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2013

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Meta-Heuristic Optimization Of Antennas For Biomedical Applications, Aaron Zachary Hood Dec 2013

Meta-Heuristic Optimization Of Antennas For Biomedical Applications, Aaron Zachary Hood

Theses and Dissertations

Given the proper conditions, antennas applied in medicine can offer improved quality of life to patients. However the human body proves hostile to typical, analytical antenna design techniques as it is composed entirely of frequency- and temperature-dependent lossy media. By combining optimization techniques with numerical methods, many of these challenges may be overcome. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) models the solution process after the natural movement of groups such as swarms of bees as they search for food sources. This meta-heuristic procedure has proven adept at overcoming many challenging problems in the electromagnetics literature. Therefore, this dissertation explores PSO and some …

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Simulation Of The Impact And Solidification Of Super Cooled Water Droplets, Joshua Daniel Blake Dec 2013

Simulation Of The Impact And Solidification Of Super Cooled Water Droplets, Joshua Daniel Blake

Theses and Dissertations

In order to study inlight ice adhesion at the droplet-scale, a strategy is presented to simulate the impact and solidification of a supercooled water droplet on a cooled substrate. Upon impact, nucleation is assumed to occur instantaneously, and properties of the droplet are chosen to account for the nucleation process. Simulations are performed in ANSYS Fluent using a coupled Volume of Fluid and Level-Set method to capture the air-water interface and an Enthalpy-Porosity method to capture the liquid-solid interface. Calibration of a simulation parameter, Amush, is performed in order to match experimental data for different surface types and surface temperatures. …

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Strategies For Optimization Of Diesel-Ignited Propane Dual Fuel Combustion In A Heavy Duty Compression Ignition Engine, Chad Duane Carpenter Dec 2013

Strategies For Optimization Of Diesel-Ignited Propane Dual Fuel Combustion In A Heavy Duty Compression Ignition Engine, Chad Duane Carpenter

Theses and Dissertations

A 12.9 L heavy duty compression ignition engine was tested with strategies for dual fuel optimization. The effects of varied intake manifold pressure as well as split-injection strategies at a load of 5 bar BMEP and 85 PES were observed. These results were used to allow testing of split-injection strategies at a higher load of 10 bar BMEP at 70 PES that were void of MPRR above 2000 kPa/CAD. The split-injection strategies at 5 bar BMEP showed that lower BSNOx can be achieved with minimal drop in FCE. Varying intake manifold pressure revealed that combustion occurs earlier in a cycle …

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Multilevel Design Optimization Under Uncertainty With Application To Product-Material Systems, Saber Dormohammadi Dec 2013

Multilevel Design Optimization Under Uncertainty With Application To Product-Material Systems, Saber Dormohammadi

Theses and Dissertations

The main objective of this research is to develop a computational design tool for multilevel optimization of product-material systems under uncertainty. To accomplish this goal, an exponential penalty function (EPF) formulation based on method of multipliers is developed for solving multilevel optimization problems within the framework of Analytical Target Cascading (ATC). The original all-at-once constrained optimization problem is decomposed into a hierarchical system with consistency constraints enforcing the target-response coupling in the connected elements. The objective function is combined with the consistency constraints in each element to formulate an augmented Lagrangian with EPF. The EPF formulation is implemented using double-loop …

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Issues And Challenges Of Starting A Civil Engineering Or Surveying Firm In Mississippi, Bruce Eric Mainka Dec 2013

Issues And Challenges Of Starting A Civil Engineering Or Surveying Firm In Mississippi, Bruce Eric Mainka

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis summarizes some of the challenges and risks faced by new civil engineering or surveying business owners, as well as, engineering managers in Mississippi. Additionally, this paper will cover how these business owners take on those business challenges to become and remain successful. The data covered represents answers from the owners asked via phone conversations. The number of twenty employees or less was the criteria for a firm to be considered small. It was decided that approximately 20% of the firms listed, or a total of 20, would statistically represent the current state of affairs of small to medium …

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Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Comparison Of Ebf3 And Lens Deposits Including The Repair And Upgrade Of A Lens Machine, Jacob Allen Coleman Dec 2013

Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Comparison Of Ebf3 And Lens Deposits Including The Repair And Upgrade Of A Lens Machine, Jacob Allen Coleman

Theses and Dissertations

Advancements in the area of additive manufacturing have led to the development of new methods with the purpose of optimizing component properties and expanding operating environments. In a comparative study, the influence of process parameters including beam and laser current, translation speed, and wire feed and deposition rate on 316L stainless steel deposits produced by both Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®) and Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF3) processes are investigated. Tensile tests are used to obtain information on the mechanical properties of the specimens. A metallographic analysis is performed using optical microscopy and SEM to characterize solidification grain structure, porosity, …

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The Effect Of The Flipped Classroom Model On Achievement In An Introductory College Physics Course, Joshua Brian Winter Dec 2013

The Effect Of The Flipped Classroom Model On Achievement In An Introductory College Physics Course, Joshua Brian Winter

Theses and Dissertations

The flipped or inverted classroom model is one in which the time and place for traditional lecture and homework are reversed. Traditional lecture is replaced by online videos assigned as homework. This frees up time in class to be spent with more student centered activities such as discussion based concept questions and group problem solving. While growing in popularity, research on the effectiveness of this format is sparse. In this quasi-experimental study, two sections of an introductory algebra-based college physics course were examined over a five week period. Each section was taught with either the traditional or flipped model and …

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Defining Display Complexity In Electric Utility System Operator Displays, Steven Hunt Mcelhaney Dec 2013

Defining Display Complexity In Electric Utility System Operator Displays, Steven Hunt Mcelhaney

Theses and Dissertations

In the electric utility industry, displays provide power system operators with information on and the status of the system, who then make decisions on how to maintain the safety, the reliability and the efficient operation of the utility generation and transmission grid based on that information. Complexity of the data presented and the display itself can lead to errors or misjudgments that can cause power system operators to make unwise decisions. The primary goal of this research was to develop a method to quantify display complexity for select displays used by system operators when operating the electric generation and transmission …

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Perceptions Of Students At A Rural Mississippi Community College Regarding Employability, Cortney R. Harris Dec 2013

Perceptions Of Students At A Rural Mississippi Community College Regarding Employability, Cortney R. Harris

Theses and Dissertations

Research studies show that there is a skills gap in American society today. This research study examined employability perceptions of community college students at a rural community college in Mississippi. Students were asked to complete an online survey that questioned the degree of importance placed on several employability skills, as well as their self-perceived competence levels at performing those skills. Likert-scale response set type questions were used to provide responses on importance and competence levels. After sending the survey invitation, 100 usable surveys were returned and analyzed for this research study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney procedures, …

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Efficacy Of A Novel Through-Thickness Perfusion Bioreactor To Create Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineered Cartilage, Eric Andrew Gilbert Dec 2013

Efficacy Of A Novel Through-Thickness Perfusion Bioreactor To Create Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineered Cartilage, Eric Andrew Gilbert

Theses and Dissertations

Articular cartilage is an avascular, aneural tissue that covers the ends of diarthroidal joints. Once damaged by disease or injury, cartilage lacks the ability to self-repair. Generating tissue engineered cartilage is an exciting field that may provide a possible solution to this problem. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of a through-thickness perfusion bioreactor to generate scaffoldree tissue engineered cartilage. The results of the study show that allowing long-term static culture to cell constructs before perfusion increases the efficacy of the bioreactor. Immediate perfusion of cell constructs in the bioreactor is shown to decrease the efficacy …

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Evaluating User Satisfaction And Perceived Quality Of Electronic Health Records In Mississippi, Dakota Chamblee Dec 2013

Evaluating User Satisfaction And Perceived Quality Of Electronic Health Records In Mississippi, Dakota Chamblee

Theses and Dissertations

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is a health information technology that has already begun to change the way healthcare providers care for patients. EHRs can potentially enhance the quality and efficiency of patient care (Simon et al., 2010); however, some research shows that EHRs do not always do so. The lack of improved efficiency and quality of care can lead to frustrated and dissatisfied users. The effects of different aspects of EHR implementation could affect user satisfaction and perceived quality of EHRs. This study investigates the how time since implementation, training, and leadership affect user satisfaction and perceived quality of the …

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Urban Flow-Through Facilities' Media Compositions For Stormwater Quality And Quantity Improvements, Emily Gwynne Overbey Dec 2013

Urban Flow-Through Facilities' Media Compositions For Stormwater Quality And Quantity Improvements, Emily Gwynne Overbey

Theses and Dissertations

Urban stormwater management is evolving toward sustainable approaches which rely on dispersed small-scale bioretention BMPs. One such BMP is the flow-through planter, commonly applied in areas where infiltration into in situ soil is restricted or not possible. A project was developed to evaluate 18, vertically scaled flow-through mesocosms. Three replicates of six treatments, including four soil mixtures containing varied percentages of sand, compost and topsoil, were tested for orthophosphate and nitrate removal, volume reduction capabilities, and peak flow attenuation through the application of a synthetic solution over a simulated 2-inch, Type II storm event. Runoff volume was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared to controls. Nutrient levels observed along the hydrograph at different time-steps and flow rates revealed patterns not apparent in cumulative results. The observation of preferential flow patterns along with variability in nutrient removal across treatments highlights the need for design modifications of flow-through facilities.

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Investigation Of Parent Source Material In Smith County, Mississippi, Kayla Jean Calhoun Dec 2013

Investigation Of Parent Source Material In Smith County, Mississippi, Kayla Jean Calhoun

Theses and Dissertations

Calcium bentonite deposits of the Glendon and Bucatunna formations of the Oligocene Vicksburg Group located in Smith County, Mississippi were examined to determine the depositional environment, diagenetic history and origin of the bentonite. Traditionally, calcium bentonite was considered to be the product of the weathering of volcanic ash deposits. The hypothesis tested is that the bentonite deposits are not a result of weathered volcanic ash, but are a result of weathered marl. Core samples were drilled from the Chisholm bentonite mine in Smith County and were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and petrographic microscopy. Abundant bacteria along with …

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Experimental Evaluation Of Error Bounds For The Stochastic Shortest Path Problem, Ibrahim Abdoulahi Dec 2013

Experimental Evaluation Of Error Bounds For The Stochastic Shortest Path Problem, Ibrahim Abdoulahi

Theses and Dissertations

A stochastic shortest path (SSP) problem is an undiscounted Markov decision process with an absorbing and zero-cost target state, where the objective is to reach the target state with minimum expected cost. This problem provides a foundation for algorithms for decision-theoretic planning and probabilistic model checking, among other applications. This thesis describes an implementation and evaluation of recently developed error bounds for SSP problems. The bounds can be used in a test for convergence of iterative dynamic programming algorithms for solving SSP problems, as well as in action elimination procedures that can accelerate convergence by excluding provably suboptimal actions that …

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Acceptable Vibrations On Green Concrete, Mitchell Lewis Watkins Dec 2013

Acceptable Vibrations On Green Concrete, Mitchell Lewis Watkins

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis contains the results of various green concrete samples subjected to different vibration intensities to determine how green concrete withstands against these vibration intensities. The green concrete was exposed to these vibrations at times before, during, and after the concrete had set. The concrete was also exposed to different timed durations while being subjected to the different vibration levels. Every batch of concrete mixed included a controlled (un-vibrated) set of cylinders and a vibrated set of cylinders. The compressive strength and the resistivity of these concrete cylinders were measured and compared to determine if there was any significant difference …

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Characterization And Monitoring Of On-Farm Water Storage Systems In Porter Bayou Watershed, Mississippi, Richard Ludwig Kirmeyer Dec 2013

Characterization And Monitoring Of On-Farm Water Storage Systems In Porter Bayou Watershed, Mississippi, Richard Ludwig Kirmeyer

Theses and Dissertations

The onarm water storage (OFWS) systems at Metcalf and Pitts farm in Porter Bayou Watershed were monitored for changes in nutrient levels and water withdrawal for irrigation from March 2012 to April 2013. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels were generally higher during the early part of the growing season. The OFWS systems can reduce nitrate and phosphorus in runoff up to 81% and 85%, respectively. However, the systems did not consistently reduce sediment and nutrients especially after significant rainfall and runoff events. The systems provided a total of 130 and 233 acreeet of recycled water for irrigating crops at Metcalf and …

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Characterization Of A Test Stand For Evaluating Performance And Qualifying Metal Media Filters Under Asme Ag-1, John Andrew Wilson Dec 2013

Characterization Of A Test Stand For Evaluating Performance And Qualifying Metal Media Filters Under Asme Ag-1, John Andrew Wilson

Theses and Dissertations

The Institute of Clean Energy Technology (ICET) at Mississippi State University was awarded a contract by the DOE to design, fabricate, assemble, and characterize a research grade test stand to assist in the development of ASME AG-1 Section FI Metal Media Filters. The major barriers to completing the code section is development of a test stand for collecting data necessary to specify performance requirements for use and for filter qualification. Currently there is not a test stand capable of performing this testing. Performance criteria for the FI test stand were developed by the Section FI project team and ICET. These …

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Survival, Habitat Use, And Spatiotemporal Use Of Wildlife Management Areas By Female Mallards In Mississippi's Alluvial Valley, Joseph David Lancaster Dec 2013

Survival, Habitat Use, And Spatiotemporal Use Of Wildlife Management Areas By Female Mallards In Mississippi's Alluvial Valley, Joseph David Lancaster

Theses and Dissertations

The Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) is an important region for wintering mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in North America, yet little is known about their spatiotemporal habitat use and related survival in Mississippi. I tracked 126 radio-marked female mallards to quantify survival, habitat use, and use of wildlife management areas (WMAs) with experimental hunt regimes in the south MAV of Mississippi during winters 2010-2012. Daily survival was greatest in agricultural (0.997) and moist-soil (0.999) habitats in winters 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, respectively. Overall interval survival across both winters was 0.60 (SE = 0.02). Forested (40-54%) and moist-soil wetlands (41-59%) received greatest use diurnally …

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Evaluation Of Catalytic And Non-Catalytic Production Of Biodiesel From Wet Microbial Media And Reaction Schemes, Adebola Titilope Coker Dec 2013

Evaluation Of Catalytic And Non-Catalytic Production Of Biodiesel From Wet Microbial Media And Reaction Schemes, Adebola Titilope Coker

Theses and Dissertations

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can supplement petroleum fuel supply. A major deterrent to commercial biodiesel production from traditional feedstock like soybean, canola or rapeseed oils is the high cost of feedstock: 70 - 95% of total biodiesel production cost. Therefore, a relatively cheaper feedstock is needed to make the price of biodiesel cost-competitive with petroleum diesel. Activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants is a relatively cheaper feedstock and relatively easy to obtain. However, drying of this sludge prior to oil extraction is a major operating cost of this process, as high as 50% of biodiesel production cost. The …

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A Decision Support System To Design The In-Bound Supply Chain For Biomass Co-Fire In Power Plants, William David Bowen Dec 2013

A Decision Support System To Design The In-Bound Supply Chain For Biomass Co-Fire In Power Plants, William David Bowen

Theses and Dissertations

This work is focused on designing a hub-and-spoke in-bound supply chain networks for coal plants. Biomass and coal are coired to produce electricity. One of the main reasons for focusing this study on biomass supply to coal plants is that biomass, in the form of forest and agricultural waste, is cleaner to burn as compared to coal. The user, most likely a supply chain manager or production control engineer, would input their supplier locations, costs and biomass availability. The mathematical model which supports this DSS is a mixed-integer program. The model uses this input to identify optimal order quantities which …

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Black-White, Black-Nonblack, And White-Nonwhite Residential Segregation In U.S. Metropolitan And Nonmetropolitan Areas, 1990-2010, Jed Raney Pressgrove Dec 2013

Black-White, Black-Nonblack, And White-Nonwhite Residential Segregation In U.S. Metropolitan And Nonmetropolitan Areas, 1990-2010, Jed Raney Pressgrove

Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this study is to examine racial residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The study uses 1990-2010 decennial census data to answer a broad theoretical question: is the historical black-white color line being replaced by a black-nonblack or white-nonwhite color line? The results show that blackwhite segregation is higher than black-nonblack and white-nonwhite segregation in metropolitan areas, nonmetropolitan areas, and the United States as a whole. A multivariate analysis reveals that population size tends to be associated with higher segregation in metropolitan areas and lower segregation in nonmetropolitan areas. As a control variable, diversity seems to …

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Creation Of An Internal State Variable Plasticity-Damage-Corrosion Model Validated By Experiments With Magnesium Alloys, Christopher Avery Walton Dec 2013

Creation Of An Internal State Variable Plasticity-Damage-Corrosion Model Validated By Experiments With Magnesium Alloys, Christopher Avery Walton

Theses and Dissertations

In this study, a new consistent formulation coupling kinematics, thermodynamics, and kinetics with damage using an extended multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient that accounts for corrosion effects is presented. The technical approach used for modeling the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys was divided into three primary steps. First, a predictive corrosion model was developed based on experimental corrosion observations. The experimentally-observed corrosion mechanisms of pitting, intergranular, and general corrosion on the AZ31 magnesium alloy were quantified in 3.5 wt.% NaCl immersion and salt spray environments using optical microscopy and laser profilometry to document the changes in the pit characteristics. …

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Cyberthreats, Attacks And Intrusion Detection In Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Networks, Wei Gao Dec 2013

Cyberthreats, Attacks And Intrusion Detection In Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Networks, Wei Gao

Theses and Dissertations

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are computer-based process control systems that interconnect and monitor remote physical processes. There have been many real world documented incidents and cyber-attacks affecting SCADA systems, which clearly illustrate critical infrastructure vulnerabilities. These reported incidents demonstrate that cyber-attacks against SCADA systems might produce a variety of financial damage and harmful events to humans and their environment. This dissertation documents four contributions towards increased security for SCADA systems. First, a set of cyber-attacks was developed. Second, each attack was executed against two fully functional SCADA systems in a laboratory environment; a gas pipeline and a …

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Enhancing Our Understanding Of Age-0 Crappies In Northwest Mississippi Flood Control Reservoirs: A Study On Distribution And Size, Levi Joseph Kaczka Dec 2013

Enhancing Our Understanding Of Age-0 Crappies In Northwest Mississippi Flood Control Reservoirs: A Study On Distribution And Size, Levi Joseph Kaczka

Theses and Dissertations

Crappie fisheries in northwest Mississippi flood control reservoirs are valued from social and economic standpoints. To mitigate variable recruitment rates of these recreationally valuable species, I sought to gain a better understanding of the population dynamics of these fish during their first year of life. My analyses indicate that embayment habitats in the study reservoirs display a longitudinal distribution gradient of both habitat composition and age-0 crappie abundance during late summer. Additionally, age-0 crappies inhabiting uplake floodplain areas grow to a larger size than downlake embayment-inhabiting conspecifics. The results from this study provide direction on potential management strategies to promote …

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Differentiating The Characteristic Response Of The Brain After Exposure To Blunt And Blast Trauma, Mark Gregory Tejada Begonia Dec 2013

Differentiating The Characteristic Response Of The Brain After Exposure To Blunt And Blast Trauma, Mark Gregory Tejada Begonia

Theses and Dissertations

Military personnel often experience mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from exposure to improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Soldiers typically endure blast trauma from the IED pressure wave as well as blunt trauma from ensuing head impacts. Researchers have not reached a consensus on whether the biomechanical response from blunt or blast trauma plays a more dominant role in mTBI because the specific biomechanical sources of injury are often undetermined. Consequently, the goal of this dissertation was to conduct three separate studies in order to characterize the mechanical behavior of the brain after exposure to mTBI conditions. For Study 1, mild blunt …

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Development Of Biomass-Based Cellulose Nanowhiskers And Its Application As Catalyst Support In Converting Syngas To Biofuels, Xiaodan Shi Dec 2013

Development Of Biomass-Based Cellulose Nanowhiskers And Its Application As Catalyst Support In Converting Syngas To Biofuels, Xiaodan Shi

Theses and Dissertations

The objectives of this research were to develop the best methods for cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) preparation from raw biomass materials and the feasibility to perform CNWs as Fe3+ catalyst support in converting syngas to biofuels. Raw kenaf bast and switchgrass were initially pretreated with dilute NaOH followed by dilute H2SO4. High yields of alpha-cellulose were obtained. Hemicellulose, ash, and most lignin were removed during pretreatment. Preparation of CNWs after pretreatment was then conducted via H2SO4 hydrolysis. The most efficient hydrolysis condition was determined as H2SO4 concentration through orthogonal experiments. In contrast with pure cellulose fibers, CNWs supported Fe3+ catalyst applied …

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Dimension Reduction For Hyperspectral Imagery, Nam H (Nam Hoai) Ly Dec 2013

Dimension Reduction For Hyperspectral Imagery, Nam H (Nam Hoai) Ly

Theses and Dissertations

In this dissertation, the general problem of the dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral imagery is considered. Data dimension can be reduced through compression, in which an original image is encoded into bitstream of greatly reduced size; through application of a transformation, in which a high-dimensional space is mapped into a low-dimensional space; and through a simple process of subsampling, wherein the number of pixels is reduced spatially during image acquisition. All three techniques are investigated in the course of the dissertation. For data compression, an approach to calculate an operational bitrate for JPEG2000 in conjunction with principal component analysis is proposed. …

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Dispersal And Management Of Invasive Aquatic Plants In Mississippi Waterways, Amanda Louise Fernandez Dec 2013

Dispersal And Management Of Invasive Aquatic Plants In Mississippi Waterways, Amanda Louise Fernandez

Theses and Dissertations

To understand the flow of water as a factor that influences aquatic vegetation communities and aquatic plant dispersal, custom-made Global Positioning System (GPS) drones were used to monitor the movement of water in Aliceville Lake, Columbus Lake, and Ross Barnett Reservoir, MS. In each reservoir, the drones drifted in the wind-generated surface current. Analysis of wind speeds suggests that a certain wind speed may be necessary to overcome gradient flow. Wind direction and wind speed should be incorporated in future spatial simulation models for aquatic plant dispersal and distribution. An herbicide evaluation on Cuban bulrush (Oxycaryum cubenese) was conducted to …

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Identification Of Triaxial Strongly Deformed Bands And Spectroscopy Of High-Spin Normal Deformed Structures In 164hf, Jarrod Christopher Marsh Dec 2013

Identification Of Triaxial Strongly Deformed Bands And Spectroscopy Of High-Spin Normal Deformed Structures In 164hf, Jarrod Christopher Marsh

Theses and Dissertations

This research encompasses threemajor segments: a search for high-spin triaxial strongly deformed (TSD) bands in 164Hf, spectroscopy of high-spin normal deformed (ND) bands in 164Hf, and a low-spin search in 165Ta. In April 2010, an experiment was carried out using the ATLAS linear accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, IL). A thin (761 microgram/square centimeter) 94Zr target was impacted with a 330MeV 74Ge beam. This produced a 168Hf compound nucleus that decayed via the 4n channel to 164Hf. Offline data analysis was performed using coincidence relationships and gamma-ray intensity analysis to determine the decay pathways and Directional Correlation of Oriented …

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Investigation Of The Structure-Activity Relationship Of Pseudo-Single-Crystal Platinum Electrodes By Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Yulin Wang Dec 2013

Investigation Of The Structure-Activity Relationship Of Pseudo-Single-Crystal Platinum Electrodes By Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Yulin Wang

Theses and Dissertations

The study of the structure-activity relationship of electrode surfaces is fundamentally important in electrocatalysis research. Yet, the methods and techniques used for the examination of structure-activity relationship so far are limited by their capabilities, and the exploration of electrochemistry at complex surfaces is very challenging. In this study, the correlation between the electrode surface structure and its corresponding activity in two electrochemical reactions were investigated: an electrochemical etching reaction and an electrocatalysis reaction. A polycrystalline Pt electrode was galvanically etched to expose the underlying well-defined crystallites serving as pseudo-single-crystal electrodes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) complemented with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) …

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