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2013

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Targeted Design Of Dual Kinase Inhibitors For Breast Cancer, Yulin Huang Dec 2013

Targeted Design Of Dual Kinase Inhibitors For Breast Cancer, Yulin Huang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Abstract of the Dissertation Targeted Design of Dual Kinase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer by Yulin Huang Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry and Structural Biology Stony Brook University 2013 In this dissertation, several projects for kinase drug design are presented. These projects employ computational techniques to study binding specificity and resistance of kinase inhibitors with breast cancer target proteins through structural and energetic analysis. In Chapter 1, an introduction to molecular targeted therapeutics for breast cancer and computational techniques for structure-based drug discovery is described. ErbB family members and IGFIR are important targets for breast cancer. In Chapter 2, we have …

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Applications Of Multichannel Brain Array Coils In Functional Neuroimaging, Sheeba Rani Arnold Anteraper Dec 2013

Applications Of Multichannel Brain Array Coils In Functional Neuroimaging, Sheeba Rani Arnold Anteraper

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Deciphering signal from noise is a pre-requisite for making any scientific observation. Regardless of the imaging modality, any successful attempt in improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) brings about a wave of applications. The use of multichannel array coils in functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides increased SNR, higher sensitivity, and parallel imaging capabilities. However, their benefits remain to be systematically explored in the context of resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI). In this work, signal detectability within and between commercially available multichannel brain coils, a 32-Channel (32Ch), and a 12-Channel (12Ch) were compared at 3 Tesla, in a high-resolution …

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Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Characterization Of Soft Materials: Rubber And Plastics, Justin Che Dec 2013

Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Characterization Of Soft Materials: Rubber And Plastics, Justin Che

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Synchrotron X-ray scattering and diffraction techniques have been widely used to study the structure and property relationships of materials. It is important to first identify the driving physics and basic understanding of the structure change during mechanical usage before leading to material design for potential applications. In this thesis, the combined wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques have been used to analyze in-situ structure formation over a large range of length scale from 1 nm to 100 nm during mechanical deformation. In specific, the in-situ structural development and morphological changes in polymer plastics and rubber during …

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(I) Synthesis And Application Of Chiral Biphenol-Based Phosphorus Ligands To Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis; (Ii) Rhodium-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions For Rapid Construction Of Polycyclic Skeletons Of Biological Interest, Chih-Wei Chien Dec 2013

(I) Synthesis And Application Of Chiral Biphenol-Based Phosphorus Ligands To Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis; (Ii) Rhodium-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions For Rapid Construction Of Polycyclic Skeletons Of Biological Interest, Chih-Wei Chien

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Chiral ligand design is crucial for the asymmetric transformations. In our laboratory, libraries of fine-tunable phosphorus ligands based on axially chiral biphenol have been well developed. These ligands exhibit excellent enantioselectivity in various transition-metal catalyzed asymmetric reactions. We present here the application of the monodentate phosphoramidite (MPN) ligand library to the Pd-catalyzed intramolecular asymmetric allylic amination (AAA) for the formation of chiral 1-vinyltetrahydroiso-quinoline skeleton, a versatile key intermediate in the synthesis of natural products such as isopyruthaline and (− )-O-methylthaicanine. We also studied the Pd-catalyzed inter-molecular AAA reaction using our bidentate diphosphonite (BOP) ligands. The BOP ligands exhibit excellent efficacy …

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Crystallization And Structure Relationship Of Polyolefin-Based Polymers Under Static And Flow Conditions, Xiaowei Li Dec 2013

Crystallization And Structure Relationship Of Polyolefin-Based Polymers Under Static And Flow Conditions, Xiaowei Li

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Polyolefins have played an important role in human society, partially due to wide applications, such as their extensive use in packaging films, cables, wires, bags, containers, and appliances. Therefore, it becomes a worthwhile undertaking to investigate and to improve their properties, which can reduce cost and decrease pollution to the environment. Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) take a large role in polyolefin products. They occupy more than half of the thermoplastic market. They are semi-crystalline polymers with a relatively high degree of crystallinity. The crystal structure is an important factor that should be considered as they are closely related to …

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Macrocyclic Host-Guest Framework For Polymerization Of Diiodobutadiyne, Xianzhi Liu Dec 2013

Macrocyclic Host-Guest Framework For Polymerization Of Diiodobutadiyne, Xianzhi Liu

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Conjugated organic polymers have optical and electronic properties that make them candidates for applications in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) and light emitting materials. Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are an important branch of conjugated polymers with alternating poly(ene-yne) structure. The all-carbon polymer without any side groups is carbyne, which has only alternating single and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Carbyne provides a good opportunity to investigate the inherent properties of conjugated polymers. Polydiiododiacetylene (PIDA), a simple PDA with only iodine atom substituents, can be successfully obtained by the topochemical polymerization of the monomer diiodobutadiyne. This polymerization is achieved through the use of bis(nitrile) or …

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A Surface Science Study Of Metal Oxides And Supported Nanoparticles For The Production Of Clean Hydrogen, John Conrad Lofaro Dec 2013

A Surface Science Study Of Metal Oxides And Supported Nanoparticles For The Production Of Clean Hydrogen, John Conrad Lofaro

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The search for alternative fuels has increased over the past decade due to a growth in energy demand and the need to reduce carbon output. Hydrogen has been seen as a potential replacement for fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. A clean source of hydrogen and can be processed via the water gas (WGS) shift reaction (H2O + CO → CO2 + H2). However, current industrial catalysts are comprised of a mixture of metal-oxides and supported nanoparticles that are often too complex to accurately elucidate reaction mechanisms. Using well defined " model systems" in …

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Prey Plasticity Responses To A Native And Nonnative Predator, Alexandra Hooks Dec 2013

Prey Plasticity Responses To A Native And Nonnative Predator, Alexandra Hooks

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental stimuli is exceedingly common across systems and taxa. For instance, predation risk in many gastropods can induce a variety of defenses including growing thicker shells, growing shells of different shapes, and developing apertural teeth. However, the role of coevolution between species that produce these defense responses and their consumers is not well known. This thesis examines the responses of an ovoviviparous gastropod (Littorina saxatilis) with low dispersal from three different habitats (marsh habitat, rocky habitat, and cobble stone habitat) to the presence of chemical cues from a native (Dyspanopeus sayi) and nonnative (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) …

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The Genetic Diversity Of Endangered Fishes In The Northwest Atlantic, Shannon Joy O'Leary Dec 2013

The Genetic Diversity Of Endangered Fishes In The Northwest Atlantic, Shannon Joy O'Leary

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Genetic diversity is the fundamental building block of biodiversity, harboring the adaptive potential of populations. The magnitude of the two main factors eroding genetic diversity, inbreeding and genetic drift, increases as the effective population size (Ne) decreases. Ne describes the number of reproductively mature adults effectively contributing to the next generation. In populations with overlapping generations, the effective number of breeders (Nb). Loss of genetic diversity has long been a concern for terrestrial and freshwater organisms, but traditionally less so for fisheries management due to the paradigm that marine fish populations are large, panmictic and thus resistant to the erosion …

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An Automated, Track-Based Climatology Of Rossby Wave Packets, Matthew Souders Dec 2013

An Automated, Track-Based Climatology Of Rossby Wave Packets, Matthew Souders

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

This research produces an objective, track-based climatology of Rossby wave packets (RWPs) and tests the sensitivity of the results to changes in the methods used in filtering the raw data and in tracking. NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis wind and geopotential height data at 300 hPa every 6 hours were spectrally filtered using a Hilbert transform technique under the assumption that RWPs propagate along a waveguide defined by the 14-day running average of the 300 hPa wind. After some spatial smoothing, the local maxima in RWP envelope amplitude (WPA) were tracked using two objective techniques: a point-based cost optimization routine and a hybrid …

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Comparisons Of Intermediate Oxidation State Sulfur Compounds In The Episodically, Lan Thi Tong Dec 2013

Comparisons Of Intermediate Oxidation State Sulfur Compounds In The Episodically, Lan Thi Tong

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The anoxic Cariaco Basin located on the Venezuela continental shelf and the seasonally anoxic Forge River located on the south shore of Long Island are two quite different aquatic systems. However, they are both characterized by the pulsed intrusion of oxygen into sulfidic waters, where sulfur intermediates including sulfite (SO32-), thiosulfate (S2O32-), and zero-valent sulfur (So) are usually found. In this study, I investigated the distribution of sulfur intermediates and the relative importance of chemical and biological hydrogen sulfide oxidation to the sulfur intermediates distribution in these two systems. The sulfide oxidation rate, determined using Forge River water with an …

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Formal Analysis Of Dns Attacks And Their Countermeasures Using Probabilistic Model Checking, Tushar Suhas Deshpande Dec 2013

Formal Analysis Of Dns Attacks And Their Countermeasures Using Probabilistic Model Checking, Tushar Suhas Deshpande

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The Domain Name System (DNS) is an internet-wide, hierarchical naming system used to translate domain names into physical IP addresses. Any disruption of the service DNS provides can have serious consequences. We present a formal analysis of two notable threats to DNS, namely cache poisoning and bandwidth amplification, and the countermeasures designed to prevent their occurrence. Our analysis of these attacks and their countermeasures is given in the form of a cost-benefit analysis, and is based on probabilistic model checking of Continuous-Time Markov Chains. We use CTMCs to model the race between legitimate and malicious traffic in a DNS server …

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A Distributed Mac Protocol For Efficient Channelization In Wireless Networks, Seyed Kaveh Fayazbakhsh Dec 2013

A Distributed Mac Protocol For Efficient Channelization In Wireless Networks, Seyed Kaveh Fayazbakhsh

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

There is a significant interest in designing new wireless multiple access protocols that split a wide frequency channel into multiple sub-channels and assign these sub-channels to competing transmissions. Doing this adaptively depending on the number of competing transmissions has a tremendous potential both in high-speed and white-space networks. While such protocols have been developed, they suffer from limitations such as considerable protocol overheads, dependence on a centralized controller, and assumptions about the network being static, etc. In this work, we develop a new multiple access protocol, Ez-Channel, that adaptively and efficiently channelizes the spectrum for improving throughput, without encountering the …

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Non-Termination Analysis And Cost-Based Optimization For Logic Programs, Senlin Liang Dec 2013

Non-Termination Analysis And Cost-Based Optimization For Logic Programs, Senlin Liang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Rule systems have seen an upsurge of interest in the past decade, as many in the academia and industry started to discover more applications for rules such as the Semantic Web, policy management, and program analysis. In response, high-level logic languages such as Flora-2 and SILK have been invented as tools for developing complex knowledge bases by knowledge engineers who are not programmers. The knowledge bases that are created by this type of users are typically complex and they stress the engine capabilities. Therefore, there are new challenges in order for logic engines to be able to process these knowledge …

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Volumetric Focus+Context Visualization Techniques, Xin Zhao Dec 2013

Volumetric Focus+Context Visualization Techniques, Xin Zhao

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

This thesis introduces new techniques and applications for volumetric visualization. Focus+context visualization and interaction techniques are used to navigate and interact with objects in information spaces. They provide in-place magnification of a region of the display without consequently losing any context representation. Diverse focus+context visualization techniques are of broad use in different application domains, such as geovirtual environments, navigation and visualization of large graphs or hierarchies, as well as the volume rendering (e.g. | for medical applications). However, how to accurately represent and highlight the focus objects while maximally keeping all the important context information (e.g. | shape features and …

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System Evaluation And Design Of Delay-Sensitive Wireless Networks, Xi Deng Dec 2013

System Evaluation And Design Of Delay-Sensitive Wireless Networks, Xi Deng

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Wireless networks have now been widely used and enjoyed in many aspects of human life and the society. Delay-sensitive wireless network, in a strict sense, is not a particular type of wireless networks. It represents a large number of wireless networks whose performance is greatly affected by the packet end-to-end delay, defined as the duration between a packet's generation at the source node and its delivery to the destination. Such network has been growing rapidly in recently years due to the tremendous demands from network applications. Emerging multimedia applications including Video-on-demand (VOD) and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) have become one of the …

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Development Of A Single Photon Detector For Fluorescent Spectrometry, Dmytro Gudkov Dec 2013

Development Of A Single Photon Detector For Fluorescent Spectrometry, Dmytro Gudkov

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

I present a novel multichannel single photon detector based on PMT sensor (32-channel Hamamatsu H7260-20) with unique linearity range for applications in life sciences. My extensive study of pulse characteristics of the PMT sensor showed that maximum linearity range obtained with 32-channel PMT could not exceed 108 counts/sec due to distortions of photon pulses at high input optical power. Due to a novel, highly advanced analog/digital circuitry operating in GHz range, the developed 32-channel detector has a unique performance: it supports detection of up to 108 photons/sec per channel, data acquisition rate at up to 106 frames/sec, data transfer via …

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Machine Learning, Evolutionary Algorithms, And The Inference Of Mathematical Truths, Asher Hensley Dec 2013

Machine Learning, Evolutionary Algorithms, And The Inference Of Mathematical Truths, Asher Hensley

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

In this thesis we set out to find whether the true data generating formula behind a set of data points can be automatically inferred from the data points alone. We start with the topic of machine learning and quickly realize that black box models can only approximate the real world which creates the motivation to move on to evolutionary algorithms as a vehicle to implement symbolic regression. Through a series of experiments we discover that the mean-squared error cost function is easily fooled by decoy solutions and is unable to make use of all the information presented in the training …

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Gaze Behavior Detection System Based On The Object Image, Yunkai Huang Dec 2013

Gaze Behavior Detection System Based On The Object Image, Yunkai Huang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

This thesis presents a design methodology of a low-cost noninvasive gaze tracking system to detect gaze behavior when user is browsing internet or reading material on computer. The user's face image is captured and processed in real-time. By means of C++ and OpenCV library, the system detects face, eye region with Haar feature-based cascade classifier. Eye center is detected by contouring dark area in eye region and finding the center of largest area among contoured dark areas. The detected eye center is mapped to gaze point on computer screen after four point calibration. The average angular error is 1.96 degree, …

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Development Of Narrow Gap Semiconductor Materials And Devices For Optoelectronic Applications, Ding Wang Dec 2013

Development Of Narrow Gap Semiconductor Materials And Devices For Optoelectronic Applications, Ding Wang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Mid-wave to long-wave infrared (3~12 μ m in wavelength) optoelectronic devices have broad applications in gas sensing, molecular spectroscopy, imaging, environmental, industrial monitoring, etc. This work aims to explore new III-V materials and heterostructures to develop light emitting devices and detectors for the infrared spectral region. Optical properties of dilute nitride GaSbN and InAsN materials were investigated. We observed strong bandgap reduction with increasing nitrogen incorporation. GaSbN with 1.4% of nitrogen showed 300 meV narrower bandgap than GaSb; for InAsN the bandgap energy was reduced by 150 meV with nitrogen incorporation up to 2.25%. The carrier lifetimes within the picoseconds …

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On The Optimization Of Grid Systems, Kai Wang Dec 2013

On The Optimization Of Grid Systems, Kai Wang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Grid systems are widely used to transfer power and information in various forms in many engineering and scientific areas such as grid computing systems, electrical grids, control grid and etc. A good handling of task partition, task allocation and load balancing can significantly increase a grid systems' efficiency. In this dissertation, balancing the loads in electrical grid systems and optimizing grid computing systems are analyzed. Unbalanced loads on feeders increase power system investment and operating costs. Three-phase lateral loads phase swapping is one of the popular methods to balance such systems. We employed a dynamic programming algorithm that makes optimal …

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Generation Of Customized Time Domain Fir Filter Hardware, Yujie Wu Dec 2013

Generation Of Customized Time Domain Fir Filter Hardware, Yujie Wu

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Although finite impulse response (FIR) filtering is a well-known technique, it is still difficult to implement efficiently as hardware because the designer must choose from many application-specific design options, and it is difficult to choose those that best fit the requirements of the system. This thesis describes two design and simulation tools which enable easy implementation and optimization of time-domain FIR filters. The first generates hardware (as synthesizable Verilog) for a designer-specified FIR filter and the second provides a fixed-point simulation environment for the design space (using MATLAB). Both tools are customized based on the user's choices across a parameterized …

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Preparation And Investigation Of Multi-Alkali Photocathode, Xue Liang Dec 2013

Preparation And Investigation Of Multi-Alkali Photocathode, Xue Liang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Multialikali antimonide photocathodes exhibit high quantum efficiency in visible light range, so this kind of cathodes is attractive for use in high average current photoinjectors to generate high quality electron beams. We have grown multi-alkali photocathodes on silicon (100) substrates, simultaneously acquiring in-situ X-ray reflection (XRR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data throughout the growth process. Correlations between cathode structure and growth parameters and the resulting quantum efficiency (QE) have been explored. | 40 pages

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The Ricci Flow On Manifolds With Boundary, Panagiotis Gianniotis Dec 2013

The Ricci Flow On Manifolds With Boundary, Panagiotis Gianniotis

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

In this thesis, we investigate issues related to boundary value problems for the Ricci flow. First, we focus on a compact manifold with boundary and show the short-time existence, regularity and uniqueness of the flow. To obtain these results we impose the boundary conditions proposed by Anderson for the Einstein equations, namely the mean curvature and the conformal class of the boundary. We also show that a certain continuation principle holds. Our methods still apply when the manifold is not compact, as long as it has compact boundary and an appropriate control of the geometry at infinity. Secondly, motivated by …

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Dynamic Behavior Of Cellular Architectures And The Role Of Topology, Vincent Brick Dec 2013

Dynamic Behavior Of Cellular Architectures And The Role Of Topology, Vincent Brick

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

This work investigates the dependence of strength and energy absorbance characteristics of cellular solids on inner topological features under high-strain-rate normal and mixed mode loading conditions. Topological features investigated in this work include cellular geometry, connectivity, in-plane and out-of-plane cellular aspect ratios. Varying the cellular geometry and connectivity is achieved by investigating cellular specimens with hexagonal, triangular, and square core cell geometries. This work utilizes explicit dynamic finite element simulations to examine the relationships among strength, energy absorbance, cellular geometry, and the underlying deformation mechanisms. Results over the length scales examined strongly indicate that hexagonal geometry has higher specific and …

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Computer Aided Design Of Planar Four-Bar Linkages On Ios Using A Novel Svd Algorithm, Xin Ge Dec 2013

Computer Aided Design Of Planar Four-Bar Linkages On Ios Using A Novel Svd Algorithm, Xin Ge

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Motion synthesis has been a practical topic existing for a long time. Various methods have been tried and put into practice. It is well done by the scientists and engineers to solve large equations of matrix. Although it can be done and get the good result, the efficiency is low and labor is very much consuming. Comparatively, our methods are much more easier and efficient, it is more suitable for the software to realize the calculation by itself. It is mature in PCs to have a motion synthesis software, but since the mobile system is going into everyday life and …

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Characterization Of Magnesium Silicide Processed With Thermal Spray For Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting, Chao Nie Dec 2013

Characterization Of Magnesium Silicide Processed With Thermal Spray For Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting, Chao Nie

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Mg2Si has long been recognized as one of the promising thermoelectric materials; the fabrication methods are hot press, spark plasma sintering, high temperature sintering, etc. however, application of thermoelectric materials requires large scale manufacturing but traditional manufacturing process cannot reach this goal by its nature; thus we employed thermal spray technology to fabricate such thermoelectric material. In collaboration with Thermal Spray Center in Stony Brook University, we manufactured Mg¬2¬Si coatings on titanium substrate by plasma thermal spray technology. Samples were further characterized in various methods: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibits the micro structures of sprayed Mg2Si coatings; X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) …

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Lack Of Csk-Mediated Negative Regulation In A Unicellular Src Kinase, Kira Schultheiss Dec 2013

Lack Of Csk-Mediated Negative Regulation In A Unicellular Src Kinase, Kira Schultheiss

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Tyrosine kinases play important roles in cellular communication in animals. c-Src is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in survival, angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion pathways. There are 9 Src family kinases, and they have a conserved domain arrangement (SH3-SH2-kinase) that is necessary for regulation. The basal activity of c-Src is normally kept low due to phosphorylation by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). This regulatory relationship has been conserved throughout the evolution of animals. Until recently, it was thought that complex signaling molecules, such as the tyrosine kinases, did not exist outside of multicellular animals. Newly discovered unicellular precursors to mammalian …

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The Design, Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Novel Taxoid Anticancer Agents And Their Tumor-Targeted Drug Conjugates, Joshua Seitz Dec 2013

The Design, Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Novel Taxoid Anticancer Agents And Their Tumor-Targeted Drug Conjugates, Joshua Seitz

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and is responsible for one in eight deaths worldwide. Traditional chemotherapeutics target the processes involved in cell division and consequently produce dangerous and dose-limiting side effects. In an effort to identify the therapeutic windown of these drugs, tumor targeted drug conjugates (TTDCs) are currently under development. The Ojima lab has developed and extensive panel of next-generation taxoids that possess the requisite sub-nanomolar potency for incorporation into effective conjugates. A small library of 17 taxoids was synthesized and their cytotoxicity investigated. Selected taxoids were synthesized on the half-gram to …

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Analysis Of The Interaction Of H-Nox With Dgc Using In Vivo Methods And Analytical Ultracentrifugation, Patryk Zielinski Dec 2013

Analysis Of The Interaction Of H-Nox With Dgc Using In Vivo Methods And Analytical Ultracentrifugation, Patryk Zielinski

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Biofilms are a naturally occurring phenomenon and are known to be a significant problem in various fields including both the industrial and health environments. Bacterial biofilms are defined as the attachment and aggregation of a community of bacteria to solid surfaces. This behavior can lead to infections via medical transplants and compromise the functionality and durability of industrial equipment. Two proteins, Heme-Nitric oxide/Oxygen (H-NOX) and di-guanylate cyclase (DGC), are known to play an important role in the regulation of biofilm formation in bacteria. These two proteins down regulate the concentration of c-di-GMP, a second messenger molecule, in a cell. Since …

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