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2016

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Exploring Teaching Approaches And Sociocultural Dynamics In The Middle And High School English Second Language Teaching Environment From The Perspective Of The Multicultural Educator, Nancy Laguna Luque Jan 2016

Exploring Teaching Approaches And Sociocultural Dynamics In The Middle And High School English Second Language Teaching Environment From The Perspective Of The Multicultural Educator, Nancy Laguna Luque

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

ABSTRACT The act of teaching in the middle and high school involves highly complex sociocultural dynamics in challenging environments. English second language specialists are the type of educators that closely work with the most at risk students in that context. This study explored middle and high school multicultural ESL instructors’ literacy delivery approaches, the understanding they have of difficulties in their field of action, and their particular awareness, interpretation of otherness and attitudes regarding the specific characteristics of their working milieu. This qualitative study utilized participant observation and Developmental Research Sequence (Spradley, 1980) as the systematic approach to gather and …


Excluding A Weakly 4-Connected Minor, Kimberly Sevin D'Souza Jan 2016

Excluding A Weakly 4-Connected Minor, Kimberly Sevin D'Souza

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A 3-connected graph $G$ is called weakly 4-connected if min $(|E(G_1)|, |E(G_2)|) \leq 4$ holds for all 3-separations $(G_1,G_2)$ of $G$. A 3-connected graph $G$ is called quasi 4-connected if min $(|V(G_1)|, |V(G_2)|) \leq 4$. We first discuss how to decompose a 3-connected graph into quasi 4-connected components. We will establish a chain theorem which will allow us to easily generate the set of all quasi 4-connected graphs. Finally, we will apply these results to characterizing all graphs which do not contain the Pyramid as a minor, where the Pyramid is the weakly 4-connected graph obtained by performing a $\Delta …


Complexity Theory And Its Applications In Linear Quantum Optics, Jonathan Olson Jan 2016

Complexity Theory And Its Applications In Linear Quantum Optics, Jonathan Olson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This thesis is intended in part to summarize and also to contribute to the newest developments in passive linear optics that have resulted, directly or indirectly, from the somewhat shocking discovery in 2010 that the BosonSampling problem is likely hard for a classical computer to simulate. In doing so, I hope to provide a historic context for the original result, as well as an outlook on the future of technology derived from these newer developments. An emphasis is made in each section to provide a broader conceptual framework for understanding the consequences of each result in light of the others. …


Minimizing Decoherence In Optical Fiber For Long Distance Quantum Communication, Manish Kumar Gupta Jan 2016

Minimizing Decoherence In Optical Fiber For Long Distance Quantum Communication, Manish Kumar Gupta

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this research work, I have derived analytical models for decoherence of quantum states of light and developed techniques based on Dynamical Decoupling (DD) to preserve the quantum state of polarization qubit and Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) qudit in single-mode, multi-mode and specialized optical fibers. In subsequent work, I have derived the analytical model for decoherence of an entangled state in an optical fiber to show that such a decoherence causes loss of entanglement. I also showed that such states can be preserved with DD. In Chapter 1, I have introduced the subject of a quantum computer and its relation …


Influence Of Motivation On Phonics Effectiveness, Rachel L. Bradley Jan 2016

Influence Of Motivation On Phonics Effectiveness, Rachel L. Bradley

LSU Master's Theses

Reading is a basic life skill, and is paramount to students’ success in school. In fact, skilled readers tend to succeed in subject areas including mathematics, social studies, and science (Valleley & Shriver, 2003). Phonics is one of the cornerstones of learning to read. Without mastering phonics, students are more likely to experience persistent difficulties in reading (Elbro, 1996; Bus and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, 1999; Rose, 2006). However, student motivation to read can impact the effectiveness of reading programs (Melekoglu, 2011). The current study examines the influence of motivation on the effectiveness of a phonics program with six first-graders …


Tip-Enhanced Laser Ablation Sample Transfer For Mass Spectrometry, Chinthaka Aravinda Seneviratne Jan 2016

Tip-Enhanced Laser Ablation Sample Transfer For Mass Spectrometry, Chinthaka Aravinda Seneviratne

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this research, atomic force microscope tip-enhanced laser ablation mass spectrometry (AFM TELA-MS), an ambient sub-micrometer scale sampling method for offline MS was developed. AFM TELA was used to transfer molecules from thin films to a suspended silver wire for off-line mass spectrometry using laser desorption ionization (LDI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). An AFM with a 30 nm radius gold-coated silicon tip was used to image the sample and to hold the tip 15 nm from the surface for material removal using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser, which provides output at wavelengths of 532 nm in the visible, 1064 …


Efficacy And Feasibility Of Alginate Bait For The Louisiana Commercial Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Fishery, Elizabeth Lorraine Clowes Jan 2016

Efficacy And Feasibility Of Alginate Bait For The Louisiana Commercial Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Fishery, Elizabeth Lorraine Clowes

LSU Master's Theses

Louisiana leads all U.S. states in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) landings, but high fuel and bait costs have hindered commercial fishing productivity of Louisiana in recent years. The primary baitfish, Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), has steadily increased in price and decreased in availability, while crab prices remain low. To reduce costs for fishermen, an alternative bait was developed that incorporates shrimp waste into a semi-rigid alginate matrix. Lab testing and preliminary field tests show that shrimp-alginate bait may be a suitable alternative to menhaden for Louisiana crab fishermen. I evaluated bait performance by conducting field sampling to compare catch rates …


An Empirical Estimate Of Post-Lgm Grounding-Event Duration In Eastern Ross Sea: Implications From A Comparison With Constraints From New Radiocarbon Dates, Benjamin Krogmeier Jan 2016

An Empirical Estimate Of Post-Lgm Grounding-Event Duration In Eastern Ross Sea: Implications From A Comparison With Constraints From New Radiocarbon Dates, Benjamin Krogmeier

LSU Master's Theses

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) advanced to the outer shelf during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) before beginning a rapid retreat to the inner shelf. In the Whales Deep paleo-ice-stream trough, subsurface and geomorphologic evidence shows that grounding-line retreat was interrupted by at least five pauses in the area between the shelf edge and the middle shelf. During the pauses, an overlapping cluster of backstepped grounding zone wedges (GZWs) was deposited. Each GZW represents a grounding event, i.e., a time interval during which the grounding-line position was relatively stable. Seismic correlation and isopach mapping show that the cluster has …


Temporal Trends Of Intraurban Commuting In Baton Rouge 1990-2010, Yujie Hu Jan 2016

Temporal Trends Of Intraurban Commuting In Baton Rouge 1990-2010, Yujie Hu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Based on the CTPP data 1990-2010, this research analyzes the temporal variability of commuting patterns and efficiency (in both distance and time) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It proposes a simulation-based method to measure commuting by simulating individual resident workers, jobs, and trips between them, in order to mitigate the aggregation error and scale effect that are commonly encountered in existing studies. Specifically, the Monte Carlo simulation approach is adopted to simulate individual resident workers and jobs that were consistent with their spatial distributions across the areal unit (e.g., census tract), and then simulate individual trips that were proportional to the …


Interactions Among Hydrology, Sediment And Vegetation In Accreting Wax Lake Delta: Physical And Biogeochemical Implications For Coastal Louisiana Restoration, Courtney Erin Elliton Jan 2016

Interactions Among Hydrology, Sediment And Vegetation In Accreting Wax Lake Delta: Physical And Biogeochemical Implications For Coastal Louisiana Restoration, Courtney Erin Elliton

LSU Master's Theses

River discharge pulses, wind, waves, tides, and the presence of dense vegetation are factors that interact and regulate the transport and retention of sediment in coastal regions. In particular, vegetation structural and physiognomic traits promote fine sediment trapping during tidal and river flow, maintaining the balance between soil elevation and relative sea level rise on coastline stability and land building. Mike Island, located within Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA, is part of a deltaic system created by a man-made freshwater diversion (1941) and one of few coastal areas where land is expanding in coastal Louisiana as result of pulsing river …


An Investigation Of The Generalizability Of Buoyancy From Academics To Athletics, Jackie Rae Victoriano Jan 2016

An Investigation Of The Generalizability Of Buoyancy From Academics To Athletics, Jackie Rae Victoriano

LSU Master's Theses

Buoyancy, the ability of an individual to handle everyday setbacks, has been applied successfully to academics, and has implications for performance and well-being. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the concept of buoyancy can be successfully applied to the domain of sports (i.e., athletic buoyancy). This study sought to examine the relationship between academic and athletic buoyancy, as well as the efficacy of five sport-oriented predictors (5Cs), confidence, coordination (planning), commitment, composure (anxiety), and control, on both athletic and academic buoyancy. Sport club athletes (N = 285) aged 18 to 31 years completed a one-time survey assessing …


Comparison Of Group Size, Abundance Estimates And Movement Patterns Of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) In Mississippi Sound, Mississippi, Carrie Sinclair Jan 2016

Comparison Of Group Size, Abundance Estimates And Movement Patterns Of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) In Mississippi Sound, Mississippi, Carrie Sinclair

LSU Master's Theses

Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus; dolphins) inhabiting Mississippi Sound (MSS) in the north-central Gulf of Mexico (GMx) are considered a part of a single stock of dolphins that includes Bay Boudreau and Lake Borgne by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). MSS is bounded by the mainland (north) and several barrier islands (south). Dolphins inhabiting coastal waters directly south of the barrier islands constitute part of the Northern Coastal Stock. Abundance in MSS has been reported to fluctuate seasonally, with higher abundances of dolphins estimated in summer versus winter. Analysis of covariance was used to compare previous abundance estimates. Results …


Comparison Of Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques For Post-Mastectomy Breast Cancer Patients, David Elward Heins Jan 2016

Comparison Of Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques For Post-Mastectomy Breast Cancer Patients, David Elward Heins

LSU Master's Theses

Purpose: To determine if bolus electron conformal therapy (BECT) combined with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and flattening filter free volumetric modulated arc therapy (FFFVMAT (6x and 10x)) can maintain equal or better dose coverage than standard volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) while reducing doses to organs at risk (OARs). Methods: BECT+VMAT, FFFVMAT (6x and 10x), and VMAT treatment plans were produced for ten post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) patients previously treated at our clinic. The treatment plans were created on a commercially available treatment planning system (TPS) and all completed treatment plans were reviewed and approved by a radiation oncologist. The …


Feedback Control Theory In Stochastic Dynamical Systems, Ashkan Balouchi Jan 2016

Feedback Control Theory In Stochastic Dynamical Systems, Ashkan Balouchi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A stochastic dynamical system is a system composed of many interacting components which includes stochastic behavior. Feedback control theory is designed to use information from the current state of the system in order to temper the final state toward the desired outcome. In this dissertation, I perform studies on two choices of classic and quantum dynamical systems to cover vast variety of statistical tools and methods. For classical model, I perform a study on finite-size effects at the phase transition in the Nagel-Schreckenberg traffic model as an example of non-equilibrium many body stochastic dynamical system. For quantum mechanical model, I …


Sudden Appearance Of Indurated Erythematous Plaques On A Man's Face, Adam Carter, Karthikeyan Viswanathan, Kenneth Shulman Jan 2016

Sudden Appearance Of Indurated Erythematous Plaques On A Man's Face, Adam Carter, Karthikeyan Viswanathan, Kenneth Shulman

NYMC Student Publications

Rosacea fulminans (RF), previously known as pyoderma faciale, is a rare presentation of rosacea mostly seen in young women. RF is seen very rarely in men. We present below a case of a fifty-year-old male who presented with RF and was successfully treated with a combination of corticosteroids and isotretinoin.


Time-Lapse Polymerizations Triggered By Ph Clock Reactions, Elizabeth Jee Jan 2016

Time-Lapse Polymerizations Triggered By Ph Clock Reactions, Elizabeth Jee

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The theme of this work is time-lapse polymerizations triggered by pH clock reactions. The first chapter is the introduction and gives a long overview of the different chemistries studied here. The second chapter focuses on the bromate-sulfite clock reaction. Based on some simplified and accepted reaction equations for the bromate-sulfite clock. We presumed it may be possible to increase the pH of the solution via ammonia addition and hinder or significantly reduce the reactivity of the clock reagents, thus creating a storage stable reaction. Adding a polymer system that would not crosslink until the solution became acidic would have created …


High-Resolution Correlation Using Geophysical And Geochemical Methods On Three Cambrian Drumian Marine Sedimentary Successions In The House Range Embayment, Western Laurentia, Emad I. Elfar Jan 2016

High-Resolution Correlation Using Geophysical And Geochemical Methods On Three Cambrian Drumian Marine Sedimentary Successions In The House Range Embayment, Western Laurentia, Emad I. Elfar

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the base of the Cambrian Drumian Stage was defined at 62 m above the base of the Wheeler formation, at the First Appearance Datum (FAD) of Ptychagnostus atavus (P. atavus), and at 10 meter below the DrumIan Carbon isotope Excursion (DICE) on the Stratotype Ridge in the Drum Mountains western Utah, (Babcock at al., 2004; 2007). Tracing the base of the the Drumian stage to other Middle Cambrian sequences in the House Range Embayment (HRE), a fault-controlled deep-water intrusion into an extensive carbonate platform along the passive margin of western Laurentia, …


Derived Geometric Satake Equivalence, Springer Correspondence, And Small Representations, Jacob Paul Matherne Jan 2016

Derived Geometric Satake Equivalence, Springer Correspondence, And Small Representations, Jacob Paul Matherne

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

It is known that the geometric Satake equivalence is intimately related to the Springer correspondence when restricting to small representations of the Langlands dual group (see a paper by Achar and Henderson and one by Achar, Henderson, and Riche). This dissertation relates the derived geometric Satake equivalence of Bezrukavnikov and Finkelberg and the derived Springer correspondence of Rider when we restrict to small representations of the Langlands dual group under consideration. The main theorem of the before-mentioned paper of Achar, Henderson, and Riche sits inside this derived relationship as its degree zero piece.


Mathematical Scaling And Statistical Modeling Of Geopressured Geothermal Reservoirs, Esmail Ansari Jan 2016

Mathematical Scaling And Statistical Modeling Of Geopressured Geothermal Reservoirs, Esmail Ansari

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The interest for developing geopressured-geothermal reservoirs along the US Gulf Coast is increasing for securing energy needs and reducing global warming. Identifying the most attractive candidate reservoirs for geothermal energy production requires quick and simple models. Analytical models are not always available and simulating each case individually is expensive. The use of scaling and statistical modeling is one approach to translate the output of a simulator into quick models with general applicability at all scales. The developed models can quickly estimate temperature and thermal energy recovery from the geopressured-geothermal reservoirs. These models can screen large databases of reservoirs to select …


The Role Of Upper Ocean Heat Content And Sea Surface Temperature On Northeast Pacific Hurricane Evolution During Average And Active Years, Victoria Lauren Ford Jan 2016

The Role Of Upper Ocean Heat Content And Sea Surface Temperature On Northeast Pacific Hurricane Evolution During Average And Active Years, Victoria Lauren Ford

LSU Master's Theses

Upon comparison to typical neutral-ENSO conditions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, the 2014 hurricane season has been identified as highly anomalous in both tropical cyclone frequency and intensity. This thesis seeks to investigate the influence of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and upper ocean heat content (UOHC), defined as the excess of heat present above 26°C, upon the upper ocean thermal structure, mesoscale features, and anomalies that led to an active hurricane season in the Northeast Pacific. The 2012 Northeast Pacific hurricane season was selected as a ‘normal’ season to fully quantify the anomalous 2014 hurricane season. Data sets utilized in …


Investigating Species And Population Level Foraging Variation And Individual Specialization In Pygoscelis Penguins Using Stable Isotope Analysis, Rachael W. Herman Jan 2016

Investigating Species And Population Level Foraging Variation And Individual Specialization In Pygoscelis Penguins Using Stable Isotope Analysis, Rachael W. Herman

LSU Master's Theses

Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua) are known to be generalist foragers, while Adélie (P. adeliae) and Chinstrap (P. Antarctica) tend to specialize on krill within the Western Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands, particularly during the breeding season. However, little is known on temporal consistency in diet and foraging habitat of these species, particularly at the individual level. We used stable isotope analysis (SIA) of blood and feathers to evaluate seasonal and individual foraging consistency within Adélie, Chinstrap and Gentoo Penguins breeding in the South Shetland Islands, as well as among three Gentoo Penguins’ populations in the Western Antarctic Peninsula and …


An Examination Of Students' Perceptions Of The Louisiana Act Mandate On Their Postsecondary Education Decisions, Thelma Carol Purnell Jan 2016

An Examination Of Students' Perceptions Of The Louisiana Act Mandate On Their Postsecondary Education Decisions, Thelma Carol Purnell

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In the United States,the American College Test (ACT)is a standardized test that is used primarily as an indicator of college readiness and as a gauge for college admission. The governing bodies for Louisiana’s public schools—The Louisiana Department of Education (LDOE)and the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE)—made the ACT a requirement—effective spring 2013—for Louisiana’s public high school 11th grade students regardless of their postsecondary intentions. The primary purpose of this study was to ascertain from Louisiana high school seniors’ whether the Louisiana Department of Education’s ACT mandate is perceived as a factor influencing their postsecondary decisions or affecting their …


Developmental Math Education: The Bermuda Triangle Of Student Success--Many Enter, But Few Succeed., Julia Elizabeth Paxton Sullivan Jan 2016

Developmental Math Education: The Bermuda Triangle Of Student Success--Many Enter, But Few Succeed., Julia Elizabeth Paxton Sullivan

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study employed a quantitative design to evaluate the effectiveness of developmental math and the predictors of student success in developmental math for a period of three years. Four of the study’s original eight predictors of student success were statistically significant. However, a model was created using multinomial regression. The model was created using data from the fall 2013 semester and was tested using data from the fall 2014 semester. The effectiveness of developmental math in predicting a student’s success in the first college-level math course was tested using a multinomial regression. Although no statistical significance was found, the study …


Investigating The Structure Of The Papain-Inhibitor Complex Using Spr And Nmr, Margaret Sara Thomasson Jan 2016

Investigating The Structure Of The Papain-Inhibitor Complex Using Spr And Nmr, Margaret Sara Thomasson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Cysteine proteases (CPs) are enzymes with a nucleophilic thiol in their active sites. Inhibitors of cysteine proteases (ICPs) occur naturally in bacterial pathogens and some protozoa. In parasites, ICPs are often virulence factors, contributing to the formation and survival of amastigotes within host cells. These amastigotes have higher CP activity, therefore making both ICPs and CPs potential drug targets. Despite great genetic variability, ICPs contain highly conserved structural features, including a series of defined loops that play a significant role in binding CPs. Papain, a CP from Carica papaya, complexes with ICP from Leishmania mexicana. Although the individual 3-D structures …


Design And Implementation Of Qcm Virtual Sensing Schemes For Analyses Of Volatile Organic Compounds, Nicholas Colby Speller Jan 2016

Design And Implementation Of Qcm Virtual Sensing Schemes For Analyses Of Volatile Organic Compounds, Nicholas Colby Speller

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Sensor arrays have evolved as powerful approaches for providing detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as required across numerous analytical applications. Such systems typically comprise a number of cross reactive sensor elements, which generate analyte specific response patterns upon exposure to VOCs, and are known as multisensor arrays. When evaluated using statistical methods, these response patterns facilitate classification of VOCs. As an alternative, a single dynamically operated sensor could also be used to generate analyte specific response patterns. This approach is known as a virtual sensor array (VSA) and can exhibit significant advantages when compared to MSAs. Some …


A Mixed Methods Case Study Exploring Simulation And Caring In Nursing Education, Carla Armstead Harmon Jan 2016

A Mixed Methods Case Study Exploring Simulation And Caring In Nursing Education, Carla Armstead Harmon

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Current research in nursing education suggests a shift from traditional didactic transmission methods to student-centered pedagogies to prepare nursing students with substantive knowledge necessary for competent practice in a complex healthcare environment. Simulation has emerged as a pedagogy that offers students the opportunity to critically think, solve problems, and care for diverse patients in a nonthreatening, safe environment. As the use of simulation increases, a concern is whether or not it can hinder the development of caring behaviors necessary for competent and compassionate nursing practice. This research was a study of nursing students’ descriptions of the simulation experience, and perceptions …


Building A Community Of Writers Through Free Writing, Reflection, And Collaboration, Adrienne Renee Tate Jan 2016

Building A Community Of Writers Through Free Writing, Reflection, And Collaboration, Adrienne Renee Tate

LSU Master's Theses

This teacher-research project was implemented into a sophomore English Language Arts classroom in order to examine free writing as a writing strategy to encourage students’ interactions and cultivate community. The researcher wanted to discover if free writing was a strategy English teachers can implement to encourage collaboration and community amongst his or her students. This study was conducted approximately for one semester in an English II honors class in southern region of the United States. This project used a mixed-methods approach to determine if free writing is a strategy to encourage students’ interactions and cultivate community. To determine the effectiveness …


An Assessment Of The Economic Feasibility Of Establishing A Biofuel Industry In The State Of Louisiana, Alessandro Holzapfel Jan 2016

An Assessment Of The Economic Feasibility Of Establishing A Biofuel Industry In The State Of Louisiana, Alessandro Holzapfel

LSU Master's Theses

As national interests continue to encourage the development of advanced cellulosic biofuels, through legislation, research support and other means, a wide range of alternative agricultural crops are being evaluated in various regions of the country as potential feedstock material for biofuel processing facilities. Previous research has shown that both energy cane and sweet sorghum can be successfully grown in Louisiana. This study evaluated the economic feasibility of utilizing energy cane and sweet sorghum as biofuel feedstock crops. Economic analysis focused on two primary factors: estimation of feedstock cost and optimal location of processing facilities. Five cropping sequences were evaluated in …


Quantitative Oil Source-Fingerprinting Techniques And Their Application To Differentiating Crude Oil In Coastal Marsh Sediments, Buffy Marie Meyer Jan 2016

Quantitative Oil Source-Fingerprinting Techniques And Their Application To Differentiating Crude Oil In Coastal Marsh Sediments, Buffy Marie Meyer

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Oil source-fingerprinting is an environmental forensics technique that uses analytical chemistry to determine the origin of oil residues in environmental samples by comparison to a known or suspected source oil. Currently, the only standardized method for oil source fingerprinting is a qualitative approach that is very effective in almost every oil spill response situation. However, the need for quantitative oil source-fingerprinting methods to complement the qualitative determinations is extremely desired. The research herein aims to utilize data generated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methodologies to test two different quantitative techniques: diagnostic biomarker ratio analysis and chemometrics. The most common crude …


Relay Selection Strategies For Multi-Hop Cooperative Networks, Hui Sun Jan 2016

Relay Selection Strategies For Multi-Hop Cooperative Networks, Hui Sun

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this dissertation we consider several relay selection strategies for multi-hop cooperative networks. The relay selection strategies we propose do not require a central controller (CC). Instead, the relay selection is on a hop-by-hop basis. As such, these strategies can be implemented in a distributed manner. Therefore, increasing the number of hops in the network would not increase the complexity or time consumed for the relay selection procedure of each hop. We first investigate the performance of a hop-by-hop relay selection strategy for multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative networks. In each relay cluster, relays that successfully receive and decode the message …