Digital Commons Network^™

Lectin-Based Proteomic Studies Of Urinary Proteins From Patients With Endometrial, Ovarian And Cervical Cancer / Alan Mu Kang Wai, Alan Kang Wai Mu

Student Works (2010-2019)

Endometrial (ECa), ovarian (OCa) and cervical (CCa) cancers are among ten of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. Cancers are known to cause some proteins to be differentially glycosylated or aberrantly excreted in the urine, which can be used as biomarkers. Since ECa, OCa and CCa are difficult to diagnose at the early stage, the aim of the present study was to identify a panel of new complementary biomarkers for early detection of the cancers. Identification of early biomarkers which are specific and efficient can increase the survival rate of the patients. To screen for potential biomarkers for ECa, …

Synthesis, Characterization And Biological Studies Of Nickel(Ii) Complexes Containing Thiosemicarbazone And Thiourea Derivatives / Hana Bashir Mohammed Shawish, Hana Bashir Mohammed Shawish

Student Works (2010-2019)

The aim of this study is the preparation of new nickel(II) complexes with N/S donor ligands and their mixed complexes with co-ligands. A number of nickel(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and thiourea derivatives of diamines have been synthesized and characterized by a combination of spectroscopic studies, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. Five series of nickel(II) complexes with thiosemicarbazone ligands of the type H3L (RCH=NNHC = 2,3-dihyd = H; H3L1, CH3; H3L2, C6H5; H3L3, C2H5; H3L4) have been verified by means of IR, NMR and, in some cases, X-ray crystallography. These five series of nickel(II) thiosemicarbazone complexes have been …

Mitigation Of Mercury In Water Using Copper Sulfide / Au Yoong Yow Loo, Yow Loo Au Yoong

Student Works (2010-2019)

In response to the worldwide mercury contamination contributed by both natural and anthropogenic sources, two different domains of aqueous mercury (II), Hg(II) complexation have been carried out using homogeneous complexing agent, Rhodamine B and heterogeneous complexing agent, Covellite (CuS). The studies of Rhodamine B was conducted using UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis) where it revealed the instability of Rhodamine B-Hg(II)-Iodide complex in acidic media and it has been resolved either by extraction with benzene or stabilization in water using polyvinyalcohol (PVAl). The studies on Rhodamine B-Hg(II)-Iodide complex were further developed as a non-destructive spectrophotometric method for trace Hg(II) detection. The investigations of …

Biohydrogen Production From Food Waste / Osuagwu Chiemeriwo Godday, Chiemeriwo Godday Osuagwu

Student Works (2010-2019)

Fossil fuels have often served as the current energy source used for day to day activities by households, industries and transportation sectors. However, its combustion has increased the global issue of greenhouse effect, which in turn has led to global warming. With the continuous rise in global temperatures, the quest for an alternative energy source, which will be environmental friendly, is now inevitable. This study was conducted to provide support that hydrogen can be an alternative energy source. Hence, the study was undertaken to investigate the potentials of food waste substrates such as rice waste, fish waste, vegetable waste and …

Positional Fatty Acids In Triacylglycerols And Their Adiposity Behaviour In C57bl/6 Mice / Gouk Shiou Wah, Shiou Wah Gouk

Student Works (2010-2019)

The main objective of present study is to establish the relationship between positional fatty acids in triacylglycerols and obesity. The inferences drawn from the in vivo studies have been used in the design of prospective structured lipids to reduce obesity risk. In the effort to evaluate the effect of positional fatty acids on obesity, an accurate and precise analytical method to analyse positional distribution of fatty acids within the glycerol moiety is an important prerequisite. An elegant, user-friendly and accurate analytical method using quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy (qCNMR) has been fully established in the present study. A regiospecific analysis data …

Determination Of Metals: Nickel, Chromium, Copper, Zinc And Cadmium (Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn And Cd) In Crude Oil Samples / Nensirati Binti Supahan, Nensirati Supahan

Student Works (2010-2019)

Samples of crude oil from two different oil fields, North Lukut and Penara, off shore of Terengganu, Malaysia were analyzed for trace metals: cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc. There were five crude oil samples from North Lukut oil field and three crude oil samples from Penara. All of the crude oil samples were from different wells and undergo sample preparation via wet digestion by using mixture of concentrated acids which were sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The digested crude oil samples were then analyze by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) analysis. The results showed that the highest concentration …

Production And Recovery Of Lignin Peroxidase From Pleurotus Pulmonarius (Fr) Quel By Aqueous Two Phase System / Nooshin Mohebali, Nooshin Mohebali

Student Works (2010-2019)

Pleurotus pulmonarius is an edible mushroom, which secretes lignocellulolytic enzymes, like laccase and lignin peroxidases. These enzymes enable the fungus to grow on a variety of different substrates such as lignocellulosic waste. In this study white rot fungi Pleurotus pulmonarius was tested for lignin peroxidase production in a submerged liquid fermentation. To enhance the enzyme production the influence of different parameter such as culture composition, inoculum size and agitation speed were investigated. The optimum cultivation condition for highest lignin peroxidase activity of 95.54± 2.26 U/ml was obtained in the presence of 1% (w/v) yeast, 1% (w/v) glucose and 1% (w/v) …

Effects Of Biofilm And Gastropod Grazing On Barnacle Cyprid Settlement In A Mangrove Rehabilitation Site, Sg. Besar, Selangor, Malaysia / Wong Jin Yung, Jin Yung Wong

Student Works (2010-2019)

Biofouling by barnacles is a problem commonly encountered in mangrove replanting projects. This study examined the effect of biofilm and snail grazing on settlement of cyprids and proposed solution to control biofouling. An effective identification tool for barnacle cyprids was first built to facilitate the study as the barnacle cyprids are very difficult to identify. Several species of wild-caught barnacle cyprids from Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve waters were studied. The cyprids were identified through DNA barcoding analysis. Their morphological characters, both qualitative and quantitative, were studied and used to develop a morphology-based classification model to facilitate classification on large scale. …

Fibrinolytic Activities Of A Medicinal Mushroom: Lignosus Rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden / Kho Tieng Tieng, Tieng Tieng Kho

Student Works (2010-2019)

Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps militaris, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus, Pleurotus floridanus and Auricularia polytricha were screened for fibrinolytic activity using fibrin plate assay. Fibrinolytic activity was identified in the fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushrooms L. rhinocerotis and A. polytricha. However, the present study emphasised on the evaluation of the fibrinolytic activity from L. rhinocerotis and its partially purified enzyme only. Fibrin plate assay showed 1.2 cm of lytic zone by the crude extracts of L. rhinocerotis which doubled in lytic zone size after overnight incubation, which demonstrated the stability of the fibrinolytic enzyme. The extract was initially dialysed using 12 …

Analysis Of Phenolics From Centella Asiatica And Vernonia Amygdalina And Their Role As Antibacterial And Antioxidant Compounds / Suzanna A/P Edgar, Suzanna Edgar

Student Works (2010-2019)

Six species of Malaysian medicinal plants were selected on the basis of their known medicinal values. The plants chosen were Aloe vera - leaf and pulp, Azadirachta indica - leaf, Carica papaya - leaf, Centella asiatica - whole plant, Hymenocallis speciosa - leaf, tuber and root, Vernonia amygdalina - leaf and stem. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of the plant tissues were tested for their antimicrobial properties against five test microorganisms. Of the six plants tested, the aqueous and ethanolic extract of C. asiatica (whole plant) exhibited highly significant antimicrobial activity against the bacterial strains while the ethanolic extract of Vernonia …

Time Marker For The Late Pleistocene In Peninsular Malaysia: Study Of The Volcanic Ash Deposits / Norishah Binti Hashim, Norishah Hashim

Student Works (2010-2019)

A detailed study was conducted on the tephra deposits that were found in several locations in the Peninsular Malaysia which are important time markers in the local Quaternary stratigraphy. Typically, these deposits consisted of aerially deposited, fine-grained < 100 μm, silica-rich volcanic glass shards and mineral grains, in layers ranging from 10 cm to 9 m in thickness, within quaternary lacustrine sediments. Few of these have been dated. In the literature, most, if not all, were attributed to the VEI 8 eruption at Lake Toba at 70-75 k.a., while, in actuality, there have been three other high VEI eruptions in Sumatra that might have been responsible - Mount Maninjau at 80 and 52 k.a. (proximal tuffs are exposed at Sianok Canyon near Padang Highlands, Sumatra) and Lake Ranau between 0.7 and 0.4 m.a. In this study, site reconnaissance, tephra age determination and geochemical fingerprint analysis have been carried out to provide scientific proves of the origins of Peninsular Malaysia tephra. Detailed field mapping of tephra distribution in the vicinity of Lenggong in Perak revealed that the tephra layers, covering 15 km2, were deposited at a time when the local stream base level was 70 m above the current level, as most of the fresh tephra layers were found at that elevation. Tephra distribution was controlled by topography at the time of deposition since layers of fresh and reworked deposits of tephra had been discovered in the vicinity of the Perak River banks and on gentle slopes of palm oil estates. The presence of reworked ash under layers of fresh ash might indicated that more than one paroxysmal eruption were responsible. Fission track and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques were executed on two selected areas with fresh layers of tephra and correlated the results with published data of possible origins. Cluster analysis, bivariate analysis, Rare-Earth Element and trace element ratios analysis and spider diagrams were implemented to differentiate and recognize individual eruptions. The results of fission track dates of Lenggong tephra were 59 ± 7 k.a. and 59 ± 9 k.a., while Kuala Pelus tephra had luminescence dates of 58.5 ± 7.6 k.a and 75.5 ± 9.8 k.a. These dates could be correlated with the 52 k. a. Maninjau and 75 k. a. Toba eruptions. Major and trace element content of glass shards revealed similarities between those from the Peninsular Malaysia and the proximal tuff from the 75 k.a. Toba eruption. The majority of Gelok samples were correlated to Toba sample. Even though Lenggong and Padang Sanai major elements result showed that there were three populations in the same layer, chemical genetically it could not be related with Maninjau samples. Kg. Dong and Kuala Kangsar tephra showed the largest variations of SiO2 and alkalies which were distinct from the other Peninsular Malaysia tephra. The Maninjau tuff was distinctly different from the Peninsular Malaysia tephra and from the YTT. This implies that Lenggong tephra could be originated from Toba and other possible source(s). The conclusion that could be drawn from this evidences that it is significantly proved that the tephra in Peninsular Malaysia is most likely originated from Toba and also possible from Maninjau and other eruptions.

Characterization And Differentiation Potential Of Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Cardiac-Like Cells / Ramin Khanabdali, Ramin Khanabdali

Student Works (2010-2019)

Heart diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the development of a broad array of treatment options, current therapies only delay progression of the disease and failed to prevent myocardial scar formation and replace the lost cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle cells). Over the past decade the use of adult stem cells, particularly bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, to safely facilitate recovery of cardiac function after myocardial infarction has received a lot of interest. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are adherent stromal cells of a non-hematopoietic origin, have great differentiation potential and under appropriate in vitro culture conditions can …

Wound Healing Effects Of Aqueous Extracts Of Ganoderma Lucidum (M. A. Curtis: Fr.) Pers Karst In Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats / Cheng Poh Guat, Poh Guat Cheng

Student Works (2010-2019)

There are about 180 million diabetic patients in the world and this figure is increasing at an alarming rate. One of the complications due to diabetes is impaired wound healing. About 15% of Type-2 diabetic patients suffer from diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) and 84% of them have their lower leg amputated. Type-1 represents 5 to 10 per cent of diabetes mellitus patients. To date to our knowledge, there is limited success in DFU treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract in accelerating wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. The freeze-dried …

Effect Of Exogenous Gonadotrophin And Physical Condition Of Goat On Efficacy Of Superovulation And Embryo Transfer Techniques / Md. Rokibur Rahman, Md. Rokibur Rahman

Student Works (2010-2019)

Present research was carried out with the main objective to determine the effect of different sources and combinations of gonadotrophin for superovulation on ovarian responses and subsequent embryo transfer (ET) performance in goats. A total of 5 experiments had been designed. In Experiment 1, effect of supplementation of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) or gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) on ovulation and subsequent embryo production of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) superovulated does were evaluated. In Experiment 2, effect of supplementation of hCG or GnRH on ovulation and subsequent embryo production of follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH) superovulated does were evaluated. The suitable gonadotrophin …

Genotoxic Effect And Vitellogenin Gene Expression In Oreochromisniloticus On Exposure To Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (Edc) / Aisyah Binti Abdul Hamid, Aisyah Abdul Hamid

Student Works (2010-2019)

This study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of atrazine and endosulfan as a potential endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) in Oreochromis niloticus by using micronucleus test and RAPD assays, as well as to determine vitellogenin gene expression in male O. niloticusfor 96 hours exposure period. O. niloticus was exposed to atrazine at concentration of 0.50 mg/L, 2.50 mg/L, and 4.75 mg/L, and to endosulfan concentration of 1.50 μg/L, 3.60 μg/L, and 7.00 μg/L. In the micronucleus test, athigh concentration of atrazine and endosulfan, there was a significant increase of the frequency of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalites. These results showed that …

Characterization Of Potential Anti-Diabetic Related-Proteins From Pleurotus Pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Grey Oyster Mushroom) / Nurul Azwa Abd Wahab, Abd Wahab Nurul Azwa

Student Works (2010-2019)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder due to carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism disturbances, resulting from defects of insulin secretion (Type 1), increased cellular resistance to insulin (Type 2) or both. Diabetes is characterized by an abnormally high level of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) that leads to serious damage of the body organs. World Health Organization estimates almost 220 million people worldwide diagnosed by diabetes and likely to be doubled by the year 2030. Furthermore, untreated diabetes will contribute to complications such as heart disease, stroke, hypertension, nervous system disease and amputation. Currently, researchers approach for an alternative therapeutic for …

High Cell Density Fermentation Of Candida Rugosa On Palm Oil For Lipase Production And Its Mass Transfer Investigation / Mohd Nur Ikhmal Bin Salehmin, Mohd Nur Ikhmal Salehmin

Student Works (2010-2019)

Extracellular lipase of the yeast Candida rugosa was produced via high cell density fed-batch fermentations using palm oil as the sole source of carbon and energy. Feeding strategies consisted of a pH-stat operation, foaming-dependent control and specific growth rate control in different experiments. Compared to foaming-dependent feeding and the pHstat operation, the specific growth rate control of feeding proved to be the most successful. At the specific growth rate control set point of 0.05 h1, the final lipase activity in the culture broth was the highest at 700 U L1. This was 2.6-fold higher than the final enzyme activity obtained …

Molecular Phylogenetics Of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae) In Peninsular Malaysia / Natasha Binti Jamil, Natasha Jamil

Student Works (2010-2019)

72 taxa of the genus Alpinia from Peninsular Malaysia representing section Alpinia and section Allughas (Smith, 1990) were collected and sequenced with two primers namely nuclear ribosomal DNA of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and partial chloroplast maturase K gene (matK) gene. Both ITS and matK trees in this study reaffirm the polyphyletic nature of the Alpinia species and revealed that the grouping of the Alpinia species from Peninsular Malaysia reflects some degree of similarity with that of Rangsiruji et al. 2000b and Kress’s et al. 2005 phylogeny, and in most part, incongruent with Smith’s 1990 infrageneric classification. This study …

Factors Influencing Responsible Behaviour Related To Safety And Health On Mountains: A Case Study Of Climbers On Mount Kinabalu, Malaysia / Mahdi Esfahani, Mahdi Esfahani

Student Works (2010-2019)

In mountaineering tourism, safety and health are pertinent aspects for both climbers and service providers. The climbers’ behaviours largely determine the favourable or unfavourable outcomes of their activity. Using the Theories of Planned Behaviour and Expectation Disconfirmation, this study examines the relationships between personality, spirituality, satisfaction, attitude towards behaviour, norms and perceived behavioural control with responsible behaviour and loyalty intention among climbers on Mount Kinabalu in Borneo. The questionnaire comprised of six sections which are demographic profile, responsible mountaineering behaviour, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, satisfaction, loyalty intention, personality and spirituality. A panel of experts established the content validity …

Tawarruq In Malaysian Financing System: A Case Study On Commodity Murabahah Product At Maybank Islamic Berhad / Nasrun Bin Mohamad @ Ghazali, Mohamad @ Ghazali Nasrun

Student Works (2010-2019)

Tawarruq merupakan antara konsep Shari‘ah yang digunakan dalam sistem perbankan Islam untuk menyalurkan kecairan tunai. Konsep ini menjadi semakin popular di Malaysia sebagai alternatif kepada bay‘ al-‘inah. Walaubagaimanapun, konsep ini yang telah diubahsuai lalu dikenali sebagai Tawarruq Munazzam dan diaplikasikan ke dalam industri perbankan Islam, telah menjadi perdebatan di mana penggunaannya telah dilarang oleh Majma‘ al-Fiqh al-Islami al-Duwali disebabkan wujudnya elemen yang meragukan. Selanjutnya, applikasi tawarruq dalam kewangan Islam ini berpotensi menghadapi risiko tidak patuh Shari‘ah. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dan menilai aplikasi tawarruq dalam sistem pembiayaan di Malaysia menurut perspektif Shari‘ah. Untuk tujuan ini, kajian …

Computer Integrated Design And Manufacturing Of Patient Specific Lower Limb Orthoses Through 3d Reconstruction / Morshed Alam, Alam Morshed

Student Works (2010-2019)

Patients with stroke and other neurological disorders like trauma, multiple sclerosis (MS) experience different lower limb disabilities due to various damages in neuromuscular system. Orthotic devices are prescribed to compensate muscle weakness, prevent unwanted movement of the impaired limb. Design and manufacturing methods of lower limb orthoses involve manual techniques e.g. casting and moulding of the limbs to be treated, vacuum forming etc. Such methods are time consuming, require skilful labour and often based on trial and error rather than systematic engineering and evidence based principles. In recent years, 3D scanning and reconstruction of medical images facilitate making 3D computer …

Production Of Parthenogenetic Embryos Using Chemical Activation Of Oocytes In Murine, Bovine And Caprine Species / Siti Khadijah Idris, Idris Siti Khadijah

Student Works (2010-2019)

Since the crucial step in successful nuclear transfer protocols is the activation of recipient oocytes, incomplete oocyte activation may result in inability of pronuclear formation which leads to unsuccessful nuclear transfer. Therefore, it is important to establish an optimal method to activate caprine oocytes in order to proceed to the next step of cloning technique. The main aims of this study were to produce and evaluate the embryonic development of parthenogenetic murine, bovine and caprine embryos using various activation chemicals either by single or combination treatments as well as to evaluate the effect of post-hCG duration (in murine) and IVM …

The Rainbow Sea Change: The Impact Of Popular Culture On Homosexual Rights., Bradford J. Kelley

The Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice

The rainbow sea change in homosexual tolerance and acceptance occurring in recent decades has been largely driven by popular culture. Homosexuality, however, has not always received favorable treatment under United States law. In Bowers v. Hardwick, Georgia maintained that society had the right to express its moral disapproval of homosexuality through criminal laws. Nonetheless, messages conveyed in influential popular culture mediums exerted a demonstrable effect on the ways in which judges, legislators, and executive officials viewed homosexual legal issues and policy considerations. The Bowers decision would ultimately be overruled in 2003 by Lawrence v. Texas, decriminalizing homosexuality. The following year …

Citizen Suits And The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: An Assessment Of Multidistrict Litigation And The Fifth Circuit Court Of Appeals' Decision In Center For Biological Diversity, Inc. V. Bp America Production Co., Johnathan Ashton

The Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 brought numerous environmental lawsuits in the United States as a result of the destruction of local economies whose livelihood relied on the now damaged ecosystems. Due to negligence by two of the highest-ranking supervisors, BP pled guilty to criminal charges brought against them. Their actions resulted in the deaths of eleven men working on the rig when it exploded, as well as the resulting oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico. This plea resulted in four billion dollars of fines and penalties. However, this case proved that private citizens need a way to …

Avoiding The Catch-22: Reforming The Renewable Fuel Standard To Protect Freshwater Resources And Promote Energy Independence, Leah Stiegler

Law Student Publications

Part I presents background on the ethanol industry and the implementation and development of the RFS. It also gives a brief overview of the non-water-related reasons that have led various sectors of the economy to oppose ethanol. Part II provides an overview of ethanol production (from cornfield to refinery) and the impact each stage of the process has on freshwater resources in the United States. Given the harm that the current RFS has caused by failing to consider the impact of the ethanol production process on our nation's freshwater resources, a policy change needs to happen. Yet there are some …

Whispers From The Grave: Stories Of The Evans Family And Other Early Settlers On Swauk Prairie, Wesley C. Engstrom, Mary Lou Dills

Works by Local Authors

In 1882 Jesse James Evans and his family were one of the last pioneers to follow the Oregon trail by Wagon, pulled by mules, intending to settle in the Puget Sound area. Instead they ended up joining a half-dozen or so early settlers on Swauk Prairie in Kittitas County. They sent word back to Missouri to neighbors and relatives and eventually most of the early settlers on Swauk Prairie were connected in some way to the Evans.

This book was written because an Evans family historian, Mary Lou Dills, and a local Swauk historian, Wesley Engstrom, just happened to meet …

Sentencing Terrorist Crimes, Wadie E. Said

Publications

The legal framework behind the sentencing of individuals convicted of committing terrorist crimes has received little scholarly attention, even with the proliferation of such prosecutions in the eleven years following the attacks of September 11, 2001. This lack of attention is particularly striking in light of the robust and multifaceted scholarship that deals with the challenges inherent in criminal sentencing more generally, driven in no small part by the comparatively large number of sentencing decisions issued by the United States Supreme Court over the past thirteen years. Reduced to its essence, the Supreme Court's sentencing jurisprudence requires district courts to …

On Creativity In Constitutional Interpretation, Pierre Schlag

Publications

In the present article a particular aspect of constitutional interpretation will be considered. This aspect is called "creative" and involves retrieving the meaning of an object of interpretation. It is with regard to this particular aspect or moment of interpretation that creativity is often viewed as something to be avoided, to be shunned. If the task at hand is to "retrieve" some meaning, then the idea that this meaning can be created, in whole or in part, seems quite simply antithetical to the enterprise at hand. It suffices to note that many jurists and legal thinkers believe that interpretation as …

Pragmatic Liberalism: The Outlook Of The Dead, Justin Deystone

Publications

At the turn of the twentieth century, the legal profession was rocked in a storm of reform. Among the sparks of change was the view that "law in the books" had drifted too far from the "law in action." This popular slogan reflected the broader postwar suspicion that the legal profession needed to be more realistic, more effective, and more in touch with the social needs of the time. A hundred years later, we face a similarly urgent demand for change. Across the blogs and journals stretches a thread of anxieties about the lack of fit between legal education and …

The Judge And The Drone, Justin Deystone

Publications

Among the most characteristic issues in modern jurisprudence is the distinction between adjudication and legislation. In the some accounts, a judge's role in deciding a particular controversy is highly constrained and limited to the application of preexisting law. Whereas legislation is inescapably political, adjudication requires at least some form of impersonal neutrality. In various ways over the past century, theorists have pressed this conventional account, complicating the conceptual underpinnings of the distinction between law-application and lawmaking. This Article contributes to this literature on the nature of adjudication through the resuscitation of a structuralist mode of legal interpretation. In the structuralist …