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2013

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Population Size And Cultural Evolution In Nonindustrial Food-Producing Societies, M. Collard, A. Ruttle, B. Buchanan, Michael J. O'Brien Jan 2013

Population Size And Cultural Evolution In Nonindustrial Food-Producing Societies, M. Collard, A. Ruttle, B. Buchanan, Michael J. O'Brien

History Faculty Publications (Archived)

Modeling work suggests that population size affects cultural evolution such that larger populations can be expected to have richer and more complex cultural repertoires than smaller populations. Empirical tests of this hypothesis, however, have yielded conflicting results. Here, we report a study in which we investigated whether the subsistence toolkits of small-scale food-producers are influenced by population size in the manner the hypothesis predicts. We applied simple linear and standard multiple regression analysis to data from 40 nonindustrial farming and pastoralist groups to test the hypothesis. Results were consistent with predictions of the hypothesis: both the richness and the complexity …

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Good Media Mix Strategies For Bad Times: Sequencing Optimizes, Marsha Loda, Barbara Carrick Coleman Jan 2013

Good Media Mix Strategies For Bad Times: Sequencing Optimizes, Marsha Loda, Barbara Carrick Coleman

AMTP Proceedings 2013

This paper summarizes an experiment which compares three commonly used marketing elements: advertising, Internet websites, and publicity. These elements are rated on two dependent variables: message acceptance (credibility and message strength), and message response (attitude and purchase intent). Direct effects of each variable are examined. Sequencing effects are also examined to see if it matters in what order potential customers encounter the marketing message. Results indicate that a website, used alone, can make a significant difference in message strength. However, to impact purchase intent, a multimedia campaign is necessary. The current study extends the authors’ 2005 research comparing only advertising …

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A Comparison Of Potential Student Blood Donors To Actual Donors, Harold Ogden, Kelly Campbell Lefort, Matthew Kerr, Matthew Maclellan, Zachary Briggs Jan 2013

A Comparison Of Potential Student Blood Donors To Actual Donors, Harold Ogden, Kelly Campbell Lefort, Matthew Kerr, Matthew Maclellan, Zachary Briggs

AMTP Proceedings 2013

With a growing need for blood and blood products, managers of blood collection agencies are interested in increasing donation rates. A better understanding of how donors are different from the general public might inform decisions on how to promote to make non-donors more like donors. A sample of 74 student blood donors was surveyed at two university blood donor clinics about their attitudes and beliefs about blood donation. A convenience sample of 134 respondents in a university student population was also surveyed for comparison. The latter was later split by level of commitment to blood donation. Differences among these three …

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Nigerian Consumers And Their Purchase Intentions For Global Brands, Al Rosenbloom, James Haefner, Olutayo Otubanjo Jan 2013

Nigerian Consumers And Their Purchase Intentions For Global Brands, Al Rosenbloom, James Haefner, Olutayo Otubanjo

AMTP Proceedings 2013

This paper presents the research findings of a global brand study conducted in Nigeria. This empirical research sought to evaluate the relative contribution of the following five constructs on global brand purchase intent: country of origin, brand familiarity, brand linking, brand trust, and weak-strong perceptions of the brand’s masculinity-femininity associations. Step-wise regression models were used for the study’s ten brands. The regression models indicated that brand liking and brand trust were the most important predictors of global brand purchase intent in the studied sample of Nigerian consumers.

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Relationship Of Demographic Traits And Situational Factor Determinants With The Tech Readiness Of Self-Service Consumers, Jon M. Martin Jan 2013

Relationship Of Demographic Traits And Situational Factor Determinants With The Tech Readiness Of Self-Service Consumers, Jon M. Martin

AMTP Proceedings 2013

Over the past 20 years, self-service technology (SST) has become prevalent as a service delivery option. To ensure that SST options reach full potential, firms need to understand what customer traits and situational factors are related to the propensity to use SSTs. From a subset of data and independent determinants from an original dissertation model on SST adoption, this study uses linear regression to examine: H1) the relationship between: H1) consumers’ tech readiness (TR) and the consumer demographics of age (AG), gender (GN), income (IN), education (ED), and ethnicity (ET) (H1), and H2) the relationship between consumer’s tech readiness and …

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A Calculated Model Of Linkedin Feature Usage Across Organizational Types: Large, Small, And Non-Profits, Joe Spencer, Lisa Witzig, Marcella Gallegos Jan 2013

A Calculated Model Of Linkedin Feature Usage Across Organizational Types: Large, Small, And Non-Profits, Joe Spencer, Lisa Witzig, Marcella Gallegos

AMTP Proceedings 2013

Intensity of LinkedIn usage is examined by business type: Fortune 200, INC 200, and Fortune 200 Non-profit. The study of approximately 600 organizations finds, contrary to expectations, that non-profits and small businesses utilize the features of LinkedIn significantly less in intensity than large businesses. An eleven factor intensity model is presented and tested to evaluate intensity of usage among the three study groups. This study concludes that SMBs and non-profits need to better utilize the features of LinkedIn to better enable their organizational goals.

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A Comparison Of Faculty Perceptions Of Academic Integrity In Private And Public Universities, Anne H. Batory, Stephen S. Batory Jan 2013

A Comparison Of Faculty Perceptions Of Academic Integrity In Private And Public Universities, Anne H. Batory, Stephen S. Batory

AMTP Proceedings 2013

Public and private institutions of higher education are challenged by academic integrity. In this study, faculty from over 100 U.S. private and public universities shared their perceptions of academic integrity issues such as academic dishonesty detection, awareness of punishments, the faculty as role models, personal values and the ethical image of administrative units. Results indicate perceptions differed by type of institution but not gender or teaching experience. Administrative units were influenced in public universities (but not private) by teaching experience. The results contribute to an understanding of the academic integrity environment underlying the performance of business education. Implications for research …

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Model Size In Magazine Advertising And Body Esteem Among Female College Students: The Moderating Role Of Bmi, James A. Roberts, Chloe' A. Roberts Jan 2013

Model Size In Magazine Advertising And Body Esteem Among Female College Students: The Moderating Role Of Bmi, James A. Roberts, Chloe' A. Roberts

AMTP Proceedings 2013

Weight and body concerns have reached epidemic proportions among female college students. Such high levels of body dissatisfaction can lead to disastrous results. Since the mass media is considered an important purveyor of the thin ideal, the present study investigated the impact model size in magazine advertising has on the body esteem of female college students. Because it is unlikely that all women will respond similarly to the models depicted in such ads, the present study tested the potentially moderating role of Body Mass Index (BMI) on the model size – body esteem relationship. As hypothesized, subject BMI did moderate …

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Utilizing Relationship Marketing And Partnership Development As Critical Elements For Developing And Transforming Leadership Programs And Courses: Best Practice, Howard F. Rudd Jr., Thomas Kent, Carrie A. Blair Jan 2013

Utilizing Relationship Marketing And Partnership Development As Critical Elements For Developing And Transforming Leadership Programs And Courses: Best Practice, Howard F. Rudd Jr., Thomas Kent, Carrie A. Blair

AMTP Proceedings 2013

This paper utilizes some of the same literature of relationship marketing and partnership building as previous AMTP papers but applies these variables within the context of developing and transforming leadership programs and courses offered to undergraduate students. More specifically, the focus of this paper is on required and elective courses that are components of a leadership program including leadership and management development and human resource management. In addition, a most innovative noncurricular or extra-mural model program for leadership development that has already been replicated within another discipline on campus will also be examined as to its value added. Their use …

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Transforming The Simple Moving Average Forecasting Technique Into A Judgmental Bootstrapping Approach, Usama A. Saleh, Gamal Haikal Jan 2013

Transforming The Simple Moving Average Forecasting Technique Into A Judgmental Bootstrapping Approach, Usama A. Saleh, Gamal Haikal

AMTP Proceedings 2013

The simple moving average forecasting technique (SMAFT) uses a naïve arithmetic measurement for smoothing time-series data for various situations purposes, such as sales prediction. This paper attempts to rectify the contextual procedure of SMAFT by transforming the method into a judgmental bootstrapping approach, combining the statistical techniques of the X - chart (x-bar) and the Hurwicz's Criterion. The proposed modeling approach generates a dual forecasting value, presented by the grand mean, x , of the x-bar chart and the expected weighted payoff of the Hurwicz's Criterion, which is used to improve the accuracy of the final forecast. This model will …

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The Effect Of Antecedent Mood On Customer Loyalty Intentions: A Mood-By-Gender Interaction, Michael L. Thomas, Lindsay Larson, Linda G. Mullen Jan 2013

The Effect Of Antecedent Mood On Customer Loyalty Intentions: A Mood-By-Gender Interaction, Michael L. Thomas, Lindsay Larson, Linda G. Mullen

AMTP Proceedings 2013

This study suggests that induced antecedent moods may, in a systematic manner, influence subsequent levels of loyalty intention within consumer scenarios. Furthermore, this research finds that there exists differential responses to induced mood states by gender, which fall in line with research on the underlying gender differences in cognitive processing, levels of risk aversion, motivation, and the experience of emotion while shopping. Past studies in this area have shown only a mild connection between induced antecedent mood state and loyalty intentions, which may be due in part to the issue of an emotion by gender interaction. This paper reinforces previous …

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The Face Of Fakes: U.S. Consumers And Counterfeit Fashion Products, Karen Edwards, Jason Carpenter Jan 2013

The Face Of Fakes: U.S. Consumers And Counterfeit Fashion Products, Karen Edwards, Jason Carpenter

AMTP Proceedings 2013

Counterfeit products pose a serious threat to fashion product brand owners and to the world economy. While research on the demand side of counterfeiting has grown over the past two decades, few extant studies have been conducted among non-student consumers outside Asia and Europe and few studies have focused on product categories other than consumer electronic-related items. Using a sample of U.S. consumers (N=305), the current research investigates consumer attitudes in the context of fashion products. Findings suggest that gender and education are the two variables most frequently related to purchase intention for counterfeits, beliefs about counterfeit products, and ethicality. …

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Attitude Versus Involvement: Predicting Ethically And Socially Responsible Consumption Behavior, Sacha Joseph-Mathews, Nicole Bieak-Kreidler Jan 2013

Attitude Versus Involvement: Predicting Ethically And Socially Responsible Consumption Behavior, Sacha Joseph-Mathews, Nicole Bieak-Kreidler

AMTP Proceedings 2013

Critics argue that the value gap (difference between what consumers say they care about and what they actually choose to purchase) suggests that ethical consumption is not as important as consumers imply. There is much talk about the ethical consumer “myth’ as consumers often claim to be interested in purchasing ethically and socially responsible products yet sales figures for green products often do not exceed 5% total product sales in any one category with organic fruits and vegetables being the one exception. Traditional models use consumer attitudes to the environment as a predictor of ethically and socially responsible consumption behavior …

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An Examination Of The Segmentation Typologies Articulated In The Spectator And Participation Sports Marketing Literature, Sam Fullerton, Tammy Mccullough, Carol L. Bruneau Jan 2013

An Examination Of The Segmentation Typologies Articulated In The Spectator And Participation Sports Marketing Literature, Sam Fullerton, Tammy Mccullough, Carol L. Bruneau

AMTP Proceedings 2013

With the emergence of sports marketing as an important business discipline, a number of segmentation studies have focused on either the spectator sports market or the participation sports market. Regarding spectator sports, most of the previous studies have focused on individual sports entities such as a team, a league, a sport, or an event. The majority of the segmentation studies on participation sports have also assumed a narrow perspective by developing typologies for a specific activity such as golf. The current research assesses the efforts designed to segment the aggregate spectator sports market irrespective of the sport being watched and …

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A Study Of Direct Care Staff For Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities/Mental Illness Regarding Grief And Loss Issues, Elizabeth Anne Wood Jan 2013

A Study Of Direct Care Staff For Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities/Mental Illness Regarding Grief And Loss Issues, Elizabeth Anne Wood

Sociology and Anthropology

Social service agencies often ignore death and dying issues (DDI). Direct care staff (DCS) are left to fend for themselves when it comes to these issues. Training on DDI and GLI is scarce. Theories such as Symbolic Interactionism and Awareness Theory help explain DDI and GLI. The methods used in this study include qualitative interviewing. Ten DCS were interviewed in 2012 from a Fargo social service agency. They were asked questions about their belief in DDI and their work with clientele. Addressed were their belief about DDI effects them personally and their educational background. Results indicated there were positive perceptions …

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End-Of-Life Issues For Native American And Alaska Natives: A Critical Literature Review, Jodi Lynn Terpestra Jan 2013

End-Of-Life Issues For Native American And Alaska Natives: A Critical Literature Review, Jodi Lynn Terpestra

Nursing

This paper conducts a critical literature review on end of life issues relating to Native Americans and Alaska Natives. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework was used to guide this literature review. In particular, a PRISMA flow diagram which outlines the various steps of the critical literature review is given. The review identified 18 papers. Although all of these papers fit the inclusion criteria, there was very little uniformity among them. Six common themes emerged; namely, communications, program development, spirituality, rituals, advance planning, and guidelines. A detailed discussion of these six themes along with nursing …

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Illuminating Teaching And Learning: Students' Metacognition And Teacher Responsiveness In One College Developmental Reading Class, Tasha A. Vice Jan 2013

Illuminating Teaching And Learning: Students' Metacognition And Teacher Responsiveness In One College Developmental Reading Class, Tasha A. Vice

Reading Faculty Publications (Archived)

College students enrolled in a developmental reading program often do not perceive themselves as remedial readers, have low self-esteem about their abilities, or have a limited understanding about reading and therefore are unable to engage themselves with effective reading strategies. The challenge for educators in developmental college reading is to engage and motivate students with educational methods that create an awareness and understanding of reading by using strategies and practices appropriate for students’ diverse educational needs also necessary for their reading achievement. At the same time students need to develop the metacognitive awareness of their own knowledge of and use …

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Finding Meaning In Misery: Can Stressful Situations Provide Meaning In Life?, Jacob Juhl Jan 2013

Finding Meaning In Misery: Can Stressful Situations Provide Meaning In Life?, Jacob Juhl

Psychology

Theory and research investigating the relationship between affective experiences and meaning in life have focused on how positive affect contributes to perceptions of meaning in life. No work has considered how people can attain meaning in life while experiencing negative affect. The present work tested whether affectively negative circumstances can provide meaning in life. Specifically, two studies, using distinct methodologies, tested whether people can attain meaning in life while experiencing the stress associated with goal-pursuit. In Study 1, the salience of stressful college-related goal-pursuit was experimentally heightened and then perceptions of goal-engagement, meaning in life, and positive and negative affect …

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A Test Of An Interactive Model Of Binge Eating In Men, Allison Minnich Jan 2013

A Test Of An Interactive Model Of Binge Eating In Men, Allison Minnich

Psychology

Past research has shown that a combination of high perfectionism, high body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem is predictive of binge eating in college women (Bardone-Cone et al., 2006). The aim of the present study was to determine whether this triple interaction model was applicable to men. Male undergraduate college students from a Midwestern university (n=302) completed self-report measures online at two different time points. Analyses revealed a significant interaction between the three risk factors, such that high perfectionism, high body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem at Time 1was predictive of greater Time 2 binge eating symptoms. However, the triple interaction was …

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Who’S Your Nanny, Lindsay Wiley Jan 2013

Who’S Your Nanny, Lindsay Wiley

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

INTRODUCTION: In June 2012, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced his plans for a ban on the sale of sugary beverages in containers larger than 16 ounces. Shortly thereafter, the Center for Consumer Freedom took out a full-page ad in the New York Times featuring Bloomberg photo-shopped into a matronly dress with the tag line "New Yorkers need a Mayor, not a Nanny."1 On television, the CATO Institute's Michael Cannon declared, "This is the most ridiculous sort of nanny state-ism; [ilt's none of the mayor's business how much soda people are drinking." And in news- papers around the country, …

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Two To Tango: A Dyadic Analysis Of Links Between Borderline Personality Traits And Intimate Partner Violence, E. Maneta, S. Cohen, Marc S. Schulz, R. J. Waldinger Jan 2013

Two To Tango: A Dyadic Analysis Of Links Between Borderline Personality Traits And Intimate Partner Violence, E. Maneta, S. Cohen, Marc S. Schulz, R. J. Waldinger

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Although research has shown links between borderline personality and intimate partner violence (IPV), few studies have examined how each partner’s personality traits may influence the other’s behavior(Hines, 2008). This study incorporated dimensional assessments of borderline personality organization (BPO) in both partners into a dyadic model that examined associations with IPV. In a community sample of 109 couples, Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling was used to examine links between BPO traits in each partner and victimization and perpetration of IPV. Men’s level of BPO traits was associated with more IPV towards and more victimization by their partners. Women’s level of BPO traits was …

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Peer Influences On Adolescent Risk Behavior, Dustin Albert, Jason Chein, Laurence Steinberg Jan 2013

Peer Influences On Adolescent Risk Behavior, Dustin Albert, Jason Chein, Laurence Steinberg

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Research efforts to account for elevated risk behavior among adolescents have arrived at an exciting new stage. Moving beyond laboratory studies of age differences in risk perception and reasoning, new approaches have shifted their focus to the influence of social and emotional factors on adolescent decision making. We review recent research suggesting that adolescent risk-taking propensity derives in part from a maturational gap between early adolescent remodeling of the brain’s socioemotional reward system and a gradual, prolonged strengthening of the cognitive-control system. Research has suggested that in adolescence, a time when individuals spend an increasing amount of time with their …

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Integration Of Multispectral Face Recognition And Multi-Ptz Camera Automated Surveillance For Security Applications, Chung-Hao Chen, Yi Yao, Hong Chang, Andreas Koschan, Mongi Abidi Jan 2013

Integration Of Multispectral Face Recognition And Multi-Ptz Camera Automated Surveillance For Security Applications, Chung-Hao Chen, Yi Yao, Hong Chang, Andreas Koschan, Mongi Abidi

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Due to increasing security concerns, a complete security system should consist of two major components, a computer-based face-recognition system and a real-time automated video surveillance system. A computer-based face-recognition system can be used in gate access control for identity authentication. In recent studies, multispectral imaging and fusion of multispectral narrow-band images in the visible spectrum have been employed and proven to enhance the recognition performance over conventional broad-band images, especially when the illumination changes. Thus, we present an automated method that specifies the optimal spectral ranges under the given illumination. Experimental results verify the consistent performance of our algorithm via …

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Tpm: Cloud-Based Tele Ptsd Monitor Using Multi-Dimensional Information, Roger Xu, Gang Mei, Guangfan Zhang, Pan Gao, Aaron Pepe, Jiang Li, James D. Westwood (Ed.), Susan W. Westwood (Ed.), Li Felländer-Tsai (Ed.), Randy S. Haluck (Ed.), Richard A. Robb (Ed.), Steven Senger (Ed.), Kirby G. Vosburgh (Ed.) Jan 2013

Tpm: Cloud-Based Tele Ptsd Monitor Using Multi-Dimensional Information, Roger Xu, Gang Mei, Guangfan Zhang, Pan Gao, Aaron Pepe, Jiang Li, James D. Westwood (Ed.), Susan W. Westwood (Ed.), Li Felländer-Tsai (Ed.), Randy S. Haluck (Ed.), Richard A. Robb (Ed.), Steven Senger (Ed.), Kirby G. Vosburgh (Ed.)

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

An automated system that can remotely and non-intrusively screen individuals at high risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and monitor their progress during treatment would be desired by many Veterans Affairs (VAs) as well as other PTSD treatment and research organizations. In this paper, we present an automated, cloud-based Tele-PTSD Monitor (TPM) system based on the fusion of multiple sources of information. The TPM system can be hosted in a cloud environment and accessed through landline or cell phones, or on the Internet through a web portal or mobile application (app).

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Regular Lecture Quizzes Scores As Predictors Of Final Examination Performance: A Test Of Hypothesis Using Logistic Regression Analysis, Oscar Wambuguh, Theo Yonn-Brown Jan 2013

Regular Lecture Quizzes Scores As Predictors Of Final Examination Performance: A Test Of Hypothesis Using Logistic Regression Analysis, Oscar Wambuguh, Theo Yonn-Brown

International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

Student academic success in school demands acquisition of specific skill sets that emphasize self-assessment, monitoring, adjustment, self-control, and motivation; the courage and ability to adopt efficient learning strategies; and resiliency in case of academic difficulties. As hypothesized, data from the present study demonstrates that student performance in routine lecture quizzes can predict performance in the final examination and successfully completing a course. Course data accumulated from several courses taught by the same instructor in the last five years (n=1294) were used in this analysis. The results generally indicate that: 1) performance in the quizzes is positively correlated with performance in …

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Shame, Blame, And The Emerging Law Of Obesity Control, Lindsay Wiley Jan 2013

Shame, Blame, And The Emerging Law Of Obesity Control, Lindsay Wiley

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

In using law as a tool to combat the obesity epidemic, legal scholars and policymakers are drawing heavily on the lessons of tobacco control. This Article describes the resulting emergence of "obesity control law" and argues for a radical reorientation of it from a "denormalization" strategy based on the tobacco control experience to a "destigmatization" strategy based on the HIV prevention experience. The war on obesity is nearing a political crossroads. Subsidies and food industry regulations aimed at making our environment more conducive to physical activity and healthy eating are in danger of losing out to cheaper and more politically …

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Lessons Learned From A Cognitively Guided Instruction Professional Development Project, Christina Nugent Jan 2013

Lessons Learned From A Cognitively Guided Instruction Professional Development Project, Christina Nugent

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The professional development, which was the basis for this case study, was a 3- year Title II grant-funded project with Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI) as the research-based core. Twenty-one elementary school teachers from an urban setting were studied. The purpose of this study was to analyze the professional development project in order to discover the lessons learned. The professional development model used had several key elements. These elements included an evaluation plan, implementation of the learned strategies, collaboration, summer workshops and follow-up school year sessions, and lesson study. Despite the fact that participants were engaged in the same professional development …

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Factors That Influence Superintendents In Iowa To Implement A One-To-One Computer Initiative, Gerald Eugene Schnabel Jan 2013

Factors That Influence Superintendents In Iowa To Implement A One-To-One Computer Initiative, Gerald Eugene Schnabel

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence superintendents in Iowa to implement a one-to-one computer initiative. An in-depth, phenomenological based interview method was used. Two interviews were conducted with each of the five superintendents in the study. The superintendent responses were then organized using the Saskatchewan Educational Indicators, which are context, process and outcome indicators. The major questions addressed in the study were: 1. What factors influenced the decision to implement a one-to-one computer initiative? 2. What are the results of implementing a one-to-one computer initiative? 3. What decision-making process do superintendents in Iowa use when …

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An Examination Of Opposing Theoretical Perspectives: Are The Current Assessment And Instructional Practices For Students With Emotional And Behavioral Disorders And Mental Health Issues Effective And Sufficient?, Karen Aldrich-Duden Jan 2013

An Examination Of Opposing Theoretical Perspectives: Are The Current Assessment And Instructional Practices For Students With Emotional And Behavioral Disorders And Mental Health Issues Effective And Sufficient?, Karen Aldrich-Duden

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Increasing student achievement is the purpose of all educational programs, including the programs for students with disabilities. The adequacy of the educational programing for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBO) who also have mental health issues was the focus of this qualitative study. Specific attention was paid to the assessment and instructional practices used with students with EBO in order to answer the research question: Are the current assessment and instructional practices for students with EBD and mental health issues effective and sufficient? This study explored the potential benefits of using an ecological theoretical framework based on the bioecological …

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The Difference Connection Makes : Roles The Middle School Teacher Plays In Changing Adolescent Girls’ Lives, Denise M. Pralle Jan 2013

The Difference Connection Makes : Roles The Middle School Teacher Plays In Changing Adolescent Girls’ Lives, Denise M. Pralle

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Within the classroom setting, 'fitting in' can be a very difficult matter for both students as well as teachers. A sense of community and respect for others, which prevails in the elementary grades, seems more subdued among middle-schoolers as competition and the struggle for independence becomes part of the hidden curriculum. Adolescent girls especially struggle to imitate what developmental psychologists suggest is necessary at this age: independence and disconnection from others. However, disconnection at this stage of development may partially account for the competition, disrespect of others, and loss of morality in and out of the classroom. Connected classroom teachers …

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