Digital Commons Network^™

Malaria Eradication And Elimination: Views On How To Translate A Vision Into Reality, Marcel Tanner, Brian Greenwood, Christopher J.M. Whitty, Evelyn K. Ansah, Ric N. Price, Arjen M. Dondorp, Lorenz Von Seidlein, J. Kevin Baird, James G. Beeson, Freya J.I. Fowkes, Janet Hemingway, Kevin Marsh, Faith Osier

United States Public Health Resources

Although global efforts in the past decade have halved the number of deaths due to malaria, there are still an estimated 219 million cases of malaria a year, causing more than half a million deaths. In this forum article, we asked experts working in malaria research and control to discuss the ways in which malaria might eventually be eradicated. Their collective views highlight the challenges and opportunities, and explain how multi-factorial and integrated processes could eventually make malaria eradication a reality.

Global Database Of Matched Plasmodium Falciparum And P. Vivax Incidence And Prevalence Records From 1985–2013, Katherine E. Battle, Carlos A. Guerra, Nick Golding, Kirsten A. Duda, Ewa Cameron, Rosalind E. Howes, Iqbal R.F. Elyazar, J. Kevin Baird, Robert C. Reiner Jr., Peter W. Gething, David L. Smith, Simon I. Hay

United States Public Health Resources

Measures of clinical incidence are necessary to help estimate the burden of a disease. Incidence is a metric not commonly measured in malariology because the longitudinal surveys required are costly and labour intensive. This database is an effort to collate published incidence records obtained using active case detection for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. The literature search methods, data abstraction procedures and data processing procedures are described here. A total of 1,680 spatiotemporally unique incidence records were collected for the database: 1,187 for P. falciparum and 493 for P. vivax. These data were gathered to model the relationship between …

Clinically Available Medicines Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity, Andrew J. Neville, Sydney J. Zach, Xiaofang Wang, Joshua J. Larson, Abigail K. Judge, Lisa A. Davis, Jonathan L. Vennerstrom, Paul H. Davis

United States Public Health Resources

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite of humans and other mammals, including livestock and companion animals. While chemotherapeutic regimens, including pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine regimens, ameliorate acute or recrudescent disease such as toxoplasmic encephalitis or ocular toxoplasmosis, these drugs are often toxic to the host. Moreover, no approved options are available to treat infected women who are pregnant. Lastly, no drug regimen has shown the ability to eradicate the chronic stage of infection, which is characterized by chemoresistant intracellular cysts that persist for the life of the host. In an effort to promote additional chemotherapeutic options, we now evaluate clinically available …

Toward A More Accurate Estimate Of The Prevalence Of Hepatitis C In The United States, Brian R. Edlin, Benjamin J. Eckhardt, Marla A. Shu, Scott D. Holmberg, Tracy Swan

United States Public Health Resources

Data from the 2003-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that about 3.6 million people in the United States have antibodies to the hepatitis C virus, of whom 2.7 million are currently infected. NHANES, however, excludes several high-risk populations from its sampling frame, including people who are incarcerated, homeless, or hospitalized; nursing home residents; active-duty military personnel; and people living on Indian reservations.We undertook a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature and sought out unpublished presentations and data to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C in these excluded populations and in turn improve the estimate of the number of …

Assessing Prevention Measures And Sin Nombre Hantavirus Seroprevalence Among Workers At Yosemite National Park, Jason A. Wilken, Rebecca Jackson, Barbara L. Materna, Gayle C. Windham, Barryett Enge, Sharon Messenger, Dongxiang Xia, Barbara Knust, Danielle Buttke, Rachel Roisman

United States Public Health Resources

Background During 2012, a total of 10 overnight visitors to Yosemite National Park (Yosemite) became infected with a hantavirus (Sin Nombre virus [SNV]); three died. SNV infections have been identified among persons with occupational exposure to deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Methods We assessed SNV infection prevalence, work and living environments, mice exposures, and SNV prevention training, knowledge, and practices among workers of two major employers at Yosemite during September–October, 2012 by voluntary blood testing and a questionnaire.

Results One of 526 participants had evidence of previous SNV infection. Participants reported frequently observing rodent infestations at work and home and not …

Population-Based Trends In High-Grade Cervical Lesions In The Early Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Era In The United States, Susan Hariri, Michelle L. Johnson, Nancy M. Bennett, Heidi M. Bauer, Ina U. Park, Sean Schafer, Linda M. Niccolai, Elizabeth R. Unger, Lauri E. Markowitz

United States Public Health Resources

BACKGROUND: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ (CIN2+) lesions can be monitored as early indicators of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine impact. Changes to screening utilization will affect observed reductions in CIN2+ rates and complicate the interpretation of vaccine impact. METHODS: From 2008 to 2012, 9119 cases of CIN2+ among 18- to 39-year-old residents of catchment areas in California, Connecticut, New York, and Oregon were reported to the HPV-IMPACT Project, a sentinel system for monitoring the population impact of HPV vaccine. Age-stratified CIN2+ incidence rates were calculated for each catchment.

Annual cervical screening was estimated for California, …

A Multicomponent Nutrient Bar Promotes Weight Loss And Improves Dyslipidemia And Insulin Resistance In The Overweight/Obese: Chronic Inflammation Blunts These Improvements, Joyce C. Mccann, Mark K. Shigenaga, Michele L. Mietus-Snyder, Ashutosh Lal, Jung H. Suh, Ronald M. Krauss, Ginny L. Gildengorin, Alisa M. Goldrich, Devan S. Block, Swapna V. Shenvi, Tara H. Mchugh, Don A. Olson, Bruce N. Ames

United States Public Health Resources

This study determined if twice-daily consumption

of a nutrient-dense bar intended to fill gaps in

Western diets, without other dietary/lifestyle requirements,

favorably shifted metabolic/anthropometric indicators

of dysregulation in a healthy direction. Three 8-wk

clinical trials in 43 healthy lean and overweight/obese

(OW/OB) adults, who served as their own controls, were

pooled for analysis. In less inflamed OW/OB [highsensitivity

C-reactive protein (hsCRP) <1.5], statistically

significant decreases occurred in weight (-1.1 ± 0.5 kg),

waist circumference (-3.1 ± 1.4 cm), diastolic blood

pressure (-4.1 ± 1.6 mmHg), heart rate [HR;-4.0 ± 1.7

beats per minute (bpm)], triglycerides (272638.2mg/dl),

insulin resistance (homeostatic model of insulin …

Comparing Electronic News Media Reports Of Potential Bioterrorism-Related Incidents Involving Unknown White Powder To Reports Received By The United States Centers For Disease Control And Prevention And The Federal Bureau Of Investigation: U.S.A., 2009–2011†, Geroncio C. Fajardo, Joseph Posid, Stephen Papagiotas, Luis Lowe

United States Public Health Resources

There have been periodic electronic news media reports of potential bioterrorism-related incidents involving unknown substances (often referred to as “white powder”) since the 2001 intentional dissemination of Bacillus anthracis through the U.S. Postal System. This study reviewed the number of unknown “white powder” incidents reported online by the electronic news media and compared them with unknown “white powder” incidents reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) during a 2-year period from June 1, 2009 and May 31, 2011. Results identified 297 electronic news media reports, 538 CDC reports, …

Specific Behaviors Predict Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization And Skin And Soft Tissue Infections Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus- Infected Persons, Nancy F. Crum-Cianflone, Xun Wang, Amy Weintrob, Tahaniyat Lalani, Mary Bavaro, Jason F. Okulicz, Katrin Mende, Michael Ellis, Brian K. Agan

United States Public Health Resources

Background. Few data exist on the incidence and risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Methods. Over a 2-year period, we prospectively evaluated adults infected with HIV for incident S aureus colonization at 5 body sites and SSTIs. Cox proportional hazard models using time-updated covariates were performed.

Results. Three hundred twenty-two participants had a median age of 42 years (interquartile range, 32–49), an HIV duration of 9.4 years (2.7–17.4), and 58% were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Overall, 102 patients (32%) became colonized with S …

An Exploratory Study Of Dog Park Visits As A Risk Factor For Exposure To Drug-Resistant Extra-Intestinal Pathogenic E. Coli (Expec)., Lubna N. Ahmed, Lance B. Price, Jay P. Graham

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background

Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) are common causative agents of urinary tract infections in humans. Dogs have been found to harbor ExPEC. This study tested stool samples from dogs (n = 16), the shoes of dog park visitors (n = 16) and the shoes of controls (n = 16) for ExPEC. Phenotypic resistance of isolates was characterized.

Findings

ExPEC were present in one-third of the dog stool samples, 9% of the samples from the shoes of dog park visitors and 6% of control samples. Half of the ExPEC isolates were multi-drug resistant.

Discussion

The findings suggest that dogs may …

University Of Malaya Research Bulletin, Volume 1, 2015, Institute Of Research Management & Monitoring University Of Malaya

Archival Material (2010s)

Previously known as IPPP UM Research Bulletin

Drivers And Passengers On The Road To Lung Cancer, Chong Kin Liam

Archival Material (2010s)

Lung cancer, the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, arises as a result of somatically acquired changes in the DNA of the cancer cells. Genetic alterations called "driver" mutations responsible for cancer cell development, growth and survival coexist alongside thousands of "passenger" mutations which do not contribute to carcinogenesis but have hitchhiked along for the ride. The last decade has witnessed an enormous advancement in the treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with the discovery of several driver oncogenes leading to the development of personalised oncogene-directed targeted therapies with better response and improved survival.

Health Justice: A Framework (And Calll To Action) For The Elimination Of Health Inequity And Social Injustice, Emily A. Benfer

American University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Biological Sciences Newsletter - January 2015, Department Of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University

Biological Sciences Newsletters

No abstract provided.

Bacteria Isolated From Bats Inhibit The Growth Of Pseudogymnoascus Destructans, The Causative Agent Of White-Nose Syndrome Plos One, Joseph R. Hoyt, Tina L. Cheng, Kate E. Langwig

KIP Articles

Emerging infectious diseases are a key threat to wildlife. Several fungal skin pathogens have recently emerged and caused widespread mortality in several vertebrate groups, including amphibians, bats, rattlesnakes and humans. White-nose syndrome, caused by the fungal skin pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, threatens several hibernating bat species with extinction and there are few effective treatment strategies. The skin microbiome is increasingly understood to play a large role in determining disease outcome. We isolated bacteria from the skin of four bat species, and co-cultured these isolates with P. destructans to identify bacteria that might inhibit or kill P. destructans. We then conducted two …

Right To Play And Right To Health: The Role Of Sub-Saharan Sport For Development Programs In The Hiv/Aids Pandemic, Rebecca B. Dunn

VA Engage Journal

Using the foundation of a child’s right of health and right to play, programs in sub-Saharan Africa are making unique and powerful contributions to combatting and educating youth regarding HIV/AIDS. Through critical analysis of the programs’ successes and failures, I draw conclusions on the reach of sport programs in mitigating the disease and thus combatting global poverty and draw inferences regarding the direction sport for health development programs should be taking to lessen HIV/AIDS infection rates. Subsequently, I identify two areas for growth for sport for development programs: greater outreach to young women and working in partnerships with other key …

Stress Management In Cyst-Forming Free-Living Protists: Programmed Cell Death And/Or Encystment, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Junaid Iqbal, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

In the face of harsh conditions and given a choice, a cell may (i) undergo programmed cell death, (ii) transform into a cancer cell, or (iii) enclose itself into a cyst form. In metazoans, the available evidence suggests that cellular machinery exists only to execute or avoid programmed cell death, while the ability to form a cyst was either lost or never developed. For cyst-forming free-living protists, here we pose the question whether the ability to encyst was gained at the expense of the programmed cell death or both functions coexist to counter unfavorable environmental conditions with mutually exclusive phenotypes.

An Integrated Continuous Class-${\Rm F} ^{-1}$ Mode Power Amplifier Design Approach For Microwave Enhanced Portable Diagnostic Applications, Azeem Imtiaz, Jonathan Lees, Heungjae Choi, Lovleen Tina Joshi

Peninsula Dental School

No abstract provided.

Social Networks In Changing Environments, A. D.M. Wilson, S Krause, I. W. Ramnarine, K. K. Borner, R. J.G. Clément, R. H.J.M. Kurvers, J Krause

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.

Digital Medicine, The Fda, And The First Amendment, Adam Candeub

Georgia Law Review

Digital medicine might transform healthcare more fundamentally than the introduction of anesthesia or germ basis theory of disease. Already, tens of thousands of "medical apps" are available for smartphones. These computer applications can measure blood pressure, pulse, lung function, oxygenation level, sugar level, breathing rate and body temperature-and can even diagnose skin cancer, analyze urine, and take an echocardiogram. In fall 2013, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) asserted regulatory authority over mobile medical applications and other digital medical services, threatening to chill, if not, destroy this innovation. This Article argues that the FDA stands on firm legal ground regulating medical …

Impacts Of Multiple Stressors On Dryland Vulnerability And Land Conflict Among Border Communities, Alvin Maingi Solomon

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examines how individuals and groups respond to prevailing politico-economic and biophysical changes and how the adjustments they make influence and are influenced by their social relations and material condition in spatial and temporal terms. This dissertation comprises of three parts: The first part is a critique of the climate-conflict relationship debate and the problems associated with studies pushing for a causal relationship between climate variables and conflict. I argue that scholars lack of attention on varying institutional capacities and the focus solely on environmental factors as trigger mechanisms for conflict leads to misleading arguments about conflict distribution and …

Reversible Phospholipid Nanogels: An Alternative Matrix For Tunable High Resolution Dna Sieving With Enhanced Separation Efficiency And Accurate Extended Range Sizing By Capillary Gel Electrophoresis, Brandon C. Durney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In an aqueous solution the phospholipids dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) self-assemble to form thermo-responsive non-Newtonian fluids (i.e., pseudo-gels) in which small temperature changes of 5-6 °C decrease viscosity dramatically. This characteristic is useful for sieving-based electrophoretic separations (e.g., of DNA), as the high viscosity of linear sieving additives, such as linear polyacrylamide or polyethylene oxide, hinders the introduction and replacement of the sieving agent in microscale channels. While a practical advantage of utilizing phospholipid pseudo-gels for sieving is the ease with which they are introduced into the separation capillary, the separation performance of the material for DNA analyses …

Do Clinical Decision-Support Reminders For Medical Providers Improve Isoniazid Prescription Rates Among Hiv-Positive Adults?, Eric P. Green, Caricia Catalani, Aggrey Keny, Lameck Diero, Charity Ndwiga, Dennis Israelski, Paul Biondich

HIV and AIDS

People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at increased risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) and dying from TB. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) can prevent this, but only a small fraction of HIV-positive individuals are on IPT. Previous research suggests that clinical decision support systems (CDSS)—electronic systems that use existing patient data and established algorithms to generate alerts, reminders, or recommendations intended to aid clinical decision-making—have the potential to improve provider adherence to diagnostic and treatment guidelines. Researchers conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial of a new CDSS intervention for TB screening, prevention, and treatment in a high HIV and TB …

Arv-Based Hiv Prevention For Women: State Of The Science And Considerations For Implementation In Zimbabwe. Report From A Provider Workshop, Population Council

HIV and AIDS

This report provides an overview of the presentations and discussions emerging from a Provider Workshop on ARV-Based HIV Prevention for Women: State of the Science and Considerations for Implementation in Zimbabwe convened by the Ministry of Health and Child Care and the Population Council in Harare in May 2014. The workshop in Zimbabwe is part of a broader global process to begin paving the path for microbicides introduction while awaiting the results of the ongoing confirmatory trial (FACTS 001) of tenofovir gel in South Africa. USAID is spearheading a global effort toward a “Shared Vision and Strategic Plan for Microbicide …

Introducing Antiretroviral (Arv)-Based Prevention Products For Women: A Guide To Strategic Decisionmaking And Planning, Population Council

HIV and AIDS

As evidence mounts that antiretrovirals (ARVs) are effective for HIV prevention, policymakers and program managers will need to determine whether and how best to introduce specific products into health care systems. Determining the most appropriate users within a particular country will depend on the overall context, the nature of the HIV epidemic within the country, and the opportunities available to reach and serve HIV-negative women with ARV-based prevention products and services. This toolkit was developed by the Population Council for use by governments, organizations, and donors who are in a position to support or add new HIV-prevention products into programs. …

Ethical, Legal, Social, And Policy Issues In The Use Of Genomic Technology By The U.S. Military, Maxwell J. Mehlman, Tracy Yeheng Li

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Infectious Diseases In Children Ages 1-17, Tennessee. Department Of Health

Infectious Diseases in Children

This newsletter looks at all children ages 1 through 17 hospitalized in Tennessee for infectious and parasitic diseases from 2009-2013.

A Multilaboratory Comparison Of Calibration Accuracy And The Performance Of External References In Analytical Ultracentrifugation, Huaying Zhao, Rodolfo Ghirlando, Carlos Alfonso, Fumio Arisaka, Ilan Attali, David L. Bain, Marina M. Bakhtina, Donald F. Becker, Gregory J. Bedwell, Ahmet Bekdemir, Tabot M. D. Besong, Catherine Birck, Chad A. Brautigam, William Brennerman, Olwyn Byron, Agnieszka Bzowska, Jonathan B. Chaires, Catherine T. Chaton, Helmut Cölfen, Keith D. Connaghan, Kimberly A. Crowley, Ute Curth, Tina Daviter, William L. Dean, Ana I. Díez, Christine Ebel, Debra M. Eckert, Leslie E. Eisele, Edward Eisenstein, Patrick England, Carlos Escalante, Jeffrey A. Fagan, Robert Fairman, Ron M. Finn, Wolfgang Fischle, José García De La Torre, Jayesh Gor, Henning Gustafsson, Damien Hall, Stephen E. Harding, José G. Hernández Cifre, Andrew B. Herr, Elizabeth E. Howell, Richard S. Isaac, Shu-Chuan Jao, Davis Jose, Soon-Jong Kim, Bashkim Kokona, Jack A. Kornblatt, Dalibor Kosek, Elena Krayukhina, Daniel Krzizike, Eric A. Kusznir, Hyewon Kwon, Adam Larson, Thomas M. Laue, Aline Le Roy, Andrew P. Leech, Hauke Lilie, Karolin Lugar, Juan R. Luque-Ortega, Jia Ma, Carrie A. May, Ernest L. Maynard, Anna Modrak-Wojcik, Yee-Foong Mok, Norbert Mücke, Luitgard Nagel-Steger, Geeta J. Narlikar, Masanori Noda, Amanda Nourse, Tomas Obsil, Chad K. Park, Jin-Ku Park, Peter D. Pawelek, Erby E. Perdue, Stephen J. Perkins, Matthew A. Perugini, Craig L. Peterson, Martin G. Peverelli, Grzegorz Piszczek, Gali Prag, Peter E. Prevelige, Bertrand D. E. Raynal, Lenka Rezabkova, Klaus Richter, Alison E. Ringel, Rose Rosenberg, Arthur J. Rowe, Arne C. Rufer, David J. Scott, Javier G. Seravalli, Alexandra S. Solovyova, Renjie Song, David Staunton, Catlin Stoddard, Katherine Stott, Holger M. Strauss, Werner W. Streicher, John P. Sumida, Sarah G. Swygert, Roman H. Szczepanowski, Ingrid Tessmer, Ronald T. Toth Iv., Ashutosh Tripathy, Susumu Uchiyama, Stephen F. W. Uebel, Satoru Unzai, Anna Vitlin Gruber, Peter H. Von Hippel, Christine Wandrey, Szu-Huan Wang, Steven E. Weitzel, Beata Wielgus-Kutrowska, Cynthia Wolberger, Martin Wolff, Edward Wright, Yu-Sung Wu, Jacinta M. Wubben, Peter Schuck

Physiology and Biophysics Publications and Presentations

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a first principles based method to determine absolute sedimentation coefficients and buoyant molar masses of macromolecules and their complexes, reporting on their size and shape in free solution. The purpose of this multi-laboratory study was to establish the precision and accuracy of basic data dimensions in AUC and validate previously proposed calibration techniques. Three kits of AUC cell assemblies containing radial and temperature calibration tools and a bovine serum albumin (BSA) reference sample were shared among 67 laboratories, generating 129 comprehensive data sets. These allowed for an assessment of many parameters of instrument performance, including accuracy …

Under Containment: Preempting State Ebola Quarantine Regulations, Eang L. Ngov

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Medicine@Yale June 2015 Volume 11, Issue 1, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications

Medicine@Yale - development newsletter

Medicine@Yale : advancing biomedical science, education and health care was a print and online newsletter which published news about academics, research and philanthropy for alumni, donors, faculty, students and the general public. It was initially published 6 times a year and then changed to a quarterly schedule. The first issue came out June/Jul. 2005. The final issue was published in May/June 2022, vol. 17, issue 1. Published by Yale School of Medicine, Office of Communications.