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2016

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Comparative Analysis Of Uninhibited And Constrained Avian Wing Aerodynamics, Jordan A. Cox Jan 2016

Comparative Analysis Of Uninhibited And Constrained Avian Wing Aerodynamics, Jordan A. Cox

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The flight of birds has intrigued and motivated man for many years. Bird flight served as the primary inspiration of flying machines developed by Leonardo Da Vinci, Otto Lilienthal, and even the Wright brothers. Avian flight has once again drawn the attention of the scientific community as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are not only becoming more popular, but smaller. Birds are once again influencing the designs of aircraft. Small UAVs operating within flight conditions and low Reynolds numbers common to birds are not yet capable of the high levels of control and agility that birds display with ease. Many researchers …

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Differences In School Climate Means: Exploring Contextual Factors Among A Sample Of Appalachian Youth, Shay M. Daily Jan 2016

Differences In School Climate Means: Exploring Contextual Factors Among A Sample Of Appalachian Youth, Shay M. Daily

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) provides a means for states to streamline current assessment systems and integrate multidimensional measures. The use of comprehensive measures (i.e. school climate) is important in understanding non-academic factors that influence the quality of a school. There are limited studies which describe how contextual factors influence the learning and behavior of students within demographically homogenous populations, especially from rural settings. Rural populations are characterized to have higher prevalence of multiple social, behavioral, and contextual characteristics that negatively affect their perception of school when compared to their urban counterparts.;The purpose of this study was to examine …

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Effects Of Scattering And Absorption On Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging, Kosar Khaksari Jan 2016

Effects Of Scattering And Absorption On Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging, Kosar Khaksari

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a real-time, non-invasive method in used to investigate blood flow and perfusion in biological tissues with high temporal and spatial resolution. A reduction in speckle contrast due to particle motion is the primary contrast mechanism in LSCI. Motion results in speckle fluctuations in time and reduces the contrast over a given camera integration period. There are a variety of parameters that effect contrast besides motion. The optical properties of the scattering medium are one of the parameters effecting LSCI values. Changes in blood hematocrit levels manifest as changes in optical properties. In this work, …

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Wireless Implantable Magnetoelastic Sensors And Actuators For Biomedical Applications, Andrew Derouin Jan 2016

Wireless Implantable Magnetoelastic Sensors And Actuators For Biomedical Applications, Andrew Derouin

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Magnetoelastic sensors represent a low-cost wireless and battery-less method for monitoring parameters in embedded or implanted applications; however, some limitations still exist preventing their commercial implementation. Presented in this work are a variety of studies that are aimed at improving the feasibility of magnetoelastic materials for sensing and actuating applications. Magnetoelastic resonant sensors of non-standard geometries were investigated to determine if geometry could play a role on the sensitivity of the sensor response to mass loading. It was shown that a significant increase in sensitivity could be achieved by using triangular sensors rather than standard rectangular strips. A method for …

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A Quality Management System Implementation Framework For Small-Sized Companies, Manish Avinash Sawant Jan 2016

A Quality Management System Implementation Framework For Small-Sized Companies, Manish Avinash Sawant

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

A detailed framework is essential to facilitate quality system implementation. In this study, we have offered a cost effective do-it-yourself approach to quality management. We have proposed a quality system implementation framework for small-medium sized organizations to enable their transition from a no-quality system to an ISO 9001 quality management system. The proposed framework is validated using a case study of a small door manufacturing company. The findings reveal several setbacks experienced during quality system implementation and suggests means to overcome them using a proposed seven step framework. This study also advises an effective maintenance tool to facilitate continuous improvement …

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Analysis Of Availability, Quality, And Price Of Food Options In Denver, Co Grocery Stores, Jesse Adam Lunsford Jan 2016

Analysis Of Availability, Quality, And Price Of Food Options In Denver, Co Grocery Stores, Jesse Adam Lunsford

Health Nutrition and Exercise Science

In certain areas in the United States low-income, non-white populations have less access to healthy foods. This lack of access can manifest itself with higher costs, lower quality, or less availability of healthy food options. Research has shown a correlation between health status and ethnic and/or income status, which is related to negative correlations in health disparities and dietary intake. This study examined the Denver area grocery stores to identify if any populations had significant differences in food cost, food availability, or food quality. Thirty stores were randomly selected from Denver and analyzed using Nutritional Environmental Measure Survey for Supermarkets …

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The Role Of Music Among Healthy Older Performance Musicians, Barbara Hutchison Jan 2016

The Role Of Music Among Healthy Older Performance Musicians, Barbara Hutchison

Human Development and Family Science

This qualitative study explored the role of music in the lives of 18 healthy older performance musicians (PMs). PMs began music education in early childhood and developed music competencies of advanced, expert, and virtuoso by voice, instruments, and composing music. The phenomenology approach to data consisted of a 7-item demographic questionnaire, and an 18-semi-structured interview questionnaire. From the themes of community music participation, wellness, and happiness emerged 11 subthemes. The role of participating in community music validated PMs’ music identity. First, values and beliefs explained music was life and a livelihood; second, music participation continued for decades because conductors chose …

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Effects Of The Early Risers Program On Children's Social Skills And Parents' Emotion And Cognition, Zhen Yang Jan 2016

Effects Of The Early Risers Program On Children's Social Skills And Parents' Emotion And Cognition, Zhen Yang

Human Development and Family Science

The Early Risers Skills for Success Program provides comprehensive skills training to children with adjustment problems and offers parent training to their parents. The present study expects parenting training contributes to increases in parenting confidence and involvement and decreases in relational frustration of parents in the program compared with the control. We also want to know whether improving children’s social competence mediates the program’s effects on parents’ positive feeling and cognition. 114 early elementary school students and their parents received the intervention and training and 76 children and parents were in the control. Five waves of data were collected over …

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Investigation Of Skin Temperature Increases With Rebound Diathermy, Eric Thomas Lundberg Jan 2016

Investigation Of Skin Temperature Increases With Rebound Diathermy, Eric Thomas Lundberg

Health Nutrition and Exercise Science

ReBound® Diathermy is a continuous shortwave diathermy device (CSWD) used as a portable heating modality. No studies have shown surface tissue temperatures of ReBound® treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the ReBound® Diathermy unit produced skin temperatures in an ankle garment sleeve. The study called for 20 healthy, collegeaged (18-30 years) males to participate in a single treatment session. Surface thermocouples were placed following the anterior aspect of the ankle. The session included a 30-minute treatment in which skin temperatures were recorded at each site every 5 minutes. The ReBound® Diathermy unit did not produce an …

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Statistical Analysis Of Paradigmatic Class Richness Supports Greater Paleoindian Projectile-Point Diversity In The Southeast, M. I. Eren, A. Chao, C. H. Chiu, R. K. Colwell, B. Buchanan, M. T. Boulanger, J. Darwent, Michael J. O'Brien Jan 2016

Statistical Analysis Of Paradigmatic Class Richness Supports Greater Paleoindian Projectile-Point Diversity In The Southeast, M. I. Eren, A. Chao, C. H. Chiu, R. K. Colwell, B. Buchanan, M. T. Boulanger, J. Darwent, Michael J. O'Brien

History Faculty Publications (Archived)

Ronald Mason's hypothesis from the 1960s that the southeastern United States possesses greater Paleoindian projectile-point diversity than other regions is regularly cited, and often assumed to be true, but in fact has never been quantitatively tested. Even if valid, however, the evolutionary meaning of this diversity is contested. Point diversity is often linked to Clovis "origins," but point diversity could also arise from group fissioning and drift, admixture, adaptation, or multiple founding events, among other possibilities. Before archaeologists can even begin to discuss these scenarios, it is paramount to ensure that what we think we know is representative of reality. …

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Discussing Auschwitz, Scholarly Integrity And Governmental Revisionism: A Case Study In Academic Intimidation, Kevin Mccarthy Jan 2016

Discussing Auschwitz, Scholarly Integrity And Governmental Revisionism: A Case Study In Academic Intimidation, Kevin Mccarthy

Journal of Hate Studies

In September 2015, I became embroiled in a controversial and confrontational media discourse that rapidly assumed a global context as external actors engaged in a hateful campaign of intimidation and threatening behavior. It was initiated by a letter I had published in the Belfast Telegraph, which included a reference that localised anti-Semitism was a factor in the Nazi decision to locate the Auschwitz-Birkinau extermination camp in Poland. It was a response to a letter thread that had included multiple mentions of Poland, Auschwitz-Birkinau, and hateful intimidation. However, a forensic examination of the letter suggests the confrontation had, in fact nothing …

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Elements Of Bile: Placing Daniel Ottolengui (1836-1918) In The Heritage Of Hate, Sally Stokes Jan 2016

Elements Of Bile: Placing Daniel Ottolengui (1836-1918) In The Heritage Of Hate, Sally Stokes

Journal of Hate Studies

Just east of Broadway, in 1846, Isaac D. Baker and Charles Scribner opened their publishing house on Nassau Street near Ann Street in lower Manhattan. By the time of the Civil War, Baker & Scribner had cemented a reputation for thoughtful and elevating texts. In 1867, the firm, now Charles Scribner & Co., having moved up to 654 Broadway and released a miscellany of Christian meditations, poetry by Robert Burns, and a translation of the Iliad, had picked up Henry Ward Beecher’s Norwood, or Village Life in New England. This lone novel by Beecher—orator, abolitionist, and minister of Brooklyn’s Plymouth …

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Beyond Hate: White Power And Popular Culture By C. Richard King And David J. Leonard (Surrey, Uk: Ashgate, 2014. 200 Pp. $31.96. Isbn 978-1472427465)., Bianca Gonzalez-Sobrino, Matthew W. Hughey Jan 2016

Beyond Hate: White Power And Popular Culture By C. Richard King And David J. Leonard (Surrey, Uk: Ashgate, 2014. 200 Pp. $31.96. Isbn 978-1472427465)., Bianca Gonzalez-Sobrino, Matthew W. Hughey

Journal of Hate Studies

In Beyond Hate, C. Richard King and David J. Leonard present a critical, virtual ethnography that examines the relationship between popular culture, media, and white supremacy. Their efforts center on the exploration of the intersections of white power and popular culture in the virtual world as articulated in the context of the contemporary United States. In specific, King and Leonard explore how white nationalists come to utilize the digital realm of popular culture as a clarion call to cleanup a society “polluted” by the rise of nonwhite populations, the proliferation of liberal ideology and to the supposed demise of the …

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The Nazis Next Door: How American Became A Safe Haven For Hitler's Men By Eric Lichtblau (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014. 288 Pg. $28.00 Isbn 978-0547669199)., Monique Laney Jan 2016

The Nazis Next Door: How American Became A Safe Haven For Hitler's Men By Eric Lichtblau (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014. 288 Pg. $28.00 Isbn 978-0547669199)., Monique Laney

Journal of Hate Studies

The Nazis Next Door is a follow-up to a breaking news story Lichtblau authored in 2010 when an unredacted version of a 600-page report chronicling the activities of the U.S. Department of Justice’s “Nazi hunting” Office of Investigations was leaked to the New York Times.2 The fact that the United States has been harboring Nazis, some of whom were war criminals, has not been news at least since the 1970s, but as Lichtblau explains in his 2010 article, the report “goes further in documenting the level of American complicity and deception,” especially the CIA’s involvement in using Nazis for postwar …

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Nicotinamide Is An Endogenous Agonist For A C. Elegans Trpv Osm-9 And Ocr-4 Channel, A. Upadhyay, A. Pisupati, T. Jegla, Matthew Crook, K. J. Mickolajczyk, M. Shorey, L. E. Rohan, K. A. Billings, M. M. Rolls, W. O. Hancock, W. Hanna-Rose Jan 2016

Nicotinamide Is An Endogenous Agonist For A C. Elegans Trpv Osm-9 And Ocr-4 Channel, A. Upadhyay, A. Pisupati, T. Jegla, Matthew Crook, K. J. Mickolajczyk, M. Shorey, L. E. Rohan, K. A. Billings, M. M. Rolls, W. O. Hancock, W. Hanna-Rose

Biology Faculty Publications (Archived)

TRPV ion channels are directly activated by sensory stimuli and participate in thermo-, mechano- and chemo-sensation. They are also hypothesized to respond to endogenous agonists that would modulate sensory responses. Here, we show that the nicotinamide (NAM) form of vitamin B3 is an agonist of a Caenorhabditis elegans TRPV channel. Using heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes, we demonstrate that NAM is a soluble agonist for a channel consisting of the well-studied OSM-9 TRPV subunit and relatively uncharacterized OCR-4 TRPV subunit as well as the orthologous Drosophila Nan-Iav TRPV channel, and we examine stoichiometry of subunit assembly. Finally, we show that …

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Pharmaceutical Inhibition Of Mtor In The Common Marmoset: Effect Of Rapamycin On Regulators Of Proteostasis In A Non-Human Primate, M. Lelegren, Y. Liu, Corinna N. Ross, S. Tardif, A. B. Salmon Jan 2016

Pharmaceutical Inhibition Of Mtor In The Common Marmoset: Effect Of Rapamycin On Regulators Of Proteostasis In A Non-Human Primate, M. Lelegren, Y. Liu, Corinna N. Ross, S. Tardif, A. B. Salmon

Biology Faculty Publications (Archived)

Background: Inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has emerged as a viable means to lengthen lifespan and healthspan in mice, although it is still unclear whether these benefits will extend to other mammalian species. We previously reported results from a pilot experiment wherein common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were treated orally with rapamycin to reduce mTOR signaling in vivo in line with previous reports in mice and humans. Further, long-term treatment did not significantly alter body weight, daily activity, blood lipid concentrations, or glucose metabolism in this cohort. Methods: In this study, we report on the molecular consequences of rapamycin …

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Foliar Application Of Iron Chelated Fertilizer And Surfactants For Management Of Iron Deficiency Chlorosis In Soybeans, Heidi Rasmussen Jan 2016

Foliar Application Of Iron Chelated Fertilizer And Surfactants For Management Of Iron Deficiency Chlorosis In Soybeans, Heidi Rasmussen

Soil Science

Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a production challenge for farmers growing soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], especially in the Red River Valley. It is critical to correct this deficiency as soon as symptoms arise before growth, and ultimately yield, is negatively impacted. Field experiments of foliar applied iron fertilizers (o-o-EDDHA, o-o-EDDHSA, HEDTA, and an amino acid) and suitable adjuvants (HSOC [high surfactant oil concentrate], non-ionic surfactant, acidifier, and organosilicone surfactant), to control IDC were conducted during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, respectively. There was high variability among the results for both the SPAD meter readings and soil iron concentration. …

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Forecasting Point Spread For Women’S Volleyball, Deling Zhang Jan 2016

Forecasting Point Spread For Women’S Volleyball, Deling Zhang

Statistics

Volleyball has become a well-known and competitive sport with physical and technical performances over the years. The game results are determined by some important factors such as players, and the team’s skills to succeed in a championship. In this research, we propose to analyze volleyball data by using a multiple linear regression model and a logistic regression model. We develop a multiple regression model using in-game statistics that explain the point spread of a volleyball game. We also develop a logistic regression model that estimates the probability of a team winning the game based on the in-game statistics. Both of …

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Beyond The What And How: Why Parents Want To Know About Their Adolescents' Lives., Elizabeth Yale Babskie Jan 2016

Beyond The What And How: Why Parents Want To Know About Their Adolescents' Lives., Elizabeth Yale Babskie

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As adolescents spend more time away from home and increasingly engage in unsupervised activities, parents are challenged with allowing their children more responsibility while still promoting positive youth development (Smetana, Campione-Barr, & Metzger, 2006). Extant research shows that parents continue to play an important roll in facilitating positive adolescent development through their knowledge of what their adolescent children are doing and whom they are with when away from home or school (Racz & McMahon, 2011). Recent research has focused on understanding the sources of parents’ knowledge and has identified both parentdriven (rules, solicitation, indirect, covert) and adolescent-driven (disclosure, secrecy, concealment) …

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Screening And Brief Intervention For 12-15 Year Olds In Primary Care, Nathan George Tiedeman Jan 2016

Screening And Brief Intervention For 12-15 Year Olds In Primary Care, Nathan George Tiedeman

Nursing

Alcohol is a widely enjoyed, misused, and abused legal substance consumed in the United States. Although alcohol is a legal substance in the United States, the consumptions does not come without risks. Alcohol is known to contribute to 60 known and preventable diseases. Adolescents socialize by using alcohol in their family lives, social gatherings, and among their own peer groups; they observe television programming and commercials, as well as social media, that feature alcohol. Adolescents do not have the experience or knowledge to understand the long-term physical and mental strain that alcohol puts on a person’s body. In South Dakota, …

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Three Studies In European And World History, Trevor Andrew Michael Saylor Jan 2016

Three Studies In European And World History, Trevor Andrew Michael Saylor

History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies

This paper includes three studies in European and World History. The first is a historiography on the former Yugoslavia, exploring the various theories given for the collapse of the country since its dissolution and the wars that followed. The second paper traces the history of Calcio Fiorentino starting in Early Modern Europe in Florence under the Medici. The third and final paper is a historiography covering major works in world history.

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Influence Of Amendments On Chemical And Biological Properties Of Sodic Soils, Maria Christine Breker Jan 2016

Influence Of Amendments On Chemical And Biological Properties Of Sodic Soils, Maria Christine Breker

Soil Science

Improving productivity of sodic soils has become a concern in North Dakota because of the desire for more land for producing crops. Field and incubation studies were conducted to determine the impacts of different amendments (flue-gas desulfurization gypsum, sugar beet processing by-product lime, and langbeinite) on the chemical and biological properties of two sodic soils. The field study evaluated the amendment effects on the chemical conditions of the soil and the impact on alfalfa yield and quality. Differences were not observed in percent sodium (%Na) in the first 17 months and alfalfa yield was not impacted by the treatments except …

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Properties Of Reinfoced Carbon Nanotube And Laser-Crystallized Silicon Films, Matthew Roy Semler Jan 2016

Properties Of Reinfoced Carbon Nanotube And Laser-Crystallized Silicon Films, Matthew Roy Semler

Physics

Flexible electronics are anticipated to be one of the next technological advancements of electronic devices. The enhanced durability, light-weight nature, and conformity of flexible electronics are desired properties in a variety of fields and are anticipated to reduce production costs. Two promising materials for use in flexible electronics are carbon nanotube (CNT) films and laser-crystallized thin silicon films. CNTs are in their infancy in respect to their presence in electronic devices; however their superb mechanical and electronic properties make them ideal candidates for flexible electronics. Thin silicon films are a natural transition from bulk silicon as bulk silicon has been …

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Ghosts And Graveyards: Colonial Park Cemetery And Memory Construction On Ghost Tours In Savannah, Georgia, Brenna Elizabeth Weston Jan 2016

Ghosts And Graveyards: Colonial Park Cemetery And Memory Construction On Ghost Tours In Savannah, Georgia, Brenna Elizabeth Weston

Sociology and Anthropology

This thesis examines memory construction and landscape interaction on ghost tours at Colonial Park Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia. The research in this thesis centers on the ways in which ghost tours in the area interact with the cemetery’s landscape and how oral narratives compare with written sources through the lenses of authority and authenticity. Ghost tour narratives are included in a larger argument for their usefulness and importance to archaeologists, especially for introducing dialogues with local communities about site interpretation and preservation. This may also be useful for archaeologists researching intersections of landscape interactions and modern interpretations.

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Pattern Recognition And Feature Extraction Using Liar-Derived Elevation Models In Gis: A Comparison Between Visualization Techniques And Automated Methods For Identifying Prehistoric Ditch-Fortified Sites In North Dakota, Matthew Jeffery Radermacher Jan 2016

Pattern Recognition And Feature Extraction Using Liar-Derived Elevation Models In Gis: A Comparison Between Visualization Techniques And Automated Methods For Identifying Prehistoric Ditch-Fortified Sites In North Dakota, Matthew Jeffery Radermacher

Sociology and Anthropology

As technologies advance in the fields of geology and computer science, new methods in remote sensing, including data acquisition and analyses, make it possible to accurately model diverse landscapes. Archaeological applications of these systems are becoming increasingly popular, especially in regards to site prospection and the geospatial analysis of cultural features. Different methodologies were used to identify fortified ditch features of anthropogenic origin using aerial lidar from known prehistoric sites in North Dakota. The results were compared in an attempt to develop a system aimed at detecting similar, unrecorded morphological features on the landscape. The successful development of this program …

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Out Of The Mouth Of Babes: Lessons From Research On Human Infants, Stan A. Kuczaj, Malin K. Lilley Jan 2016

Out Of The Mouth Of Babes: Lessons From Research On Human Infants, Stan A. Kuczaj, Malin K. Lilley

Psychology Faculty Publications (Archived)

Marine mammal behavior and cognition researchers often face a number of challenges, including the research subjects’ lack of interest and verbal abilities, as well as choosing a paradigm with appropriate stimuli for the subjects’ perceptual and cognitive abilities. Researchers who work with human infants often encounter similar challenges when studying infant cognition and have developed strategies to overcome these challenges, including using stimuli that capture the infants’ attention, determining what tasks are age-appropriate, and using conditioned responses to test discrimination abilities. This paper encourages marine mammal researchers to learn from the research paradigms and techniques used in human infant research …

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Combating Youth Depression In Primary Care, Kayla Lynn Chesley Jan 2016

Combating Youth Depression In Primary Care, Kayla Lynn Chesley

Nursing

Youth depression is a serious mental health disorder that may have detrimental consequences. Half of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin before the age of 14 (Hagan, Shaw, & Duncan, 2008). Depression in youth is linked to increased morbidity and mortality, along with high-risk behaviors. Mental health and mood disorders are the leading cause of illness and burden among youth (Patel, 2013). Nationally, suicide is the third leading cause of death for individuals aged 15 to 24. In North Dakota, suicide is the first leading cause of death for individuals aged 15 to 24 (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, …

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Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Practice Of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Recommendations And Safe Sleep Education: A Systematic Review, Jessica Beth Linneman Jan 2016

Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Practice Of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Recommendations And Safe Sleep Education: A Systematic Review, Jessica Beth Linneman

Nursing

This paper conducts a systematic literature review on nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding safe infant sleep practices. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework was used to guide the review of literature. Eighteen articles were evaluated for inclusion criteria and results indicated that nurses’ lack sufficient knowledge and have conflicting attitudes towards infant sleep recommendations, as well as practice safe sleep recommendations inconsistently. In addition, it was found that nurses value policy when it comes to implementing safe sleep practices. A detailed discussion of how knowledge deficits, attitudinal barriers, and education and policy effect nursing …

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Coastal Empire Economic Monitor, 3rd Quarter, 2016, Armstrong State University Center For Regional Analysis Jan 2016

Coastal Empire Economic Monitor, 3rd Quarter, 2016, Armstrong State University Center For Regional Analysis

Coastal Empire Economic Monitor

The Coastal Empire Economic Indicators are designed to provide continuously updating quarterly snapshots of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area economy. The coincident index measures the current economic heartbeat of the region. The leading index provides a short term forecast of the region’s economic activity in six to nine months.

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Does Social Support Influence Bulimic Behaviors Through Its Impact On Cognitive Appraisal, Mun Yee Kwan Jan 2016

Does Social Support Influence Bulimic Behaviors Through Its Impact On Cognitive Appraisal, Mun Yee Kwan

Psychology

Social support is one of many interpersonal functions that is impaired among individuals with bulimia nervosa. The buffering hypothesis of social support posits that social support shields the deleterious impact of stress on bulimic behaviors. However, the specific mechanism by which social support protects against the negative impact of stress on bulimic symptoms remains to be clarified. To investigate this mechanism, two studies examined the potential role of cognitive appraisal as a mediator in the relationship between social support and bulimic behaviors among undergraduate students. Study 1 was a longitudinal, naturalistic study in which participants completed online surveys at two …

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