Digital Commons Network^™

Caloric Restriction Of Db/Db Mice Reverts Hepatic Steatosis And Body Weight With Divergent Hepatic Metabolism, Kyung Eun Kim, Youngae Jung, Soonki Min, Miso Nam, Rok Won Heo, Byeong Tak Jeon, Dae Hyun Song, Chin-Ok Yi, Eun Ae Jeong, Hwajin Kim, Jeonghyun Kim, Seon-Yong Jeong, Woori Kwak, Do Hyun Ryu, Tamas L. Horvath, Gu Seob Roh, Geum-Sook Hwang

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent causes of liver disease and its prevalence is a serious and growing clinical problem. Caloric restriction (CR) is commonly recommended for improvement of obesity-related diseases such as NAFLD. However, the effects of CR on hepatic metabolism remain unknown. We investigated the effects of CR on metabolic dysfunction in the liver of obese diabetic db/db mice. We found that CR of db/db mice reverted insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, body weight and adiposity to those of db/m mice. H-NMR- and UPLC-QTOF-MS-based metabolite profiling data showed significant metabolic alterations related to lipogenesis, …

Evidence For Pipecolate Oxidase In Mediating Protection Against Hydrogen Peroxide Stress, Sathish Kumar Natarajan, Ezhumalai Muthukrishnan, Oleh Khalimonchuk, Justin L. Mott, Donald F. Becker

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Pipecolate, an intermediate of the lysine catabolic pathway, is oxidized to Δ¹-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C) by the flavoenzyme lpipecolate oxidase (PIPOX). P6C spontaneously hydrolyzes to generate α-aminoadipate semialdehyde, which is then converted into α-aminoadipate acid by α-aminoadipatesemialdehyde dehydrogenase. l-pipecolate was previously reported to protect mammalian cells against oxidative stress. Here, we examined whether PIPOX is involved in the mechanism of pipecolate stress protection. Knockdown of PIPOX by small interference RNA abolished pipecolate protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in HEK293 cells suggesting a critical role for PIPOX. Subcellular fractionation analysis showed that PIPOX is localized in the mitochondria of HEK293 …

Engineering A Trifunctional Proline Utilization A Chimaera By Fusing A Dna-Binding Domain To A Bifunctional Puta, Benjamin W. Arentson, Erin L. Hayes, Weidong Zhu, John J. Tanner, Donald F. Becker

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Proline utilization A (PutA) is a bifunctional flavoenzyme with proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and Δ¹-pyrroline-5- carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase (P5CDH) domains that catalyses the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate. Trifunctional PutAs also have an N-terminal ribbon–helix–helix (RHH) DNA-binding domain and moonlight as autogenous transcriptional repressors of the put regulon. A unique property of trifunctional PutA is the ability to switch functions from DNA-bound repressor to membrane-associated enzyme in response to cellular nutritional needs and proline availability. In the present study, we attempt to construct a trifunctional PutA by fusing the RHH domain of Escherichia coli PutA (EcRHH) to the …

Mechanistic Nanotherapeutic Approach Based On Sirna-Mediated Dj-1 Protein Suppression For Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer, Canan Schumann, Stephanie Chan, Oleh Khalimonchuk, Shannon Khal, Vitaliya Moskal, Vidhi Shah, Adam W. G. Alani, Olena Taratula, Oleh Taratula

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

We report an efficient therapeutic modality for platinum resistant ovarian cancer based on siRNAmediated suppression of a multifunctional DJ-1 protein that is responsible for the proliferation, growth, invasion, oxidative stress and overall survival of various cancers. The developed therapeutic strategy can work alone or in concert with a low dose of the first line chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, to elicit a maximal therapeutic response. To achieve an efficient DJ-1 knockdown, we constructed the polypropylenimine dendrimer-based nanoplatform targeted to LHRH receptors overexpressed on ovarian cancer cells. The quantitative PCR and western immunoblotting analysis, revealed that the delivered DJ-1 siRNA downregulated the expression …

Antisense Oligonucleotides: Treatment Strategies And Cellular Internalization, Colton M. Miller, Ed Harris

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

The clinical application of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is becoming more of a reality as several drugs have been approved for the treatment of human disorders and many others are in various phases in development and clinical trials. ASOs are short DNA/RNA oligos which are heavily modified to increase their stability in biological fluids and retain the properties of creating RNA-RNA and DNA-RNA duplexes that knock-down or correct genetic expression. This review outlines several strategies that ASOs utilize for the treatment of various congenital diseases and syndromes that develop with aging. In addition, we discuss some of the mechanisms for specific …

Antisense Oligonucleotides: Treatment Strategies And Cellular Internalization, Colton M. Miller, Edward N. Harris

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

The clinical application of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is becoming more of a reality as several drugs have been approved for the treatment of human disorders and many others are in various phases in development and clinical trials. ASOs are short DNA/RNA oligos which are heavily modified to increase their stability in biological fluids and retain the properties of creating RNA-RNA and DNA-RNA duplexes that knock-down or correct genetic expression. This review outlines several strategies that ASOs utilize for the treatment of various congenital diseases and syndromes that develop with aging. In addition, we discuss some of the mechanisms for specific …

Polyglycine Acts As A Rejection Signal For Protein Transport At The Chloroplast Envelope, Joshua K. Endow, Agostinho Gomes Rocha, Amy J. Baldwin, Rebecca L. Roston, Toshio Yamaguchi, Hironari Kamikubo, Kentaro Inoue

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

PolyGly is present in many proteins in various organisms. One example is found in a transmembrane β-barrel protein, translocon at the outer-envelope-membrane of chloroplasts 75 (Toc75). Toc75 requires its N-terminal extension (t75) for proper localization. t75 comprises signals for chloroplast import (n75) and envelope sorting (c75) in tandem. n75 and c75 are removed by stromal processing peptidase and plastidic type I signal peptidase 1, respectively. PolyGly is present within c75 and its deletion or substitution causes mistargeting of Toc75 to the stroma. Here we have examined the properties of polyGly-dependent protein targeting using two soluble passenger proteins, the mature portion …

Mutation In Atg5 Reduces Autophagy And Leads To Ataxia With Developmental Delay, Myungjin Kim, Erin Sandford, Damian Gatica, Yu Qiu, Xu Liu, Yumei Zheng, Brenda A. Schulman, Jishu Xu, Ian Semple, Seung-Hyun Ro, Boyoung Kim, R. Nehir Mavioglu, Aslihan Tolun, Andras Jipa, Szabolcs Takats, Manuela Karpati, Jun Z. Li, Zuhal Yapici, Gabor Juhasz, Jun Hee Lee, Daniel J. Klionsky, Margit Burmeister

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Autophagy is required for the homeostasis of cellular material and is proposed to be involved in many aspects of health. Defects in the autophagy pathway have been observed in neurodegenerative disorders; however, no genetically-inherited pathogenic mutations in any of the core autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been reported in human patients to date. We identified a homozygous missense mutation, changing a conserved amino acid, in ATG5 in two siblings with congenital ataxia, mental retardation, and developmental delay. The subjects’ cells display a decrease in autophagy flux and defects in conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5. The homologous mutation in yeast …

Signal Traits And Oxidative Stress: A Comparative Study Across Populations With Divergent Signals, Maren N. Vitousek, Oldřich Tomášek, Tomáš Albrecht, Matt Wilkins, Rebecca Safran

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Diverging populations often shift patterns of signal use – a process that can contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation. Yet it is not clear why most traits gain or lose signal value during divergence. One reason this could occur is because changes in the relationship between signals and relevant physiological parameters degrade the reliability of a signal, or even change its underlying information content. Here we test the hypothesis that the relationship between signal trait elaboration and a central component of organismal health – oxidative stress – differs across closely related populations that have diverged in signal use and preferences. …

Candida Albicans Isw2 Regulates Chlamydospore Suspensor Cell Formation And Virulence In Vivo In A Mouse Model Of Disseminated Candidiasis, Dhammika Navarathna, Ruvini U. Pathirana, Michail S. Lionakis, Kenneth W. Nickerson, David D. Roberts

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Formation of chlamydospores by Candida albicans was an established medical diagnostic test to confirm candidiasis before the molecular era. However, the functional role and pathological relevance of this in vitro morphological transition to pathogenesis in vivo remain unclear. We compared the physical properties of in vitro-induced chlamydospores with those of large C. albicans cells purified by density gradient centrifugation from Candida infected mouse kidneys. The morphological and physical properties of these cells in kidneys of mice infected intravenously with wild type C. albicans confirmed that chlamydospores can form in infected kidneys. A previously reported chlamydospore-null Δisw2/ …

Biotin Auxotrophy And Biotin Enhanced Germ Tube Formation In Candida Albicans, Nur Ahmad Hussin, Ruvini U. Pathirana, Sahar Hasim, Swetha Tati, Jessica A. Scheib-Owens, Kenneth Nickerson

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Due to the increased number of immunocompromised patients, infections with the pathogen Candida albicans have significantly increased in recent years. C. albicans transition from yeast to germ tubes is one of the essential factors for virulence. In this study we noted that Lee’s medium, commonly used to induce filamentation, contained 500-fold more biotin than needed for growth and 40-fold more biotin than is typically added to growth media. Thus, we investigated the effects of excess biotin on growth rate and filamentation by C. albicans in different media. At 37 ˚C, excess biotin (4 µM) enhanced germ tube formation (GTF) ca. …

Polymorphisms And Resistance Mutations Of Hepatitis C Virus On Sequences In The European Hepatitis C Virus Database, Dimas Alexandre Kliemann, Cristiane Valle Tovo, Ana Beatriz Gorini Da Veiga, Angelo Alves De Mattos, Charles Wood

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

AIM: To evaluate the occurrence of resistant mutations in treatment-naïve hepatitis C virus (HCV) sequences deposited in the European hepatitis C virus database (euHCVdb).

METHODS: The sequences were downloaded from the euHCVdb (https://euhcvdb.ibcp.fr/euHCVdb/). The search was performed for full-length NS3 protease, NS5A and NS5B polymerase sequences of HCV, separated by genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b and 3a, and resulted in 798 NS3, 708 NS5A and 535 NS5B sequences from HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b and 3a, after the exclusion of sequences containing errors and/or gaps or incomplete sequences, and sequences from patients previously treated with direct antiviral agents (DAA). …

Advantages Of An Improved Rhesus Macaque Genome For Evolutionary Analyses, Julien S. Gradnigo, Abhishek Majumdar, Robert B. Norgren Jr., Etsuko N. Moriyama

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is widely used in molecular evolutionary analyses, particularly to identify genes under adaptive or unique evolution in the human lineage. For such studies, it is necessary to align nucleotide sequences of homologous protein-coding genes among multiple species. The validity of these analyses is dependent on high quality genomic data. However, for most mammalian species (other than humans and mice), only draft genomes are available. There has been concern that some results obtained from evolutionary analyses using draft genomes may not be correct. The rhesus macaque provides a unique opportunity to determine whether an …

A Guide For Graduate Students Interested In Postdoctoral Positions In Biology Education Research, Melissa L. Aikens, Lisa A. Corwin, Tessa C. Andrews, Brian A. Couch, Sarah L. Eddy, Lisa Mcdonnell, Gloriana Trujillo

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Postdoctoral positions in biology education research (BER) are becoming increasingly common as the field grows. However, many life science graduate students are unaware of these positions or do not understand what these positions entail or the careers with which they align. In this essay, we use a backward-design approach to inform life science graduate students of postdoctoral opportunities in BER. Beginning with the end in mind, we first discuss the types of careers to which BER postdoctoral positions lead. We then discuss the different types of BER postdoctoral positions, drawing on our own experiences and those of faculty mentors. Finally, …

A Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia Strain Evades A Major Caenorhabditis Elegans Defense Pathway, Corin V. White, Brian J. Darby, Robert J. Breeden, Robert J. Breeden, Michael A. Herman

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous bacterium and an emerging nosocomial pathogen. This bacterium is resistant to many antibiotics, associated with a number of infections, and a significant health risk, especially for immunocompromised patients. Given that Caenorhabditis elegans shares many conserved genetic pathways and pathway components with higher organisms, the study of its interaction with bacterial pathogens has biomedical implications. S. maltophilia has been isolated in association with nematodes from grassland soils, and it is likely that C. elegans encounters this bacterium in nature. We found that a local S. maltophilia isolate, JCMS, is more virulent than the other S. maltophilia …

Functional Genomic Insights Into Regulatory Mechanisms Of High-Altitude Adaptation, Jay F. Storz, Zachary A. Cheviron

Jay F. Storz Publications

Recent studies of indigenous human populations at high altitude have provided proof-of-principle that genome scans of DNA polymorphism can be used to identify candidate loci for hypoxia adaptation. When integrated with experimental analyses of physiological phenotypes, genome-wide surveys of DNA polymorphism and tissue-specific transcriptional profiles can provide insights into actual mechanisms of adaptation. It has been suggested that adaptive phenotypic evolution is largely mediated by cis-regulatory changes in genes that are located at integrative control points in regulatory networks. This hypothesis can be tested by conducting transcriptomic analyses of hypoxic signaling pathways in conjunction with experimental measures of vascular …

Baylisascaris Larva Migrans, Kevin R. Kazacos

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Zoonotic diseases, such as baylisascariasis, are receiving increasing attention as components of disease emergence and resurgence (Kazacos, 2001). Baylisascariasis is caused by the roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis and is one of the more recent zoonotic disease developments. This disease remains one of the least known and poorly understood zoonotic diseases, yet over the past several decades it has become widespread. It originated in wildlife species and is now well established as a human malady. Baylisascariasis is transmitted to humans via consumption of contaminated feces, and the role of wildlife (primarily raccoons) in this transmission process is becoming more clearly known and …

Trematode Diversity In Freshwater Fishes Of The Globe Ii: “New World”, Anindo Choudhury, M. Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo, Stephen S. Curran, Margarita Ostrowski De Núñez, Robin M. Overstreet, Gerardo Pérez-Ponce De León, Cláudia Portes Santos

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

We provide a summary overview of the diversity of trematode parasites in freshwater fishes of the “New World,” i.e. the Americas, with emphasis on adult forms. The trematode fauna of three regions, South America, Middle America, and USA and Canada (North America north of Mexico), are considered separately. In total, 462 trematode species have been reported as adults from the Americas. The proportion of host species examined for parasites varies widely across the Americas, from a high of 45% in the Mexican region of Middle America to less than 5% in South America. North and South America share no adult …

Description Of Three Species Of Isorchis (Digenea: Atractotrematidae) From Australia, Michael J. Andres, Eric E. Pulis, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Three species of Isorchis Durio and Manter, 1969 are described from Australian waters. Isorchis megas sp. nov. is described from the spotbanded scat, Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson), off Western Australia (WA) and Northern Territory (NT); Isorchis currani sp. nov. is described from S. multifasciata off NT; and Isorchis anomalus sp. nov. is described from the milkfish, Chanos chanos Forsskål, off WA. Isorchis megas sp. nov. can be differentiated from the other species of Isorchis by possessing a single, large egg that is greater than 20% of the body length; having a shorter body (the largest specimen is less than 500 μm); …

Development Of Adsorptive Membranes By Confinement Of Activated Biochar Into Electrospun Nanofibers, Mehrdad Taheran, Mitra Naghdi, Satinder K. Brar, Emile Knystautas, Mausam Verma, Rao Y. Surampalli, Jose R. Valero

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Faculty Publications

Adsorptive membranes have many applications in removal of contaminants, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants from water. Recently, increasing concentrations of pharmaceutically active compounds, especially antibiotics, such as chlortetracycline in water and wastewater sources has raised concerns about their potentially adverse impacts on environment and human health. In this study, a series of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/activated biochar nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) with different loadings of biochar (0–2%, w/w) were fabricated using electrospinning. The morphology and structure of fabricated membranes was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that at 1.5% of biochar loading, the …

Near-Barrierless Ammonium Bisulfate Formation Via A Loop-Structure Promoted Proton-Transfer Mechanism On The Surface Of Water, Lei Li, Manoj Kumar, Chongqin Zhu, Jie Zhong, Joseph S. Francisco, Xiao Cheng Zeng

Xiao Cheng Zeng Publications

In the atmosphere, a well-known and conventional pathway toward the formation of ammonium sulfate is through the neutralization of sulfuric acid with ammonia (NH₃) in water droplets. Here, we present direct ab initio molecular dynamics simulation evidence of the formation of ammonium bisulfate (NH₄HSO₄) from the hydrated NH₃ and SO₃ molecules in a water trimer as well as on the surface of a water droplet. This reaction suggests a new mechanism for the formation of ammonium sulfate in the atmosphere, especially when the concentration of NH₃ is high (e.g., ∼10 μg …

Pca As A Practical Indicator Of Opls-Da Model Reliability, Bradley Worley, Robert Powers

Robert Powers Publications

Background—Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) are powerful statistical modeling tools that provide insights into separations between experimental groups based on high-dimensional spectral measurements from NMR, MS or other analytical instrumentation. However, when used without validation, these tools may lead investigators to statistically unreliable conclusions. This danger is especially real for Partial Least Squares (PLS) and OPLS, which aggressively force separations between experimental groups. As a result, OPLS-DA is often used as an alternative method when PCA fails to expose group separation, but this practice is highly dangerous. Without rigorous validation, OPLS-DA can …

Multistate Product Traceforward Investigation To Link Imported Romaine Lettuce To A Us Cyclosporiasis Outbreak – Nebraska, Texas, And Florida, June–August 2013, B. F. Buss, M. V. Joshi, J. L. Dement, V. Cantu, T. J. Safranek

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

During June–August 2013, 25 US states reported 631 cyclosporiasis cases including Nebraska and Iowa where a regional investigation implicated common-source imported salad mix served in two chain restaurants. At least two common-origin growing fields were likely sources of contaminated romaine lettuce. Using producer- and distributor-provided data, we conducted a grower-specific traceforward investigation to reveal exposures of ill US residents elsewhere who reported symptom onset during 11 June–1 July 2013, the time period established in the Nebraska and Iowa investigation. Romaine lettuce shipped on 2–6 June from one of these Mexico-origin growing fields likely caused cyclosporiasis in 78 persons reporting illness …

Threshold Dose Distribution And Eliciting Dose Of Cashew Nut Allergy, Johanna P. M. Van Der Valk, Roy Gerth Van Wijk, J. L. Baumert, Julie A. Nordlee, Berber J. Vlieg-Boerstra, Hans De Groot, Anthony E. J. Dubois, Nicolette W. De Jong

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

A previous study found that 137 of 179 cashew nut sensitized children (76.5%) suspected of having cashew nut allergy had a positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC result), with 63 of 137 children (46%) manifesting subjective and/or objective symptoms to the lowest dose (1 mg of cashew nut protein). The primary aim of this study was to determine the distribution of threshold doses and the eliciting doses (EDs) in this population. The secondary aim was to investigate whether children who reacted to 1 mg of cashew nut (n = 63) could react to even lower doses than 1 mg (low-dose …

Regional Investigation Of A Cyclosporiasis Outbreak Linked To Imported Romaine Lettuce – Nebraska And Iowa, June–August 2013, Bryan F. Buss, M. V. Joshi, C. D. Allensworth, A. Garvey, K. Obbink, S. Mandernach, Thomas J. Safranek

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

A regional, multistate investigation into a June–August 2013 cyclosporiasis outbreak was conducted in Nebraska, Iowa, and neighbouring states. Cases were confirmed on the basis of laboratory and clinical findings. Of 227 cases in Iowa (n = 140) and Nebraska (n=87) residents, 162 (71%) reported dining at chain A/B restaurants – 96% reported house salad consumption. A case-control study identified chain A/B house salad as the most likely vehicle. Traceback was conducted to ascertain production lot codes of bagged salad mix (iceberg and romaine lettuce, red cabbage, and carrots) served as house salad in implicated restaurants. A single production lot code …

Constructing Stability Landscapes To Identify Alternative States In Coupled Social-Ecological Agent-Based Models, Patrick Bitterman, David A. Bennett

Geography Program: Faculty Publications

The resilience of a social-ecological system is measured by its ability to retain core functionality when subjected to perturbation. Resilience is contextually dependent on the state of system components, the complex interactions among these components, and the timing, location, and magnitude of perturbations. The stability landscape concept provides a useful framework for considering resilience within the specified context of a particular social-ecological system but has proven difficult to operationalize. This difficulty stems largely from the complex, multidimensional nature of the systems of interest and uncertainty in system response. Agent-based models are an effective methodology for understanding how cross-scale processes within …

Water Security And Rainwater Harvesting: A Conceptual Framework And Candidate Indicators, Patrick Bitterman, Eric Tate, Kimberly J. Meter, Nandita B. Basu

Geography Program: Faculty Publications

Rainwater-harvesting tanks (reservoirs) in Tamil Nadu, India support agricultural livelihoods, mitigate water insecurity, and enable ecosystem services. However, many tanks have fallen into disrepair, as private wells have supplanted collectively managed tanks as the dominant irrigation source. Meanwhile, encroachment by peri-urban development, landless farmers, and Prosopis juliflora has reduced inflow and tank capacity. This exploratory study presents a conceptual framework and proposed indicator set for measuring water security in the context of rainwater harvesting tanks. The primary benefits of tanks and threats to their functionality are profiled as a precursor to construction of a causal network of water security. The …

El Trauma Del Retorno: Masculinidad Y Exilio En Max Aub, Iker González-Allende

Spanish Language and Literature Papers

El exilio, el abandono del propio país por motivos políticos, puede vivirse como un hecho traumático de tipo acumulativo que genera ansiedad y pena. En opinión de León y Rebeca Grinberg, los desplazados de su país sutren un sentimiento de impotencia que se asemeja por su ruptura y separación al trauma del nacimiento y a la pérdida de la madre protectora (13). Numerosos estudiosos han señalado que los que se ven obligados a dejar su país posiblemente sean más propensos a padecer depresiones por las pérdidas sufridas, el choque cultural en el país de acogida y la falta de apoyo …

Enteric Fever: A Slow Response To An Old Plague, Carlos Franco- Paredes, M. Imran Khan, Esteban Gonzalez- Diaz, Jose I. Santos- Preciado, Alfonso J. Rodriguez Morales, Eduardo Gotuzzo

Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health

Man is irremediably embedded in nature with complex interactions with all living organisms. Historically, the establishment of contemporary human societies has been influenced by our coexistence with other microorganisms living in highly interconnected habitats and ecologies. As a result, with the progression from unicellular to multicellular life, bacteria have coexisted with humans. In this biological journey, while there are important benefits provided by bacterial guests to the human host living in complex relationships and becoming part of their microbiome, some organisms are able to cause a wide spectrum of diseases. Among the large Enterobacteriaceae family, the genus Salmonella, a …

Status Of Paratyphoid Fever Vaccine Research And Development, Laura B. Martin, Raphael Simon, Calman A. Maclennan, Sharon M. Tennant, Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, M. Imran Khan

Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A and B cause enteric fever in humans. Of the paratyphoid group, S. Paratyphi A is the most common serovar. In 2000, there were an estimated 5.4 million cases of S. Paratyphi A worldwide. More recently paratyphoid fever has accounted for an increasing fraction of all cases of enteric fever. Although vaccines for typhoid fever have been developed and in use for decades, vaccines for paratyphoid fever have not yet been licensed. Several S. Paratyphi A vaccines, however, are in development and based on either whole cell …