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2013

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Assessment Of Detection And Characterization Of Simulated Lung Nodules With Low-Dose Ct, Kendrick J. Williams Jan 2013

Assessment Of Detection And Characterization Of Simulated Lung Nodules With Low-Dose Ct, Kendrick J. Williams

LSU Master's Theses

Purpose: The quality of a computed tomography (CT) image and the dose delivered depend upon the acquisition parameters used to acquire the CT scan. Current, voltage and pitch are acquisition parameters that affect the image quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of current, voltage and pitch on physicians’ ability to characterize small, solid nodules with low-dose computed tomography. Methods: A database of lung scans with various acquisition parameters was compiled. A torso phantom and acrylic beads were used to simulate the lungs and nodules within the lungs. Several sizes of acrylic sphere were used to …

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Preparation And Characterization Of Cellulose Nanoparticles And Their Application In Biopolymeric Nanocomposites, Jingquan Han Jan 2013

Preparation And Characterization Of Cellulose Nanoparticles And Their Application In Biopolymeric Nanocomposites, Jingquan Han

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Regenerated cellulose nanoparticles (RCNs) including both elongated fiber and spherical structures were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cotton using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride followed by high-pressure homogenization. The RCN has a two-step pyrolysis, different from raw MCC and cotton that had a one-step process. The crystalline structure of RCNs was cellulose II in contrast to the cellulose I form of the starting materials. Also, the RCNs have decreased crystallinity and crystallite size. The elongated RCNs produced from cotton and MCC had average lengths of 123 ± 34 and 112 ± 42 nm, and mean widths of 12 ± 5 and 12 …

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Decade-Scale Nutrient Enrichment Effects On Wetland Plant Community Structure, Function, And Stability, Sean A. Graham Jan 2013

Decade-Scale Nutrient Enrichment Effects On Wetland Plant Community Structure, Function, And Stability, Sean A. Graham

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Human activities have increased the supply of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to coastal waters worldwide, threatening coastal wetlands with excess nutrient loading and subsequent eutrophication. In this dissertation, I present results from two decade-scale fertilization experiments in a Sagittaria lancifolia dominated oligohaline marsh that examined the species-, community-, and ecosystem-level effects of nutrient enrichment. My objectives were to determine (1) which nutrient limits primary production, (2) how increased supply of the limiting nutrient affects plant community structure and function, both above- and belowground, and (3) whether nutrient over-enrichment compromises ecosystem stability. Overall, significant changes in plant growth occurred with …

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Effects Of Deepwater Horizon Oil On The Growth Rates And Pigment Composition Of Phytoplankton Isolated From Grand Isle, La, Jie Li Jan 2013

Effects Of Deepwater Horizon Oil On The Growth Rates And Pigment Composition Of Phytoplankton Isolated From Grand Isle, La, Jie Li

LSU Master's Theses

This research focused on the effects of un-weathered Macondo crude oil on the growth rates and pigment ratios of phytoplankton isolated from Grand Isle, LA. The experiments involved incubating nutrient-enriched artificial media containing a range of oil concentrations up to 19.2 ppm with small aliquots of coastal water from Grand Isle and measuring the growth rates of the phytoplankton during the subsequent 10–14 days and the pigment ratios of the phytoplankton at the end of log-phase growth to determine whether the crude oil affected the growth rate of the phytoplankton and their composition in terms of pigment ratios. Pigment analysis …

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An Analysis Of The Influences On Household-Level Adaptations To Environmental Hazards, Tiia Maria Carraway Jan 2013

An Analysis Of The Influences On Household-Level Adaptations To Environmental Hazards, Tiia Maria Carraway

LSU Master's Theses

Utilizing a randomized phone survey of coastal Louisiana residents, this study will focus on identifying which influences from a resident’s exposure, socio-economic vulnerability and adaptive capacity are the best indicators of an individual’s resilience. Two binary logistic regression models were developed to test the associations of resident response to: 1) acute hazards via household emergency plan adoption and 2) chronic hazards represented by behavior modification in response to daily air quality reporting where adoption of these two risk-reducing behaviors are viewed as increased individual resilience. Bivariate correlation analysis found that a north – south grouping of coastal Louisiana was significantly …

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An Analysis Of Consumer Preferences For Grass-Fed Versus Grain-Fed Beef, Bo Lin Jan 2013

An Analysis Of Consumer Preferences For Grass-Fed Versus Grain-Fed Beef, Bo Lin

LSU Master's Theses

As a consequence of the growing concerns about human health and the environment, consumers are becoming more interested in grass-fed beef than conventional grain-fed beef. Therefore, the study of consumers’ preference towards grass-fed versus grain-fed beef steak is the focus of research. In this paper, 2,000 respondents who indicate they have eaten grass fed beef in the past years and 2,000 respondents that complete a nationally representative sample is the general population. Conjoint analysis is utilized to analyze the preference of consumers. Participants are presented ten hypothetical beef steaks to rate. All steaks are identical excluding their product type, source …

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Chemical Composition And Structure Study Of Surfaces And Ultrathin Films Of Complex Compounds, Yi Li Jan 2013

Chemical Composition And Structure Study Of Surfaces And Ultrathin Films Of Complex Compounds, Yi Li

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Complex Materials, such as transition-metal oxides (TMOs) with exotic properties provide immense opportunities in condensed matter and materials science. The signature and challenge of these materials is the multitude of competing ground states that can be tuned or manipulated by doping, structural modification, strain induction, or the application of external stimulus. In the past few years, it is becoming increasingly clear that surfaces/interfaces, thin films, and heterostructures of TMOs, display a rich diversity of fascinating properties that are related to, but not identical to, the bulk phenomena. The fundamental issues for the understanding of these emergent phenomena include the structure …

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Recovery Of Understory Bird Movement In Post-Pasture Amazonia, Luke L. Powell Jan 2013

Recovery Of Understory Bird Movement In Post-Pasture Amazonia, Luke L. Powell

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

I sought to understand how forest fragmentation and secondary growth affect avian movement at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) near Manaus, Brazil. When deforested areas are abandoned, secondary forests regenerate, allowing rainforest animals to gradually recovery their ability to use formerly inhospitable habitat. My colleagues and I captured 2773 understory birds of ten foraging guilds along the edges of primary forest fragments and variable secondary forest. Age of secondary forest along edges was the most important variable driving capture rates on primary/secondary edges. Mean recovery to pre-isolation capture rates was 26 years after abandonment, but terrestrial insectivores …

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Parametric Optimization Of A Single-Tracked Vehicle, Darrick Jason Berner Jan 2013

Parametric Optimization Of A Single-Tracked Vehicle, Darrick Jason Berner

LSU Master's Theses

ABSTRACT The purpose of a suspension system for a vehicle is to contribute to the handling and assist in isolating the occupants from vibrations due to road irregularities. Generally, these primary functions are often at odds so the goal is to design a suspension system that finds the appropriate compromise. The focus of this thesis is to develop a two degree of freedom model and use parametric analysis to demonstrate an optimization technique by varying several geometric characteristics on a single-track vehicle. Furthermore, a dynamic vibration absorber will be added to the model to demonstrate its effect on the system. …

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An Analysis Of The Allocation Of Fema Public Assistance Funds Along The U.S. Gulf Coast Following Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, And Wilma, Pamela Camille Golden Jan 2013

An Analysis Of The Allocation Of Fema Public Assistance Funds Along The U.S. Gulf Coast Following Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, And Wilma, Pamela Camille Golden

LSU Master's Theses

Due to the effects of global climate change, natural disasters such as hurricanes are increasing in terms of both intensity and frequency. During the record-breaking hurricane season of 2005, Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma struck the U. S. Gulf Coast, affecting areas from Texas to Florida and causing billions of dollars in damage. This study examines the allocation of FEMA Public Assistance across the affected Gulf of Mexico states, what factors account for variation in in assistance allocation, what are the priorities for recovery among county leaders and what obstacles they have encountered since 2005. This study includes 136 counties …

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Effects Of Stress And Water Saturation On Seismic Velocity And Attenuation In Near Surface Sediments, James Michael Crane Jan 2013

Effects Of Stress And Water Saturation On Seismic Velocity And Attenuation In Near Surface Sediments, James Michael Crane

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Seismic investigation in the near-surface is complicated by highly attenuating media, large interparticle stresses, and variable water saturation, so new tools and methodology are necessary to understand the relationships between velocity, attenuation, and physical properties of the propagating media. A new shear wave source is developed for investigation of gas-charged, organic-rich sediments because compressional waves are highly attenuated and currently available sources are inadequate. The new source compares favorably to a traditional hammer impact source, producing a signal with a broader-band of frequencies (30-100Hz cf. 30-60Hz) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) equivalent to ~3 stacked hammer blows to the hammer impact …

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Toward The Advancement Of Tetraphosphine Ligand Synthesis For Homogeneous Bimetallic Catalysis, Marc Anthony Peterson Jan 2013

Toward The Advancement Of Tetraphosphine Ligand Synthesis For Homogeneous Bimetallic Catalysis, Marc Anthony Peterson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A tetraphosphine ligand rac-et,ph-P4 (Et2PCH2CH2(Ph)PCH2P(Ph)CH2CH2PEt2) is used for the formation of a highly active and regioselective bimetallic hydroformylation catalyst. The proposed active catalytic species in acetone, [Rh2H2(µ-CO)2(rac-et,ph- P4)]2+, is formed in situ under H2/CO pressure. This is one of the most impressive examples of cooperativity in homogeneous catalysis. The fragmentation of this catalyst by CO has been investigated and confirmed by in situ NMR spectroscopic studies. A new tetraphosphine ligand rac-et,ph-P4-Ph (et,ph-P4-Ph = Et2P(o-C6H4)P(Ph)CH2(Ph)P(o-C6H4)PEt2) has been synthesized to combat this fragmentation problem. However, the inability to successfully separate the meso and racemic diastereomers led to the attempted alteration of the …

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Detection Of Interesting Traffic Accident Patterns By Association Rule Mining, Harisha Donepudi Jan 2013

Detection Of Interesting Traffic Accident Patterns By Association Rule Mining, Harisha Donepudi

LSU Master's Theses

In recent years, the accident rate related to traffic is high. Analyzing the crash data and extracting useful information from it can help in taking respective measures to decrease this rate or prevent the crash from happening. Related research has been done in the past which involved proposing various measures and algorithms to obtain interesting crash patterns from the crash records. The main problem is that large numbers of patterns were produced and vast number of these patterns would be obvious or not interesting. A deeper analysis of the data is required in order to get the interesting patterns. In …

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Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Response To Intervention In Ela And Math For Sixth, Seventh, And Eighth Grade Students, Shehla Khan Jan 2013

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Response To Intervention In Ela And Math For Sixth, Seventh, And Eighth Grade Students, Shehla Khan

LSU Master's Theses

Abstract This study examined the combined effectiveness of Tier I and Tier II instruction in the context of a Response to Intervention framework with sixth, seventh and eighth grade students both in ELA and Math. The Tier I interventions emphasized topics from the Grade Level Expectations that the students were having difficulties grasping during regular classroom instruction. Tier II instruction mainly emphasized preparing students for the standardized iLEAP and LEAP tests. These students were then compared with a group of similar students who did not receive tiered instructions (control group). Students who participated in Tier I or Tier II instructions …

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The Effects Of The Peer Instruction Technique Think-Pair-Share On Students' Performance In Chemistry, Kathleen Sipos Trent Jan 2013

The Effects Of The Peer Instruction Technique Think-Pair-Share On Students' Performance In Chemistry, Kathleen Sipos Trent

LSU Master's Theses

Think-Pair-Share is an active learning strategy which involves pairs of students discussing answers to questions or problems. The purpose of this study was to determine if the peer instruction technique Think-Pair-Share improved students’ performance in high-school chemistry. The teacher used one class of students as a control group. This group did not use Think-Pair-Share for the chapter investigated, “Chemical Reactions”. The teacher used two other classes of students, who did use Think-Pair-Share for this chapter, as the experimental group. There was no difference in the learning gains between the control and experimental groups. Think-Pair-Share and normal classroom instruction methods were …

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Problem Based Learning In A Middle School Science Class : Effect On Student Retention Of Concepts In Plate Tectonics And Rocks, Brittany Sharday Hinyard Jan 2013

Problem Based Learning In A Middle School Science Class : Effect On Student Retention Of Concepts In Plate Tectonics And Rocks, Brittany Sharday Hinyard

LSU Master's Theses

This study investigated the effectiveness and student perceptions of Problem Based Learning (PBL) compared to Traditional Based Learning (TBL) in an eighth grade rural, public middle school using two earth science concepts. Over a four week period, students were taught concepts related to both Plate Tectonics and Rocks. The control group (TBL) for Plate Tectonics (n = 46) was the experimental group (PBL) for Rocks (n = 47). Similarly, the experimental group (PBL) for Plate Tectonics (n = 49) was the control group (TBL) for Rocks (n = 51). The pretest scores and learning gains for the students were compared …

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On-The-Fly Tracing For Data-Centric Computing : Parallelization, Workflow And Applications, Lei Jiang Jan 2013

On-The-Fly Tracing For Data-Centric Computing : Parallelization, Workflow And Applications, Lei Jiang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

As data-centric computing becomes the trend in science and engineering, more and more hardware systems, as well as middleware frameworks, are emerging to handle the intensive computations associated with big data. At the programming level, it is crucial to have corresponding programming paradigms for dealing with big data. Although MapReduce is now a known programming model for data-centric computing where parallelization is completely replaced by partitioning the computing task through data, not all programs particularly those using statistical computing and data mining algorithms with interdependence can be re-factorized in such a fashion. On the other hand, many traditional automatic parallelization …

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The Reduction And Reoxidation Of Ceria : A Natural Abundance Oxygen Isotope Approach, Justin Alan Hayles Jan 2013

The Reduction And Reoxidation Of Ceria : A Natural Abundance Oxygen Isotope Approach, Justin Alan Hayles

LSU Master's Theses

Ceria (CeO2) is a fluorite type oxide that has been used extensively as an oxygen storage media in three-way catalysts, as an oxygen partial pressure regulator, as a fuel additive for the reduction of soot and for the production of syn-gas from water and carbon dioxide. It is known that exposing ceria powders to low pO2 and/or high temperature conditions will cause ceria to partially reduce. This partial reduction leads to the formation of oxygen vacancies, which up to a limit, do not significantly influence the crystal structure. When partially reduced ceria is exposed to high pO2 environments, such as …

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A Microfluidic Bacteria Culturing Device With Maldi Mass Spectrometry Detection, Pratap Reddy Machavaram Siva Jan 2013

A Microfluidic Bacteria Culturing Device With Maldi Mass Spectrometry Detection, Pratap Reddy Machavaram Siva

LSU Master's Theses

A novel microfluidic device was developed for bacterial cell culturing using mass spectrometry as the detector. One of the challenges in proteomics is to achieve high sensitivity in the identification of proteins in complex samples with widely varying concentrations. The main limitations for proteomic studies are relatively slow and labor-intensive steps such as cell culturing and protein digestion of small sample quantities. Microfluidics is a promising approach to increase throughput and to reduce the time-consuming steps that are necessary for proteomics. When an analytical detection method is combined with microfluidics it can overcome limitations that are important in the analysis …

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Coastal Plants For Biofuel Production And Coastal Preservation, Chester Charles Malveaux Jan 2013

Coastal Plants For Biofuel Production And Coastal Preservation, Chester Charles Malveaux

LSU Master's Theses

ABSTRACT Sustainable and renewable biofuels as well as coastal preservation are important to the State of Louisiana which is losing its coastline at the rate of up to 100 square kilometers per year. This has important implications for other coastal areas worldwide. By managing water hyacinth in canals and lakes in coastal Louisiana the biomass of this fast growing aquatic plant can reduce coastal erosion by absorbing wave energy, and remediate waste water through bioabsorption of contaminants, while also providing a source of biofuel. This research has shown that coastal vegetation can play a part in lessening the impact of …

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Uncovering Nodes In The Transnational Social Networks Of Hispanic Workers, James Powell Chaney Jan 2013

Uncovering Nodes In The Transnational Social Networks Of Hispanic Workers, James Powell Chaney

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation addresses the little studied but socially salient processes through which Latino migrant laborers find work, travel, and obtain documentation using transnational social networks spanning between their places of origin and destinations in the United States. This project focuses on the creation and maintenance of these transnational linkages with a particular interest in their expansion into locations throughout American South, the region with the highest growth rates of Hispanic populations. The aim is to understand how such migrant-labor processes influence migratory patterns and result in place creation, both in these case studies and more generally. The case studies in …

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Evolution Of Multispectral Aerosol Optical Properties In A Biogenically-Influenced Urban Environment During The Cares Campaign, Madhu Gyawali, W. Patrick Arnott, Rahul A. Zaveri, C. Song, Mikhail Pekour, B. Flowers, Manvendra K. Dubey, Ari Setyan, Qi Zhang, Joseph Harworth, James Gregory Radney, Dean B. Atkinson, S. China, Claudio Mazzoleni, Kyle Gorkowski, R. Subramanian, B. Tom Jobson, Hans Moosmüller Jan 2013

Evolution Of Multispectral Aerosol Optical Properties In A Biogenically-Influenced Urban Environment During The Cares Campaign, Madhu Gyawali, W. Patrick Arnott, Rahul A. Zaveri, C. Song, Mikhail Pekour, B. Flowers, Manvendra K. Dubey, Ari Setyan, Qi Zhang, Joseph Harworth, James Gregory Radney, Dean B. Atkinson, S. China, Claudio Mazzoleni, Kyle Gorkowski, R. Subramanian, B. Tom Jobson, Hans Moosmüller

Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

Ground-based aerosol measurements made in June 2010 within Sacramento urban area (site T0) and at a 40-km downwind location (site T1) in the forested Sierra Nevada foothills area are used to investigate the evolution of multispectral optical properties as the urban aerosols aged and interacted with biogenic emissions. Along with black carbon and non-refractory aerosol mass and composition observations, spectral absorption (ᵝabs), scattering (ᵝsca), and extinction (ᵝext) coefficients for wavelengths ranging from 355 to 1064nm were measured at both sites using photoacoustic (PA) instruments with integrating nephelometers and using cavity ring-down (CRD) instruments. The …

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Tops Tech Utilization: Systemic Barriers And Facilitators In Louisiana, Melissa Clare Ledoux Jan 2013

Tops Tech Utilization: Systemic Barriers And Facilitators In Louisiana, Melissa Clare Ledoux

LSU Master's Theses

TOPS Tech is a social welfare program in Louisiana that provides students with financial support to obtain the specific training that they need to get the jobs that are available in Louisiana. Since 1998, 42,918 students were eligible for the award, yet only 5,515 (12.85%) students enrolled full-time and utilized it (Louisiana Board of Regents, 2012). In order for educational leaders in Louisiana to improve participation in the TOPS Tech Program, they must first understand the barriers faced by students who want to utilize it. This study explored the potential factors contributing to the utilization (or underutilization) of TOPS Tech. …

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Extra Structures On Three-Dimensional Cobordisms, Xuanye Wang Jan 2013

Extra Structures On Three-Dimensional Cobordisms, Xuanye Wang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A Topological Quantum Field Theory (TQFT) is a functor from a cobordism category to the category of vector spaces, satisfying certain properties. An important property is that the vector spaces should be finite dimensional. For the WRT TQFT, the relevant 2 + 1-cobordism category is built from manifolds which are equipped with an extra structure such as a p1-structure, or an extended manifold structure. In chapter 1, we perform the universal construction of [3] on a cobordism category without this extra structure and show that the resulting quantization functor assigns an infinite dimensional vector space to the torus. In chapter …

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Robust Visible Light Photoswitching With Ortho-Thiol Substituted Azobenzenes, Subhas Samanta, Theresa M. Mccormick, Simone K. Schmidt, Dwight S. Seferos, G. Andrew Woolley Jan 2013

Robust Visible Light Photoswitching With Ortho-Thiol Substituted Azobenzenes, Subhas Samanta, Theresa M. Mccormick, Simone K. Schmidt, Dwight S. Seferos, G. Andrew Woolley

Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

Introduction of S-ethyl groups in all four ortho positions of azobenzene prevents reduction of the azo group by intracellular glutathione, while enhancing the absorptivity to ∼10000 M−1 cm−1 in the blue and green regions of the visible spectrum. cis-to-trans isomerization occurs thermally on the minutes timescale. Further, this substitution pattern permits switching with red light, a color that is more penetrating through biological tissues than other parts of the visible spectrum.

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Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Epfrs) In Pm₂.₅ : Their Contribution To Hydroxyl Radical Formation And Atmospheric Transformation, William Micheal Gehling, Jr. Jan 2013

Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Epfrs) In Pm₂.₅ : Their Contribution To Hydroxyl Radical Formation And Atmospheric Transformation, William Micheal Gehling, Jr.

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Previous research demonstrated environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) will form on particulate surfaces under combustion conditions (temperature range of 150-400 °C) from reactions of organic precursors with redox-active transition metals. With an understanding of how these EPFRs form, it is necessary to determine how they behave in a natural environment after emission. To better understand this, the nature of EPFRs in ambient PM2.5 under simulated atmospheric conditions was investigated. Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected at a roadside ambient monitoring site near heavy interstate traffic and major industrial activity. The EPFR concentration and general radical structure were determined with EPR spectroscopy. …

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(Un)Writing The Academic Other : Theorizing The "At Risk" Body, Jessica Lynn Exkano Jan 2013

(Un)Writing The Academic Other : Theorizing The "At Risk" Body, Jessica Lynn Exkano

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A dominant Western historical reproductive narrative has constructed our knowledge of the “at risk” student body. Sustained through a metaphor of family, historical representations construct at risk as a matter of familial inheritance, through genetics, culture, or socioeconomic status. While at risk labels have changed over time, historical memory of at risk remains centered on a deficit-view of the family, while absolving social responsibility. This linear conception of “at risk” discourse disallows an interrogation of other systemic factors that can challenge or sustain the historical construction of the “at risk” body. This dissertation draws upon poststructural, narrative, and curriculum theories …

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Investigations Of The Initiation Of Motion In Aeolian Transport, Brandon L. Edwards Jan 2013

Investigations Of The Initiation Of Motion In Aeolian Transport, Brandon L. Edwards

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation is an investigation of the initiation of motion in aeolian sediment transport. The chapters within address transport thresholds for dry sands and spatiotemporal variability of surface moisture on natural beaches, both critical concerns for the study of aeolian processes. Results indicate a new model of transport threshold conditions provides substantial improvement in predictive capability. Field measurements closely match model predictions. In addition, results indicate that small scale variability and near surface gradients of surficial moisture are important components to aeolian systems. New techniques for measuring beach surface moisture provide improved accuracy over previous approaches.

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Experimental And Computational Studies Of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Epfrs) Formation, Lucy W. Kiruri Jan 2013

Experimental And Computational Studies Of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Epfrs) Formation, Lucy W. Kiruri

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The first part of the thesis investigates the use of theoretical quantum calculations for the study of EPFRs as the initial and fundamental step in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran. The computational model comprised of density functionals (B3LYP, PBE1PBE, and M06) and two types of basis set namely: LANL2DZ for all atoms and GEN (LANL2DZ for metals and aug-cc-pVDZ for non-metals). Full mechanisms of EPFRs formation over (CuO)1-8, and aluminum oxide clusters were studied. The most stable intermediates and products have been determined and compared to available experimental data. In case of (CuO)1-8 clusters, the small clusters are …

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Statistical Classification Problems In Assessment Of Teachers, Xuan Wang Jan 2013

Statistical Classification Problems In Assessment Of Teachers, Xuan Wang

LSU Master's Theses

Classification and regression trees form an important and indispensable tool in data analysis and classification problems. Class trees are described in detail with examples. The method is applied to a data set pertaining to evaluation of teachers. In addition, two other classification methods, bagging and AdaBoost are explained. These methods improve existing classifiers to nearly optimal classifiers.

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