Adolescents., Patrick Pössel Jan 2016

Comparing Different Sequential Mediational Interpretations Of Beck’S Depression Model In Adolescents., Patrick Pössel

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Depression is a developmental phenomenon with significantly increasing rates during adolescence. As Beck’s cognitive model of depression has been commonly accepted to explain the development and maintenance of depression, it is crucial to understand how and when cognitive vulnerabilities predicted in this model begin to interact. Three sequential interpretations of this model were compared. The causal mediational interpretation identifies dysfunctional attitudes as most distal to depressive symptoms, followed by cognitive errors, cognitive triad, and negative automatic thoughts, with each construct successively more proximal to depressive symptoms. In the symptom model the causal chain is reversed, with depressive symptoms as the …

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Analysis Of The Geosocial Landscape In The City Of Toronto, Courtney J. Jones Jan 2016

Analysis Of The Geosocial Landscape In The City Of Toronto, Courtney J. Jones

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Microblogging on geosocial platforms is a popular form of online communication where users post information about their daily lives and challenges. Since the launch of Twitter in 2006, information sharing through social media has become a largely unused data repository. Tweets often convey content about the users sentiment as it is happening. As such, Tweets can be viewed as a proxy of public mood. In this thesis, I performed a sentiment analysis of all public geo-located Tweets posted by a variety of Twitter users between September 2013 and October 2014. Each Tweet was processed through a custom algorithm to extract …

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An Evaluation Of The Impact Of Rent Assistance On Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness In Waterloo Region, Courtney Pankratz Ms. Jan 2016

An Evaluation Of The Impact Of Rent Assistance On Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness In Waterloo Region, Courtney Pankratz Ms.

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The main objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the addition of rent assistance to Waterloo Region’s existing housing and support services. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent comparison group design was used to compare the outcomes between two groups: (a) participants selected to receive rent assistance plus intensive support services (n = 26) and (b) participants receiving support services only (n = 25). Participants were interviewed at baseline and again six months later. It was hypothesized that participants receiving rent assistance would show significantly greater improvement on housing outcomes compared to the comparison group, including greater number of days …

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Maternal Attachment Buffers The Association Between Exposure To Violence And Youth Attitudes About Aggression, Jessica Houston, John H. Grych Jan 2016

Maternal Attachment Buffers The Association Between Exposure To Violence And Youth Attitudes About Aggression, Jessica Houston, John H. Grych

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

The present study examined the relative and cumulative predictive power of parent–child, interparental, and community aggression on youths' perceptions of the acceptability of aggression between peers and siblings. The potential for mother–child attachment to buffer the effects of violence on aggressive attitudes was tested, as well as the link between aggressive attitudes and aggressive behaviors. A diverse sample of 148 children (ages 9–14) completed measures of interparental, parent–child, and community aggression; a measure of mother–child attachment quality; and a measure of aggressive behaviors. Participants also rated the acceptability of aggressive interactions between two peers and two siblings in written vignettes. …

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Personality Characteristics And Experiential Avoidance In Trichotillomania: Results From An Age And Gender Matched Sample, Chad T. Wetterneck, Eric B. Lee, Christopher A. Flessner, Rachel C. Leonard, Douglas W. Woods Jan 2016

Personality Characteristics And Experiential Avoidance In Trichotillomania: Results From An Age And Gender Matched Sample, Chad T. Wetterneck, Eric B. Lee, Christopher A. Flessner, Rachel C. Leonard, Douglas W. Woods

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Despite its prevalence and a growing body of research, significant gaps remain in the knowledge of trichotillomania (TTM). The current study sought to address this issue by examining personality characteristics, impulsivity, and experiential avoidance of those with TTM compared to an age and gender matched sample. 56 Female participants (28 with TTM and 28 non-clinical age-matched controls) completed the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), Barratt's Impulsivity Scale (BIS), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ). Paired-sample t-tests compared each of the 28 individuals who met criteria for TTM to an age and gender matched individual who did not meet criteria …

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What Difference Do Bystanders Make? The Association Of Bystander Involvement With Victim Outcomes In A Community Sample, Sherry L. Hamby, Marcela C. Weber, John H. Grych, Victoria Banyard Jan 2016

What Difference Do Bystanders Make? The Association Of Bystander Involvement With Victim Outcomes In A Community Sample, Sherry L. Hamby, Marcela C. Weber, John H. Grych, Victoria Banyard

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Objective: To fill gaps in the bystander literature by describing patterns of bystander involvement and associations between bystander involvement and victim outcomes across different types of emotional, physical, and sexual victimizations and to expand these considerations to a rural rather than urban sample. Method: Adults and adolescents (n = 1,703) were surveyed about bystander actions, bystander safety, and victim outcomes (injury, disrupted routine, fear level, and current mental health) for 10 forms of victimization. Results: Bystanders were present for roughly 2 thirds of most victimization types (59% to 67%), except sexual victimization (17%). Relatives were the most common bystanders of …

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