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The Canada-China Fippa: Its Uniqueness And Non-Reciprocity, Gus Van Harten

Articles & Book Chapters

It is demonstrated that the signed (but not ratified) Canada-China Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPPA) is novel and, in key respects, non-reciprocal in favour of China. For example, the FIPPA would provide a general right of market access by Chinese investors to Canada but not by Canadian investors to China, allow wider scope for investment screening by China than by Canada, remove a longstanding Canadian reservation for performance requirements that favour aboriginal peoples, and dilute Canada's established position on transparency in investor-state arbitration. These and other aspects of the FIPPA are highlighted via a comparison to other trade …

Overexpression Of Dcf1 Inhibits Glioma Through Destruction Of Mitochondria And Activation Of Apoptosis Pathway, Yuqiong Xie, Qang Li, Qingbo Yang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Gliomas are the most common brain tumors affecting the central nervous system and are associated with a high mortality rate. DCF1 is a membrane protein that was previously found to play a role in neural stem cell differentiation. In the present study, we found that overexpression of dcf1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and dramatically promoted apoptosis in the glioblastoma U251 cell line. DCF1 deletion mutations in the functional region showed that the complete structure of DCF1 was necessary for apoptosis. Furthermore, significantly lower tumorigenicity was observed in athymic nude mice by transplanting U251 cells overexpressing dcf1. To …

Association Between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms (Fok1 And Bsm1) And Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review, Zahra Mohammadi, Fateme Fayyazbakhsh, Mehdi Ebrahimi, Mahsa M. Amoli, Patricia Khashayar, Mahboubeh Dini, Reza Nezam Zadeh, Abbasali Keshtkar, Hamid Reza Barikani

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Osteoporosis is a Health Concern Characterized by Reduced Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Increased Risk of Fragility Fractures. Many Studies Have Investigated the Association between Genetic Variants and Osteoporosis. Polymorphism and Allelic Variations in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene (VDR) Have Been Found to Be Associated with Bone Mineral Density. However, Many Studies Have Not Been Able to Find This Association. Literature Review Was Conducted in Several Databases, Including MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scopus, EMBASE, Ebsco, Science Citation Index Expanded, Ovid, Google Scholar, Iran Medex, Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID) for Papers Published between 2000 and 2013 Describing the Association between Fok1 …

Krill, Climate, And Contrasting Future Scenarios For Arctic And Antarctic Fisheries, Margaret M. Mcbride, Padmini Dalpadado, Kenneth F. Drinkwater, Olav Rune Godø, Alistair J. Hobday, Anne B. Hollowed, Trond Kristiansen, Eugene J. Murphy, Patrick H. Ressler, Sam Subbey, Eileen E. Hofmann, Harald Loeng

CCPO Publications

Arctic and Antarcticmarine systems have incommon high latitudes, large seasonal changes in light levels, cold air and sea temperatures, and sea ice. In other ways, however, they are strikingly different, including their: age, extent, geological structure, ice stability, and foodweb structure. Both regions contain very rapidly warming areas and climate impacts have been reported, as have dramatic future projections. However, the combined effects of a changing climate on oceanographic processes and foodweb dynamics are likely to influence their future fisheries in very different ways. Differences in the life-history strategies of the key zooplankton species (Antarctic krill in the Southern Ocean …

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Of The Spinal Cord: Insights From Animal And Human Studies, Aditya Vedantam, Michael B. Jirjis, Brian D. Schmit, Marjorie C. Wang, John L. Ulmer, Shekar N. Kurpad

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides a measure of the directional diffusion of water molecules in tissues. The measurement of DTI indexes within the spinal cord provides a quantitative assessment of neural damage in various spinal cord pathologies. DTI studies in animal models of spinal cord injury indicate that DTI is a reliable imaging technique with important histological and functional correlates. These studies demonstrate that DTI is a noninvasive marker of microstructural change within the spinal cord. In human studies, spinal cord DTI shows definite changes in subjects with acute and chronic spinal cord injury, as well as cervical spondylotic myelopathy. …

Extinction Risk And Conservation Of The World's Sharks And Rays, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Sarah L. Fowler, John A. Musick, Rachel D. Cavanagh, Peter M. Kyne, Lucy R. Harrison, John K. Carlson, Lindsay N. K. Davidson, Sonja V. Fordham, Malcolm P. Francis, Caroline M. Pollock, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, George H. Burgess, Kent E. Carpenter, Leonard J. V. Compagno, David A. Ebert, Claudine Gibson, Michelle R. Heupel, Suzanne R. Livingstone, Jonnell C. Sanciangco, John D. Stevens, Sarah Valenti, William T. White

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The rapid expansion of human activities threatens ocean-wide biodiversity. Numerous marine animal populations have declined, yet it remains unclear whether these trends are symptomatic of a chronic accumulation of global marine extinction risk. We present the first systematic analysis of threat for a globally distributed lineage of 1,041 chondrichthyan fishes-sharks, rays, and chimaeras. We estimate that one-quarter are threatened according to IUCN Red List criteria due to overfishing (targeted and incidental). Large-bodied, shallow-water species are at greatest risk and five out of the seven most threatened families are rays. Overall chondrichthyan extinction risk is substantially higher than for most other …

Oceanography, Geology, Biogeography, And Fisheries Of The Eastern Central Atlantic, Merete Tandstad, Ana Maria Caramelo, Fabio Carocci, Kent Carpenter, Jonnell C. Sanciangco

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

[Introduction] This species identification guide focuses on the marine species occurring in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Gibraltar in the north (36°00'N) to the middle of Namibia in the south (23°00'S) and westward to 30°00'W longitude (FAO Fishing Area 34) and to 20°00'W longitude (FAO Fishing Area 47) (Fig 1). Estuarine species, as well as species that only spend part of their life cycle in marine waters (anadromous and catadromous species) are also included.

The West African coast encompasses some of the most productive areas in the world, supporting important fishery resources and a unique diversity. Fisheries constitute an important …

Judaism And Orthodox Judaism, Loren Marks, Trevan Hatch

Faculty Publications

The Term Jew, which began as a tribal name and later became a national title, today refers to many things: an ethnic group a philosophy, a religion (Judaism), a tradition, or a way of life. Although Jews have comprised a relatively small portion of the world population, over the last 3,000 years the sacred tects and monotheistic tradition of the Jewish people have been foundational in Western civilization. The Jews, while suffering some of the greatest persecutions of any group in recorded history

Passover, Trevan Hatch, Zahra Alghafli, Loren D. Marks

Faculty Publications

Passover is a Jewish spring festival that primarily commemorates the ancient liberation of the Hebrew slaves and their exodus from Egypt and secondarily commemorates the liberation of Jews on various instances throughout history. The festival begins on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Nisan (March or April) and lasts for seven days (eight days in the Diaspora). Passover consists of the traditions of (1) a pre-Passover home cleaning and (2) the Seder (meaning order), an evening ceremony on the first day of Passover that is usually observed with family and friends. Passover season is a time for Jewish …

Contributions Of The Pre-Bötzinger Complex And The Kölliker-Fuse Nuclei To Respiratory Rhythm And Pattern Generation In Awake And Sleeping Goats, Hubert Forster, Joshua M. Bonis, Katie L. Krause, Julie Wenninger, Suzanne Neumueller, Matthew Hodges, Lawrence Pan

Physical Therapy Faculty Research and Publications

We investigated in three groups of awake and sleeping goats whether there are differences in ventilatory responses after injections of Ibotenic acid (IA, glutamate receptor agonist and neurotoxin) into the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), lateral parabrachial (LPBN), medial (MPBN) parabrachial, or Kölliker-Fuse nuclei (KFN). In one group, within minutes after bilateral injection of 10 μl IA (50 mM) into the preBötC, there was a 10-fold increase in breathing frequency, but 1.5 h later, the goats succumbed to terminal apnea. These data are consistent with findings in reduced preparations that the preBötC is critical to sustaining normal breathing. In a second group, …

The Road Less Traveled: Leading Students Into Messy Learning, Frank Trocco

Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism, and Practice

This paper is about taking students “on the road” into the world of places, environments, people, and ideas. I have spent most of my forty years in undergraduate and graduate education working with students in travel/study classes. Most education in classrooms is only a partial reality; students who emerge from classroom courses leave with partial learning. Although teachers may realize this, they do not necessarily acknowledge it with their students, because they often do not believe that field experiences are as reliable as rigorous classroom academics. This paper makes the argument that if we are not clear that our lectures, …

Introduction, Robin Linn

Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism, and Practice

No abstract provided.

Natalie Young, Natalie Young

Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism, and Practice

No abstract provided.

Spectacle, Identity, And Otherness: Nine Poets Speak (Full Issue), Robin Linn, Yolanda Franklin, Jean Leblanc, Albert U. Turner Jr., Steven Cramer, Natalie Young, Tom Daley, Elizabeth Gordon Mckim, Jamie Leighton

Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism, and Practice

No abstract provided.

Health Check: Analyzing Trends In West Michigan 2014, Grand Valley State University

Health Check: Analyzing Trends in West Michigan

No abstract provided.

A Retrospective Examination Of Paleoparasitology And Its Establishment In The Journal Of Parasitology, Charles T. Faulkner, Karl Reinhard

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Volume 95 (2009) of the Journal of Parasitology represented a significant benchmark in the history of paleoparasitology when it received on the cover formal recognition as a topical area for publication. This retrospective examination chronicles the emergence of paleoparasitology, from its origins as an adjunct contribution to the study of prehistoric human populations to its modern expression as a sub-disciplinary interest. The aim of paleoparasitology is to elucidate the temporal and spatial dimensions of parasitism from the fossil record of human and non-human host populations.

Land Cover Changes And Their Biogeophysical Effects On Climate, Rezaul Mahmood, Roger A. Pielke Sr., Kenneth Hubbard, Dev Niyogi, Paul Dirmeyer, Clive Mcalpine, Andrew Carleton, Robert Hale, Samuel Gameda, Adriana Beltran-Przekurat, Bruce Baker, Richard Mcnider, David R. Legates, Marshall Shepherd, Jinyang Du, Peter D. Blanken, Oliver W. Frauenfeld, U. S. Nair, Souleymane Fall

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Land cover changes (LCCs) play an important role in the climate system. Research over recent decades highlights the impacts of these changes on atmospheric temperature, humidity, cloud cover, circulation, and precipitation. These impacts range from the local- and regional-scale to sub-continental and global-scale. It has been found that the impacts of regional-scale LCC in one area may also be manifested in other parts of the world as a climatic teleconnection. In light of these findings, this article provides an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of LCC and their impacts on climate. These LCC types include …

Fate Of Antimicrobials And Antimicrobial Resistance Genes In Simulated Swine Manure Storage, Stacey R. Joy, Xu Li, Daniel D. Snow, John Gilley, Bryan L. Woodbury, Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

The behavior of three antibiotics (bacitracin, chlortetracycline, and tylosin) and two classes of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), tet and erm, were monitored in swine manure slurry under anaerobic conditions. First-order decay rates were determined for each antibiotic with half-lives ranging from1 day (chlortetracycline) to 10 days (tylosin). ARGs were monitored in the swine manure slurry, and losses of approximately 1 to 3 orders of magnitude in relative abundance were observed during the 40 day storage period. First-order degradation profiles were observed for chlortetracycline and its corresponding resistance genes, tet(X) and tet(Q). Tylosin was degraded to approximately 10% …

Land Cover Changes And Their Biogeophysical Effects On Climate, Rezaul Mahmood

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Saving Originalism’S Soul, Stephen E. Sachs

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Street Stops And Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments In Young Urban Men's Legal Socialization, Tom Tyler, Jeffrey Fagan, Amanda Geller

Faculty Scholarship

An examination of the influence of street stops on the legal socialization of young men showed an association between the number of police stops they see or experience and a diminished sense of police legitimacy. This association was not primarily a consequence of the number of stops or of the degree of police intrusion during those stops. Rather, the impact of involuntary contact with the police was mediated by evaluations of the fairness of police actions and judgments about whether the police were acting lawfully. Whether the police were viewed as exercising their authority fairly and lawfully shaped the impact …

Developmental Origins Of Pregnancy Loss In The Adult Female Common Marmoset Monkey (Callithrix Jacchus), J. N. Rutherford, V. A. Demartelly, D. G. Layne Colon, Corinna N. Ross, S. D. Tardif

Biology Faculty Publications (Archived)

Background: The impact of the intrauterine environment on the developmental programming of adult female reproductive success is still poorly understood and potentially underestimated. Litter size variation in a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), allows us to model the effects of varying intrauterine environments (e.g. nutrient restriction, exposure to male womb-mates) on the risk of losing fetuses in adulthood. Our previous work has characterized the fetuses of triplet pregnancies as experiencing intrauterine nutritional restriction. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used over a decade of demographic data from the Southwest National Primate Research Center common marmoset colony. We evaluated differences between …

Use Of Funds In A Nonprofit Organization As Predictor Of Organizational Effectiveness And Efficiency, Throstur B. Thordarson

Dissertations

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to explore predictive relationships between how funds are used in a religious not-for-profit organization (NPO) and member recruitment. Financial data, from Seventh-day Adventist conferences at the organizational level, were correlated with data on membership recruitment from these same conferences.

Method. This study used a linear time-series analysis where relationships between variables and past values were explored over a 12-year period. Financial data were collected from year-end audited statements and financial activity statements. Published statistical records were used to collect data on membership and member donations.

Findings. This study concludes that Seventh-day Adventist …

Boning Up On Autophagy: The Role Of Autophagy In Skeletal Biology., Irving Shapiro, Robert Layfield, Martin Lotz, Carmine Settembre, Caroline Whitehouse

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty Papers

From an evolutionary perspective, the major function of bone is to provide stable sites for muscle attachment and affording protection of vital organs, especially the heart and lungs (ribs) and spinal cord (vertebrae and intervertebral discs). However, bone has a considerable number of other functions: serving as a store for mineral ions, providing a site for blood cell synthesis and participating in a complex system-wide endocrine system. Not surprisingly, bone and cartilage cell homeostasis is tightly controlled, as is the maintenance of tissue structure and mass. While a great deal of new information is accruing concerning skeletal cell homeostasis, one …

Differentiating Among International Investment Disputes, Julie A. Maupin

Faculty Scholarship

Can investor-state arbitration tribunals, which exercise jurisdiction over limited claims involving discrete parties, render awards that deliver individualized justice while also promoting systemic fairness, predictability and coherence? The answer, I argue, is a qualified yes – provided that the methods employed are tailored to the particular characteristics of each dispute. Using three well-known investment arbitrations as case studies, I illustrate that investor-state disputes vary widely in terms of their socio-legal, territorial, and political impacts. Significant variances along these three dimensions call for a differentiated approach to investor-state dispute resolution. I outline what such an approach might look like and analyze …

The Fiduciary Character Of Agency And The Interpretation Of Instructions, Deborah A. Demott

Faculty Scholarship

This chapter in a forthcoming book justifies the conventional characterization of common-law agency as a fiduciary relationship. An agent serves as the principal’s representative in dealings with third parties and facts about the world, situating the agent as an extension of the principal for legally-salient purposes. A principal’s power to furnish instructions to the agent is the fundamental mechanism through which the principal exercises control over the agent, a requisite for an agency relationship. The agent’s fiduciary duty to the principal provides a benchmark for the agent’s interpretation of those instructions. The chapter draws on philosophical literature on the identity …

Do The Securities Laws Matter? The Rise Of The Leveraged Loan Market, Elisabeth De Fontenay

Faculty Scholarship

One of the enduring principles of federal securities regulation is the mantra that bonds are securities, while commercial loans are not. Yet the corporate bond and loan markets in the U.S. are rapidly converging, putting significant pressure on the disparity in their regulatory treatment. As securities, corporate bonds are subject to onerous public disclosure obligations and liability regimes, which corporate loans avoid entirely. This longstanding regulatory distinction between loans and bonds is based on the traditional conception of a commercial loan as a long-term relationship between the borrowing company and a single bank, in contrast to bonds, which may be …

The Next Generation Of Trade And Environment Conflicts: The Rise Of Green Industrial Policy, Mark Wu, James Salzman

Faculty Scholarship

A major shift is transforming the trade and environment field, triggered by governments’ rising use of industrial policies to spark nascent renewable energy industries and to restrict exports of certain minerals in the face of political economy constraints. While economically distorting, these policies do produce significant economic and environmental benefits. At the same time, they often violate World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, leading to increasingly harsh conflicts between trading partners.

This Article presents a comprehensive analysis of these emerging conflicts, arguing that they represent a sharp break from past trade and environment disputes. It examines the causes of the shift …

Peruta, The Home-Bound Second Amendment, And Fractal Originalism, Darrell A. H. Miller

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The “Constitution In Exile” As A Problem For Legal Theory, Stephen E. Sachs

Faculty Scholarship

How does one defend a constitutional theory that’s out of the mainstream? Critics of originalism, for example, have described it as a nefarious “Constitution in Exile,” a plot to impose abandoned rules on the unsuspecting public. This framing is largely mythical, but it raises a serious objection. If a theory asks us to change our legal practices, leaving important questions to academics or historians, how can it be a theory of our law? If law is a matter of social convention, how can there be conventions that hardly anybody knows about? How is a constitution in exile even possible?

This …