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2015

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study Of Single Dna Nucleotides Transport Through Nanoslits, Kai Xia Jan 2015

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study Of Single Dna Nucleotides Transport Through Nanoslits, Kai Xia

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

There is potential for flight time based DNA sequencing involving disassembly into individual nucleotides which would pass through a nanochannel with 2 or more detectors. Molecular dynamics simulation of electrophoretic motion of single DNA nucleotides through 3 nm wide hydrophobic slits was performed. Electric field strength (E) varied from 0.0 to 0.6 V/nm. Slit walls were smooth or had a roughness similar to nucleotide size. Multiple nucleotide-wall adsorptions occurred. The electric field did not influence the nucleotide adsorption and desorption mechanism for E ¡Ü 0.1 V/nm, but influenced nucleotide orientation relative to the field direction. The nucleotide-wall interactions differed due …

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Functional Motifs In Siamese, A Plant Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, Narender Kumar Jan 2015

Functional Motifs In Siamese, A Plant Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, Narender Kumar

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

SIAMESE (SIM) and SIAMESE-RELATED-PROTEIN1 (SMR1), the founding members of the SIM/SMRs gene family, suppress mitosis and onset of endoreplication in the Arabidopsis’s trichome and sepal development, respectively, and hence have been suggested to be CDK inhibitors. In this study, I have investigated the exact role of SIM and SMRs and their evolutionarily conserved function throughout land plant evolution. Using split luciferase complementation (SLC), I have shown that both SIM and a distantly related a bryophyte “Physcomitrella patens” SMR (pSMR1) interacts with multiple types of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). I have multiple lines of evidence that establish SIM and SMRs as …

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Evolutionary Relationships Among Fungal Soybean Pathogens And Molecular Marker Development In The Genus Cercospora, Sebastian Albu Jan 2015

Evolutionary Relationships Among Fungal Soybean Pathogens And Molecular Marker Development In The Genus Cercospora, Sebastian Albu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS) are common soybean diseases in the Gulf South of the United States (USA). For nearly a century, Cercospora kikuchii has been considered as the only pathogen causing these diseases. However, previous reports of genetic diversity among isolates collected throughout Louisiana suggested the presence of multiple lineages or species. Recent systematic studies classified species of Cercospora using a taxonomic system based on phylogenetic analysis of five nuclear loci (legacy genes). Using a similar approach, cercosporoid fungi tentatively identified as C. kikuchii were evaluated along with 53 other species of Cercospora. No …

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Evaluating And Increasing The Range Of Reinforcers For Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Megan Kliebert Wiggins Jan 2015

Evaluating And Increasing The Range Of Reinforcers For Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Megan Kliebert Wiggins

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Prior research has demonstrated the utility of several preference-assessment methodologies to identify stimuli more likely to function as reinforcers for individuals with limited verbal repertoires. However, differing results have been obtained from studies evaluating the reinforcement effects of stimuli identified as high preference by one assessment method but low preference by another assessment method. The first focus of the project was to evaluate the reinforcing efficacy of edible and leisure items based on predictions from preference assessments. Results indicated that edible and leisure items approached frequently during a single-stimulus preference assessment but infrequently during a paired-stimulus preference assessment produced less …

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Development And Optimization Of Non-Hydrostatic Models For Water Waves And Fluid-Vegetation Interaction, Ling Zhu Jan 2015

Development And Optimization Of Non-Hydrostatic Models For Water Waves And Fluid-Vegetation Interaction, Ling Zhu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The primary objective of this study is twofold: 1) to develop an efficient and accurate non-hydrostatic wave model for fully dispersive highly nonlinear waves, and 2) to investigate the interaction between waves and submerged flexible vegetation using a fully coupled wave-vegetation model. This research consists of three parts. Firstly, an analytical dispersion relationship is derived for waves simulated by models utilizing Keller-box scheme and central differencing for vertical discretization. The phase speed can be expressed as a rational polynomial function of the dimensionless water depth, $kh$, and the layer distribution in water column becomes an optimizable parameter in this function. …

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Three Essays On Land Ownership, Gender, And Agricultural Productivity In The Case Of Developing Countries, Krishna H. Koirala Jan 2015

Three Essays On Land Ownership, Gender, And Agricultural Productivity In The Case Of Developing Countries, Krishna H. Koirala

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation set out to evaluate the impact of land ownership and role of gender to the Filipino farmers and to investigate gender difference in agricultural productivity and technical efficiency of Malawian rural households. The first essay investigates the impact of land ownership on the productivity and technical efficiency of rice farmers in the Philippines. We use a 2007-2012 Loop Survey from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and analyzed it by using a stochastic frontier function method. Results show that land ownership has a significant impact on technical efficiency. In particular, counter to the theory, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform …

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Investigating The Photorecombination Dynamics In Molecular High-Harmonic Spectra, Benjamin Parker Wilson Jan 2015

Investigating The Photorecombination Dynamics In Molecular High-Harmonic Spectra, Benjamin Parker Wilson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The work presented in this dissertation will relate the photorecombination dynamics to photoionization dynamics in SF6 utilizing the self-probing mechanism, high harmonic generation (HHG). This work specifically aims to establish parameters for which the comparison is applicable and the macroscopic complications inherent in HHG do not interfere with the extraction of dynamic information. The first part of this work established the macroscopic experimental apparatus necessary for consistent spectroscopic observation. It is shown that using a gas jet that is an order of magnitude shorter than the Rayleigh length of the driving laser results in more consistent harmonic spatial profiles and …

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Caregiver Perceptions Of Speech-Language Pathologist (Slp) Communication: Examining How Slps Talk With Caregivers About Child Language Disorders, Karmen L. Porter Jan 2015

Caregiver Perceptions Of Speech-Language Pathologist (Slp) Communication: Examining How Slps Talk With Caregivers About Child Language Disorders, Karmen L. Porter

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to identify how SLP communication regarding language disorders was perceived by caregivers. Employing a qualitative methodology, the caregivers of 10 children, identified with a language-based reading impairment, participated in semi-structured interviews concerning their experiences communicating with SLPs. As a whole, the findings showed the value caregivers place on receiving clear, concrete, and timely diagnostic information, the variability and complexity associated with caregivers’ understanding of language disorders, and the reciprocal relationship between key SLP communication practices, caregiver knowledge, and effective collaboration. Some of the key themes emphasized in regard to SLP communication practices included: recognition …

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Techniques For Estimating The Variance Of Specific Estimators Within Complex Surveys, Laura Marie Galiardi Jan 2015

Techniques For Estimating The Variance Of Specific Estimators Within Complex Surveys, Laura Marie Galiardi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this thesis is to present the various procedures for estimating the variance of specific statistics obtained from different types of survey designs, leading up to more advanced designs such complex surveys. The thesis starts with defining the various sampling designs that are to be used for illustrations (Ch 2). Chapter two gives further descriptions of how various sampling designs are performed (from simple designs to not so simple) and shows the sophistication in calculating the estimates and variances. Chapter three cites the actual equations necessary for estimating the variances of the statistics for each design and demonstrates …

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Out-Of-School Sports Time And Children's Body Weight Status: Evidence From A Longitudinal Study, Juan Du, Qi Zhang, Michael Stallone Jan 2015

Out-Of-School Sports Time And Children's Body Weight Status: Evidence From A Longitudinal Study, Juan Du, Qi Zhang, Michael Stallone

Economics Faculty Publications

We used data from the Child Development Supplement (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in 2002 and 2007 to examine the relationship between the specific sport time spent during weekdays or weekends and American children’s body mass index (BMI). Time spent on out-of-school sports was recorded on a randomly selected weekday and a weekend day. Sports were further categorized as formal (organized sports such as sports games or lessons) or casual (any unorganized sports such as sports time in the neighborhood). Child’s height and weight were measured in person by interviewers. Body mass index was used to measure …

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Examining Industrial Interdependence Between Japan And South Korea: A Favar Approach, David D. Selover, Takeshi Yagihashi Jan 2015

Examining Industrial Interdependence Between Japan And South Korea: A Favar Approach, David D. Selover, Takeshi Yagihashi

Economics Faculty Publications

This paper investigates the economic relationship between Japan and South Korea by incorporating disaggregated output measures. Using a factor-augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) model, we conduct several experiments to test the nature of the interdependence, both in the aggregate and by sector. We find that South Korean output shocks affect the Japanese economy in a significant manner, whereas Japanese output shocks have a limited effect on South Korea. By further examining the transmission mechanism of sectoral output shocks and comparing them with the direction of sectoral trade, we find evidence of cross-border production sharing, which explains the asymmetric results seen in …

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Are Religion And Environmentalism Complements Or Substitutes?: A Club-Based Approach, Feler Bose, Timothy M. Komarek Jan 2015

Are Religion And Environmentalism Complements Or Substitutes?: A Club-Based Approach, Feler Bose, Timothy M. Komarek

Economics Faculty Publications

In this article, we analyze the causal link between membership in environmental groups and active participation and membership in religious groups. We use a club-based model and employ OLS and spatial econometrics with controls to test for whether membership and participation in a religious group is a substitute or complement for membership in environmental groups. Instrumental variables estimation was used as a robustness check. We found that religious participation and religious membership in evangelical groups are a substitute for environmental membership. Much of the work on environmental concerns has focused on answers to survey questions, not on membership. We used …

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To Culture Or Not To Culture: Practices Implemented By Language Immersion Teachers To Teach Culture In Language Immersion Classrooms, Benterah Charles Morton Jan 2015

To Culture Or Not To Culture: Practices Implemented By Language Immersion Teachers To Teach Culture In Language Immersion Classrooms, Benterah Charles Morton

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Bilingual education has had a resurgence in the United States since the Bilingual Education Act of 1968. Since that time the number of language immersion programs across the country has increased exponentially. Although language immersion programs are a type of bilingual education there are considerable differences in the implementation and intended outcomes. Language immersion programs ascribe to three basic goals: for students to become bi-lingual, bi-literate, and develop a degree of multicultural awareness. This study seeks to begin to explore the methods teachers use to carry out the task of developing a degree of multicultural awareness. To answer this question, …

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Trauma At The Limit: Bearing Witness To The Impossible Of Survivor Testimony, Travis J. Hall Jan 2015

Trauma At The Limit: Bearing Witness To The Impossible Of Survivor Testimony, Travis J. Hall

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation explores what it means to bear witness to trauma at the limits of intelligibility. Faced by survivor testimony, clinical psychology finds itself caught in a double-bind between the lucidity of knowledge and the enigmatic horror of traumatic suffering. Despite this double-bind, bearing witness has nevertheless been guided by a promise that assumes an inherent intelligibility to survivor testimony and traumatic experience. Performing an analysis of intelligibility reveals that such an approach to witnessing privileges the structures of presence and immanence. A particular reading of the book of Job reveals an accusation: that clinical psychology participates in theodicy by …

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Development Of Extraction Method For Persistent Organic Pollutants In Water And Dietary Supplement Using Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction And Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Weier Hao Jan 2015

Development Of Extraction Method For Persistent Organic Pollutants In Water And Dietary Supplement Using Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction And Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Weier Hao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in drinking water and dietary supplements can be sources of xenobiotic pollutants in human body and cause detrimental impacts on human health. In this study, an accurate, precise, sensitive, reproducible, and green method was developed to quantify POPs in water and dietary supplements using stir bar sorptive extraction- gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Different analytical parameters were tested for method optimization. Based on efficiency as well as recovery of the analytes, stirring at room temperature for one hour with water and methanol as solvent was selected as the optimal method. After validation, …

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Essays On Sub-National Economic Growth: Evidence From A Global Sample, Dachao Ruan Jan 2015

Essays On Sub-National Economic Growth: Evidence From A Global Sample, Dachao Ruan

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this dissertation, I make three important contributions to the literature on regional economics. In Chapter 2, I construct a measure of early development, urban population density (urban population relative to total land area), that is novel to the growth literature, and apply GIS techniques to define and locate regions/cities and obtain geographic and historical measures across regions and cities. Chapter 3 investigates the persistence in sub-national development over the past 150 years. I find that regions that had a relatively higher urban population density in 1850 tend to be relatively more developed today. Geographic and climatic characteristics are significantly …

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Field Instrumentation And Testing To Study Set-Up Phenomenon Of Driven Piles And Its Implementation In Lrfd Design Methodology, Md Nafiul Haque Jan 2015

Field Instrumentation And Testing To Study Set-Up Phenomenon Of Driven Piles And Its Implementation In Lrfd Design Methodology, Md Nafiul Haque

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This research study investigates the pile set-up phenomenon for clayey soils and develops the models to predict pile set-up resistance at a certain time after the end of driving (EOD). The increase of pile resistance after EOD is known as “pile set-up”. To fulfill this objective, a total number of twelve prestressed concrete (PSC) test piles were driven in different soil conditions of Louisiana. In addition, dynamic load tests (DLT) and static load tests (SLT) were usually performed to verify the axial resistances of piles at specific times after EOD, as well as to quantify the amount of increase in …

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High Fedelity Simulation: Its Impact On Self-Confidence And Satisfaction In Learning Among Sophomore And Senior Students, Kim Simoneaux Hurst Jan 2015

High Fedelity Simulation: Its Impact On Self-Confidence And Satisfaction In Learning Among Sophomore And Senior Students, Kim Simoneaux Hurst

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of selected aspects of high fidelity simulation among students enrolled in a baccalaureate nursing program and the influence of these perceptions on students’ satisfaction and self-confidence in learning. In order to collect the necessary data, the Satisfaction and Self-confidence in Learning and Simulation Design Scale instruments were used. These instruments were completed by both sophomore and senior baccalaureate nursing students following simulation lab experiences. The majority of students surveyed was female of the Millennial Generation and averaged a GPA of 3.14. There were approximately equal numbers of sophomore and senior …

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Comparative Population Genomics Of Neotropical Forest Birds, Michael Gaston Harvey Jan 2015

Comparative Population Genomics Of Neotropical Forest Birds, Michael Gaston Harvey

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The causes and implications of differences in geographic variation across species are generally poorly understood, but comparative studies have the potential to provide better understanding of what factors predispose species to undergo population divergence and whether population divergence has lasting evolutionary impacts. Here, I examined geographic variation in birds using molecular data from across the genome. I characterized genetic diversity, estimated population history, and tested for impacts of landscape history as well as ecological traits on genetic parameters. I found evidence that diverse historical processes have led to present-day genetic variation in Neotropical bird species, including divergence, population expansion, migration, …

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Beyond Batterers: A Primary Prevention And Adult Learning Approach To Engage Well-Meaning Men To Prevent Violence Against Women, Lorett Sturgill Swank Jan 2015

Beyond Batterers: A Primary Prevention And Adult Learning Approach To Engage Well-Meaning Men To Prevent Violence Against Women, Lorett Sturgill Swank

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This purpose of this research is to examine the critical issue of intimate partner violence and to explore a how non-battering “well-meaning men” can help to end this violence against women. Domestic violence has been primarily considered a women’s issue, and current efforts to prevent this violence have been led mostly by women. In spite of these efforts, violence against women still persists and “well-meaning men” have not been part of a proactive solution. This growing movement to engage men in preventing violence against women, empowers men to learn about and identify the issues that support a culture that tolerates …

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A Quantitative Study Using Constructist Learning Activities To Connect Biology Concepts To Local Environmental Issues In A Non-Major Introductory College Biology Course, Michaelyn Broussard Jan 2015

A Quantitative Study Using Constructist Learning Activities To Connect Biology Concepts To Local Environmental Issues In A Non-Major Introductory College Biology Course, Michaelyn Broussard

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Among the general population, there has continued to be a struggle to improve environmental literacy with the knowledge, attitude, and awareness of basic environmental issues locally and nationally. Despite efforts through many formal and informal programs, the result nationally has indicated little to no understanding of basic environmental issues (Coyle, 2005). Many educators such as Sobel (1996, 2004) and Louv (2005) have documented the lack of positive outdoor experiences or environmental behaviors. The purpose of this study was to incorporate local environmental examples through constructivist learning techniques within a general biology non-major course to promote an increase in environmental literacy …

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Social Media Networks: The Social Influence Of Sentiment Content In Online Conversations On Dynamic Patterns Of Adoption And Diffusion, Tung Cu Jan 2015

Social Media Networks: The Social Influence Of Sentiment Content In Online Conversations On Dynamic Patterns Of Adoption And Diffusion, Tung Cu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The current study is focusing on diffusion and adoption of new digital artifacts. The goal is to explore the social role of user-generated content (UGC) during the diffusion process of digital artifacts in the context of online social networks. The study spans a wide range of analytics methods and tools such as predictive modeling, latent sentiment analysis, data retrieval, and other tools of time-series analysis & visualization. Data collection is conducted on 260 new digital products and more than 105 thousand social network nodes. Results of the study provide a deeper insight into the influence of textual UGC sentiment on …

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A State-Level Analysis Of Deinstitutionalization And The Impact Of Chlorpromazine, Joni Maria Lee Pow Jan 2015

A State-Level Analysis Of Deinstitutionalization And The Impact Of Chlorpromazine, Joni Maria Lee Pow

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

US state mental hospitals were rapidly depopulated in the decades following 1955. This was a demographic phenomenon of major proportion. The introduction of antipsychotics in 1954 has often been considered instrumental in this population movement. To date, studies of the role of antipsychotics in deinstitutionalization have been state specific, methodologically weak, inconsistent in their findings and fail to consider inter-state differences which could reveal previously unknown causal variables. This study used US Census data and pooled cross sectional time-series analysis to estimate the impact of chlorpromazine and policy changes on mental hospital population movement. To that end, the population movement …

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Effect Of Attention Retraining On Pathological Eating Behaviors And Body Dissatisfaction, Jose Silgado Jan 2015

Effect Of Attention Retraining On Pathological Eating Behaviors And Body Dissatisfaction, Jose Silgado

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Prevalence rates of pathological eating behaviors (PEB) and body dissatisfaction are high among college women, and rates are rising among college men. PEB and body dissatisfaction are also risk factors for the development of clinically significant eating disorders. Further, a lesser studied factor involved in male body dissatisfaction is drive for muscularity. With approximately 70% of college women and 45% of college men experiencing body dissatisfaction, it is important to identify its potential etiological and maintaining risk factors. One such mechanism may be the construct of attentional bias. Research suggests that individuals that engage in PEB or have high levels …

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A New Model To Explore Non-Profit Social Media Use For Advocacy And Civic Engagement, David Chapman, Katrina Miller-Stevens, John C. Morris, Brendan O'Hallarn Jan 2015

A New Model To Explore Non-Profit Social Media Use For Advocacy And Civic Engagement, David Chapman, Katrina Miller-Stevens, John C. Morris, Brendan O'Hallarn

School of Public Service Faculty Publications

Non-profit organizations are actively using social media platforms as a way to deliver information to end users, yet little is known of the internal processes these organizations follow to implement this tool. We present a case study of one non-profit organization, Blue Star Families, Inc., that is actively engaged in advocacy and civic engagement. We offer a new model to explore non-profit organizations' use of social media platforms by building on previous models and frameworks developed to explore the use of social media in the public, private, and non-profit sectors.

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I. Synthesis Of Ascarosides For Chemical Biology Studies In Caenorhabditis Elegans, Ii. A Photochemical Approach To Delavayine, And Iii. Remote Hydroxylation By Radical Translocation And Polar Crossover, Kyle Allen Hollister Jan 2015

I. Synthesis Of Ascarosides For Chemical Biology Studies In Caenorhabditis Elegans, Ii. A Photochemical Approach To Delavayine, And Iii. Remote Hydroxylation By Radical Translocation And Polar Crossover, Kyle Allen Hollister

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The foci of this dissertation are the synthesis of analogs for chemical biology studies, synthetic chemistry method development (with an emphasis on photochemistry), and the application of these methods toward total synthesis. Chapter 1 outlines the synthesis of an array of pheromone analogs that are derivatives of the dideoxy sugar ascarylose. Referred to as ascarosides, such compounds have recently been shown to influence important biological processes in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans secretes ascarosides into its environment, where the compounds then act as signaling molecules by providing information on factors like population density. Chapter 2 describes the biological …

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Straight Ahead: The Life, Pedagogy, And Influence Of Dennis L. Schneider, Louie Colton Sperry Eckhardt Jan 2015

Straight Ahead: The Life, Pedagogy, And Influence Of Dennis L. Schneider, Louie Colton Sperry Eckhardt

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The career of Dennis L. ‘Denny’ Schneider, Professor of Trumpet at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln from 1961-1996, was expansive. From small town Nebraska, Schneider graduated from the University of Nebraska and Indiana University. After serving in the USAF Strategic Air Command Band, and teaching public school music, Schneider began teaching at the University of Nebraska. He served as principal trumpet of the Lincoln Symphony Orchestra, Omaha Symphony Orchestra, and the Nebraska Chamber Orchestra for decades. Schneider also served as principal trumpet for the Cabrillo Summer Festival Orchestra, and performed and recorded with the Summit Brass. He was the recipient of …

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New Identification And Decoding Techniques For Low-Density Parity-Check Codes, Tian Xia Jan 2015

New Identification And Decoding Techniques For Low-Density Parity-Check Codes, Tian Xia

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Error-correction coding schemes are indispensable for high-capacity high data-rate communication systems nowadays. Among various channel coding schemes, low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes introduced by pioneer Robert G. Gallager are prominent due to the capacity-approaching and superior error-correcting properties. There is no hard constraint on the code rate of LDPC codes. Consequently, it is ideal to incorporate LDPC codes with various code rate and codeword length in the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) systems which change the encoder and the modulator adaptively to improve the system throughput. In conventional AMC systems, a dedicated control channel is assigned to coordinate the encoder/decoder changes. …

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Development Of Satellite-Assisted Forecasting System For Oyster Norovirus Outbreaks, Jiao Wang Jan 2015

Development Of Satellite-Assisted Forecasting System For Oyster Norovirus Outbreaks, Jiao Wang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Norovirus outbreaks can cause the closure of oyster harvesting waters and acute gastroenteritis in humans associated with consumption of contaminated raw oysters. The overall goal of this study was to develop a satellite-assisted forecasting system for oyster norovirus outbreaks. The forecasting system is comprised of three components: (1) satellite algorithms for retrieval of environmental variables, including salinity, temperature, and gage height, (2) an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based model, called NORF model, for predicting relative risk levels of oyster norovirus outbreaks, and (3) a mapping method for visualizing spatial distributions of norovirus outbreak risks in oyster harvest areas along Louisiana …

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Analysis Of Nonlinear Dispersive Model Equations, Jacob Grey Jan 2015

Analysis Of Nonlinear Dispersive Model Equations, Jacob Grey

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this work we begin with a brief survey of the classical fluid dynamics problem of water waves, and then proceed to derive well known evolution equations via a Hamiltonian Variational approach. This method was first introduced in the seminal work of Walter Craig, et al. \cite{CG}. The distinguishing feature of this scheme is that the Dirichlet-Neumann operator of the fluid domain appears explicitly in the Hamiltonian. In the second and third chapters, we utilize the Hamiltonian perturbation theory introduced in \cite{CG} to derive the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) and Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (BBM-KP)equations. Finally, we briefly review the existence theory for their corresponding …

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