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2013

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Campaign Ethos: An Examination Of Character In Barack Obama's The Audacity Of Hope, James Wilson Dec 2013

Campaign Ethos: An Examination Of Character In Barack Obama's The Audacity Of Hope, James Wilson

Theses and Dissertations

In contemporary politics, campaigns for high office tend to utilize texts that can serve to introduce a politician to the electorate and/or explain their policy positions while also gaining media attention, funds, and votes. This thesis examines this genre of texts, looking specifically at Barack Obama's The Audacity of Hope in order to determine if the character of Candidate Obama that is presented in that work is the same as the character of President Obama. The rhetorical concept of ethos is also examined so as to better situate the reader within the literature.

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Monitoring And Evaluating Co-Teachers In The Inclusion Classroom, Angela Mobley Betancourt Dec 2013

Monitoring And Evaluating Co-Teachers In The Inclusion Classroom, Angela Mobley Betancourt

Theses and Dissertations

Inclusion programs have expanded in schools across the country as educational leaders strive to meet the needs of a more diverse group of students. In response to Special Education legislation, schools and districts implemented programs and strategies for students with disabilities in the general education setting as increasing numbers of students with diverse needs were included. Inclusion reinforced the recognition that one person cannot effectively respond to the various psychological and educational needs of students in current classrooms. Many schools are now implementing the co-teaching model in response to the new demands on classroom teachers. By definition, the general education …

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Study Of Surface Modification Of Tungsten Nanostructures For Superhydrophobic Applications, Richard Alletru Dec 2013

Study Of Surface Modification Of Tungsten Nanostructures For Superhydrophobic Applications, Richard Alletru

Theses and Dissertations

In this work, we studied the impact of the modification of the structure of tungsten surfaces through physical vapor deposition (magnetron sputtering), electrochemical (anodization and electropolishing), and thermal (annealing) processes on the wettability of the designed surfaces. We observed static contact angle values ranging from around 10° to above 150° showing the importance of the techniques used to produce the surfaces. We noticed that the annealing process tends to increase the wettability, transforming hydrophobic surfaces into hydrophilic surfaces. We also observed that electropolishing affects the wettability in such a way that the contact angles of pre-chemically treated tungsten foils tend …

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Transport, Deposition, And Hygroscopic Growth Of Diverse-Regime Aerosols In Human Respiratory Airways Of Varying Ages, Jongwon Kim Dec 2013

Transport, Deposition, And Hygroscopic Growth Of Diverse-Regime Aerosols In Human Respiratory Airways Of Varying Ages, Jongwon Kim

Theses and Dissertations

Determining how many inhaled aerosols deposit in human respiratory airways and where they deposit (i.e., respiratory dosimetry) are of critical importance in a number of fields. Applications of respiratory dosimetry modeling include evaluating health effects of inhaled pollutants, establishing environmental exposure standards, and developing effective techniques for delivering pharmaceutical aerosols to the lung. However, the manifold characteristics of aerosols coupled with the complexity of respiratory tract make such analysis a challenging task as well as a highly multidisciplinary effort, entailing expertise from medicine, engineering, and physiology. In this study, three major factors that affect particle transport and depositions were systematically …

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In Ambiguous Battle: The Promise (And Pathos) Of Public Domain Day, 2014, Jennifer Jenkins Dec 2013

In Ambiguous Battle: The Promise (And Pathos) Of Public Domain Day, 2014, Jennifer Jenkins

Duke Law & Technology Review

On the first day of each year, Public Domain Day celebrates the moment when copyrights expire, and books, films, songs, and other creative works enter the public domain, where they become, in Justice Brandeis’s words, “free as the air to common use.” Educators, students, artists, and fans can use them with neither permission nor payment. Online archives can digitize and make them fully available without the threat of lawsuits or licensing demands. Sadly, in the United States, as a result of copyright term extensions, not a single published work will enter the public domain in 2014. In fact, almost no …

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Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy Analysis Of Selected Biomolecules, Busra Ergul Dec 2013

Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy Analysis Of Selected Biomolecules, Busra Ergul

Theses and Dissertations

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool to examine biological molecules for noninvasive measurements. This research has focused on the determination of concentrations of four important biomolecules, glucose, gluconic acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and dopamine by FTIR. It is crucial to determine blood glucose levels for diabetes diagnosis. H2O2 is an important biomolecule having implications in aging and aging related diseases. Gluconic acid is important in food and pharmaceutical industries, and dopamine plays a key role in brain activity. In this work, first, glucose, gluconic acid, and H2O2 in aqueous solutions have been studied by using FTIR. Standard …

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Novel And Predominant Pathogen Responsible For The Enterovirus-Associated Encephalitis In Eastern China, Lei Zhang, Jie Yan, David M. Ojcius, Huakun Lv, Ziping Miao, Yin Chen, Yanjun Zhang, Jvying Yan Dec 2013

Novel And Predominant Pathogen Responsible For The Enterovirus-Associated Encephalitis In Eastern China, Lei Zhang, Jie Yan, David M. Ojcius, Huakun Lv, Ziping Miao, Yin Chen, Yanjun Zhang, Jvying Yan

All Dugoni School of Dentistry Faculty Articles

Enteroviruses (EV) have been increasingly identified as the causative agent for unknown etiological encephalitis in many parts of the world, but the long period surveillance for enterovirus-associated encephalitis (EAE) was not reported in China. From 2002-2012 in Zhejiang, Coxsackieviruses A9, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5; and echoviruses 3, 4, 6, 9, 14, 25, 30 were detected from the unknown etiological encephalitis cases, with coxsackievirus B4 been identified here for the first time. From 2002-2004 and 2010-2012, echovirus 30 was found to be the periodically predominant serotype for in the EAE. The molecular typing results showed that all the EV isolates …

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Nicotine Exploits A Copi-Mediated Process For Chaperone-Mediated Up-Regulation Of Its Receptors, Brandon J. Henderson, Rahul Srinivasan, Weston A. Nichols, Crystal N. Dilworth, Diana F. Gutierrez, Elisha D. W. Mackey, Sheri Mckinney, Ryan M. Drenan, Christopher I. Richards, Henry A. Lester Dec 2013

Nicotine Exploits A Copi-Mediated Process For Chaperone-Mediated Up-Regulation Of Its Receptors, Brandon J. Henderson, Rahul Srinivasan, Weston A. Nichols, Crystal N. Dilworth, Diana F. Gutierrez, Elisha D. W. Mackey, Sheri Mckinney, Ryan M. Drenan, Christopher I. Richards, Henry A. Lester

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Chronic exposure to nicotine up-regulates high sensitivity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. This up-regulation partially underlies addiction and may also contribute to protection against Parkinson's disease. nAChRs containing the α6 subunit (α6* nAChRs) are expressed in neurons in several brain regions, but comparatively little is known about the effect of chronic nicotine on these nAChRs. We report here that nicotine up-regulates α6* nAChRs in several mouse brain regions (substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, medial habenula, and superior colliculus) and in neuroblastoma 2a cells. We present evidence that a coat protein complex I (COPI)-mediated process mediates this …

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Arkansas's Early Home Demonstration Club Members: Making The Work Their Own, Elizabeth A. Hill Dec 2013

Arkansas's Early Home Demonstration Club Members: Making The Work Their Own, Elizabeth A. Hill

Theses and Dissertations

In its attempt to retain the nation's farmers and farm families on the land during the early twentieth century, the U. S. Department of Agriculture found that the situation in the South was particularly problematic as it included dilapidated farm homes, malnutrition, and "poverty of spirit." In order to combat these deficiencies, the home demonstration program taught farm women improved methods for accomplishing their household responsibilities. It also encouraged the women to better their families' living conditions through home improvements and labor-saving devices. This study explores how Arkansas's early home demonstration club members accepted, within their own limitations and spheres …

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Luxury Or Necessity: Constructing Little Rock City Hall, Joshua Blair Hart Dec 2013

Luxury Or Necessity: Constructing Little Rock City Hall, Joshua Blair Hart

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis analyzes the construction of Little Rock, Arkansas City Hall. It provides a background of local architecture and history set against broader trends in United States Public Architecture. In particular, the paper explores the Pulaski County [Arkansas] Chancery Court case filed by attorney's for J.N. Hieskell against Mayor W.E. Lenon. Little Rock City Hall was designed by Charles Thompson, an exploration of Thompson's life and projects are also included in this paper. The appendices provide the full text ruling of the Chancery Court as well as Mayor Lenon's response to plaintiffs against him.

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Brief Of Amicus Curiae Labor Law Professors In Support Of Respondents, Fred T. Korematsu Center For Law And Equality Dec 2013

Brief Of Amicus Curiae Labor Law Professors In Support Of Respondents, Fred T. Korematsu Center For Law And Equality

Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality

Pamela Harris et al. v. Pat Quinn, Governor of Illinois et al.

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Male Spouses Of Women Physicians: Communication, Compromise, And Carving Out Time, Carol Issac, Kara Petrashek, Megan Steiner, Linda Baier Manwell, Molly Carnes, Angela Byars-Winston Dec 2013

Male Spouses Of Women Physicians: Communication, Compromise, And Carving Out Time, Carol Issac, Kara Petrashek, Megan Steiner, Linda Baier Manwell, Molly Carnes, Angela Byars-Winston

The Qualitative Report

As the numbers of female physicians continue to grow, fewer medical marriages are comprised of the traditional dyad of male physician and stay - at - home wife. The “two - career family” is an increasingly frequent state for both male and female physicians’ families, and dual - doctor marriages are on the rise. This qualitative study explored the contemporary medical marriage from the perspective of male spouses of female physicians. In 2010, we conducted semi - structured, in - depth interviews with nine spouses of internal medicine resident and faculty physicians. Interviewers queried work - home balance, career choices, …

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Could Neuro-Phenomenology Deepen An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Of Seizure Consciousness Drawings, Valerie Featherstone, Peter Campion, Anna Sandfield Dec 2013

Could Neuro-Phenomenology Deepen An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Of Seizure Consciousness Drawings, Valerie Featherstone, Peter Campion, Anna Sandfield

The Qualitative Report

This article proposes a methodological stance, an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of participants’ drawings as one that is useful for research into people’s experiences of seizure consciousness. Using empirical examples located in an original, larger study, this article offers a rationale for, and illustrates the analytic potential of, this combination. It also considers that elicitation interviewing techniques and methods from the field of neuro - phenomenology could take this work further in terms of deepening the analysis by reaching people’s pre - reflexive conscious experiences. This theoretical and practical combination has the potential to develop this work significantly.

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Analisis Sistem Akuntansi Pemerintah Pusat (Sapp) Di Kantor Akuntansi Regional Jakarta, Titis Wahyuni Dec 2013

Analisis Sistem Akuntansi Pemerintah Pusat (Sapp) Di Kantor Akuntansi Regional Jakarta, Titis Wahyuni

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

This research is intended to describe Central Government Accounting System (SAPP) implemented by the State Financial Accounting Agency (BAKUN) through The Regional Accounting Office (KAR) and the expected outcomes of Central Government Accounting System. In a accounting system, financial statements generated rely on the accuracy and validity of data input transactions. The accuracy and validity of the Government's financial statements generated will depend on the quality of the work done by KARs in managing the Government's financial transaction data input. The method usedin this research isby analyzing the problems/obstaclesfaced by KAR Jakarta and also analyzing the process performed by KAR …

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Analyzing Latent State-Trait And Multiple-Indicator Latent Growth Curve Models As Multilevel Structural Equation Models, Christian Geiser, Jacob Bishop, Ginger Lockhart, Saul Shiffman, Jerry L. Grenard Dec 2013

Analyzing Latent State-Trait And Multiple-Indicator Latent Growth Curve Models As Multilevel Structural Equation Models, Christian Geiser, Jacob Bishop, Ginger Lockhart, Saul Shiffman, Jerry L. Grenard

Psychology Faculty Publications

Latent state-trait (LST) and latent growth curve (LGC) models are frequently used in the analysis of longitudinal data. Although it is well-known that standard single-indicator LGC models can be analyzed within either the structural equation modeling (SEM) or multilevel (ML; hierarchical linear modeling) frameworks, few researchers realize that LST and multivariate LGC models, which use multiple indicators at each time point, can also be specified as ML models. In the present paper, we demonstrate that using the ML-SEM rather than the SL-SEM framework to estimate the parameters of these models can be practical when the study involves (1) a large …

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Interactive Virtual Suturing Simulations: Enhancement Of Student Learning In Veterinary Medicine, Charles B. Boyd, Amy J. Staton Dec 2013

Interactive Virtual Suturing Simulations: Enhancement Of Student Learning In Veterinary Medicine, Charles B. Boyd, Amy J. Staton

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the College of Education at Morehead State University by Christine B. Boyd and Amy J. Staton on December 29, 2013.

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Deafdigest: Gold Edition, December 29, 2013, Barry Strassler Dec 2013

Deafdigest: Gold Edition, December 29, 2013, Barry Strassler

DeafDigest Gold 2013

No abstract provided.

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Deafdigest: Blue Edition, December 29, 2013, Barry Strassler Dec 2013

Deafdigest: Blue Edition, December 29, 2013, Barry Strassler

DeafDigest Blue 2013

No abstract provided.

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Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Mediated Mobilization Of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Intravascular Hemolysis Requires Attenuation Of Sdf-1-Cxcr4 Retention Signaling In Bone Marrow, Kasia Mierzejewska, Yuri M. Klyachkin, Janina Ratajczak, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Magda Kucia, Mariusz Z. Ratajczak Dec 2013

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Mediated Mobilization Of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Intravascular Hemolysis Requires Attenuation Of Sdf-1-Cxcr4 Retention Signaling In Bone Marrow, Kasia Mierzejewska, Yuri M. Klyachkin, Janina Ratajczak, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Magda Kucia, Mariusz Z. Ratajczak

Saha Cardiovascular Research Center Faculty Publications

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a crucial chemotactic factor in peripheral blood (PB) involved in the mobilization process and egress of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from bone marrow (BM). Since S1P is present at high levels in erythrocytes, one might assume that, by increasing the plasma S1P level, the hemolysis of red blood cells would induce mobilization of HSPCs. To test this assumption, we induced hemolysis in mice by employing phenylhydrazine (PHZ). We observed that doubling the S1P level in PB from damaged erythrocytes induced only a marginally increased level of mobilization. However, if mice were exposed to PHZ together with the …

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December 28, 2013 (Pages 7533-7614), Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau Dec 2013

December 28, 2013 (Pages 7533-7614), Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau

Volume 43 (2013)

No abstract provided.

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The Murray Ledger And Times, December 28, 2013, The Murray Ledger And Times Dec 2013

The Murray Ledger And Times, December 28, 2013, The Murray Ledger And Times

The Murray Ledger & Times

No abstract provided.

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Role Of Defensins In The Pathogenesis Of Chronic Lung Allograft Rejection, Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi, Babak Banan, Saini Deepti, Angaswamy Nataraju, Ramsey Hachem, Elbert Trulock, Patterson G. Alexander, Thalachallour Mohanakumar Dec 2013

Role Of Defensins In The Pathogenesis Of Chronic Lung Allograft Rejection, Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi, Babak Banan, Saini Deepti, Angaswamy Nataraju, Ramsey Hachem, Elbert Trulock, Patterson G. Alexander, Thalachallour Mohanakumar

Biology Faculty Research

Chronic rejection predominantly manifested as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), still remains a major problem affecting long-term outcomes in human lung transplantation (LTx). Donor specific antibodies (DSA) and infiltration of neutrophils in the graft have been associated with the development of BOS. This study determines the role of defensins, produced by neutrophils, and its interaction with α-1-antitrypsin (AAT) towards induction of airway inflammation and fibrosis which are characteristic hallmarks of BOS. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum from LTx recipients, BOS+ (n=28), BOS− (n=26) and normal healthy controls (n=24) were analyzed. Our results show that BOS+ LTx recipients had higher α-defensins (HNP1–3) …

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Patient Satisfaction With Health Services At Medical Ward In Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, Huda Adnan Habib, Lamyaa Ali Hasan, Sundus Shoki Khalil Dec 2013

Patient Satisfaction With Health Services At Medical Ward In Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, Huda Adnan Habib, Lamyaa Ali Hasan, Sundus Shoki Khalil

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction is generally considered as extend to which the patient feel that their needs and expectations are being met by services provided. Satisfied patient are more likely to maintain consistent relationship with their care provider leading to improved compliance and better health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the patient satisfaction to hospital services and identify factors that influences this satisfaction. PATIENT AND METHODS: Cross sectional study of 60 patients who were interviewed using a questionnaire that includes information under six main heading; 1) Patient general information; 2) Satisfaction about physician; 3) Satisfaction about nurses; 4) Satisfaction about pharmacy …

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The Validity Of Beck Depression Inventory –Short Version In Depressed Patients Diagnosed According To Icd10, Abdul-Rasoul Al-Yasiri, Yasir S. Abdkarkosh Dec 2013

The Validity Of Beck Depression Inventory –Short Version In Depressed Patients Diagnosed According To Icd10, Abdul-Rasoul Al-Yasiri, Yasir S. Abdkarkosh

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND : Beck Depression Inventory (often abbreviated asBDI) is an instrument to measure the severity and depth ofdepression symptoms. BDI was developed in a novel way for its time by collating patients' verbatim descriptions of their symptoms and using these to construct a scale which could reflect the intensity or severity of a givensymptom. OBJECTIVE: To measure the validity of Beck depression Inventory short version using ICD 10 criteria for major depression as a gold standard METHOD AND PATIENTS : The study was carried out in IbnRushd and Baghdad Teaching Hospitals. The sample was selected purposely among patients diagnosed …

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Time To Discharge Patients From Day-Case Clinic Comparison Study Between Patients Receivedspinal Versus General Anaesthesia, Raghad Hannon Shinen Alsudani Dec 2013

Time To Discharge Patients From Day-Case Clinic Comparison Study Between Patients Receivedspinal Versus General Anaesthesia, Raghad Hannon Shinen Alsudani

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACK GROUND: Day case surgery issurgery where patient returns home on same day of surgery, saving resources, money decreases in-patients number with rapid turnover. Question about the ideal type of anasthesia for such surgery is of interest of many studies. OBJECTIVE: To comparing time to discharge after perianal surgery for patient received spinal anasthesia versus patients received general anasthesia, sample was taken between February 2007,and July 2010, in a private day clinic in Baghdad. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study included 200 patients ASA(I-II), age 18-60 years. One hundred patients had been received spinal anasthesia with small dose lidocaine 2%, other …

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Prevalence Of Drug Resistance Among New Cases Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Zaid Mohammed Ali Hamandi, Adnan M.Aljubouri Dec 2013

Prevalence Of Drug Resistance Among New Cases Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Zaid Mohammed Ali Hamandi, Adnan M.Aljubouri

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that has affected humankind throughout recorded history and before.Presently, the number of deaths caused by TB worldwide exceeds that caused by any other organism. Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a man-made problem. Poor management can lead to the selection of M. tuberculosis with mutations conferring resistance to antituberculous drugs. Drug resistance is divided into two types: primary (resistance in persons who have never received anti-tuberculosis drugs for more than 1 month. These patients are initially infected with drug-resistant strains) and secondary, acquired, (resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs, which arises during treatment due to poor compliance or …

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Evaluation The Levels Of Ifn-Gamma , Il-10 And Concentration Of Zn In Children With Visceral Leishmaniasis, Mais N. Kamil, Sabah Al-Najar, Nahla Ghanim Dec 2013

Evaluation The Levels Of Ifn-Gamma , Il-10 And Concentration Of Zn In Children With Visceral Leishmaniasis, Mais N. Kamil, Sabah Al-Najar, Nahla Ghanim

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic infection of the reticulo- endothelial system that could affect on immune system and biochemical parameters like the concentration of trace elements which may be significantly changed . OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the level of cytokines (INF- γ ,IL-10) and concentration of Zn in Visceral Leishmaniasis in children after diagnosis . PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of (98) child their ages rang (6m-5y) were attending to the Central Public Health Laboratory and Teaching Laboratories of Medical City suspected to be infected with kala-azar, the diagnosis was done by both IFAT technique and Rapid Kala-azar (r-K39) …

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Comparison Of The Effects Of Spinal Anaesthesia Vs General Anaesthesia On Apgar Score In Neonates Born After Elective Caesarean Section, Hassan Sarhan Haider, Faez Ahmed Mahdi, Mohammed Abbas Kadhim Dec 2013

Comparison Of The Effects Of Spinal Anaesthesia Vs General Anaesthesia On Apgar Score In Neonates Born After Elective Caesarean Section, Hassan Sarhan Haider, Faez Ahmed Mahdi, Mohammed Abbas Kadhim

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Delivery of baby by caesarean section has become increasingly common, Caesarean section can be performed under general or regional anaesthesia like spinal or epidural technique, and both have advantages and disadvantages. It is important to clarify what type of anaesthesia is safest for the mother and baby. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of spinal anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia on Apgar score of neonates born by elective caesarean section in Baghdad teaching hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in Baghdad teaching hospital from February 2011 to July 2011 .this study was performed on 60 women presenting …

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Tip Apex Distance As A Predicting Factor For The Outcome Of Femoral Intertrochanteric Fracture Fixed By Dynamic Hip Screw, Firas Abd Alhadi Al-Obidi Dec 2013

Tip Apex Distance As A Predicting Factor For The Outcome Of Femoral Intertrochanteric Fracture Fixed By Dynamic Hip Screw, Firas Abd Alhadi Al-Obidi

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Dynamic hip screw is still one of the most widely used devices for the fixation of femoral intertrochanteric fractures. A recognized complication with this device is the screw cut-out from the femoral head. OBJECTIVE: Of this study is to assess if the tip apex distance is a reliable predicting factor for the subsequent lag screw position and so the outcome of femoral intertrochanteric fractures fixed by dynamic hip screws. Design of the study: Prospective Cohort Study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 42 patients (27 female, 15 male), with an average age of 63 years, (ranging from 55 to 72 years),with …

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The Relationship Among Otic Clinical Findings And Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Population, Marwan F.Buraa, Hadeel S. Alazzawi Dec 2013

The Relationship Among Otic Clinical Findings And Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Population, Marwan F.Buraa, Hadeel S. Alazzawi

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The otologic symptoms are frequents in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder due to the proximity of the ear to the temporomandibular joint, TMJ pain can often be confused with ear pain. OBJECTIVE: To verify the frequency of otic signs and symptoms with TMJ disorder. Study design: descriptive and transversal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty five patients, with pain complaint in tragus and peritragus area from otorhinolaringology department in Aljamhori Teaching Hospital in Mosul-Iraq. Patients with ear infection, even with TMJ disorder were selected and the ones with TMJ disorder with otalgia. Then sent to maxillofacial department to examine the TMJ. …

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