Digital Commons Network^™

Efficacy Evaluation Of Foliar Fungicide Application Timing On Diseases Of Field Corn In Nebraska, 2011, C. M. Schleicher, T. A. Jackson

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

foliar fungicide efficacy timing trial was conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center, NE. Dekalb corn hybrid DKC 62-54, rating of “good” (6 out of 9) for gray leaf spot (GLS) and “excellent” (2 out of 9) for common rust (CR), was planted on 3 May in 30-in. rows with a target population of 32,000 plants/A. The trial area was disked with soybean as the previous year’s crop. On 9 May before plant emergence, a herbicide program of Roundup (1 pt/A), Verdict (16 fl oz/A) and Atrazine (1 lb/A) was applied to the trial …

Evaluation Of Foliar Fungicide Efficacy On Sorghum In Nebraska, 2011, C. M. Schleicher, T. A. Jackson-Ziems

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

A foliar fungicide efficacy trial was conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center, NE. DeKalb sorghum hybrid DKS 36-06 was planted on 23 May in 30-in. rows with a target population of approximately 120,000 plants/A. The trial area was disked with soybean as the previous year’s crop. Four treatments and a nontreated control were replicated six times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (10 ft) wide by 40 ft in length. . . . There were significant differences in GLS AUDPC among treatments. The nontreated control exhibited the largest …

Application Timing On Foliar Fungicide Efficacy On Sorghum In Nebraska, 2009, C. M. Schleicher, T. A. Jackson

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

A foliar fungicide efficacy trial was established at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center, NE. Grain sorghum hybrid NC+ 7R83 was planted on 18 May in 30-in. rows with a target population of 90,000 plants/A. The trial area was disked with a crop history of five years of continuous corn. Eight treatments and a non-treated control were replicated six times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (10 ft) wide by 40 ft in length. . . . There were no significant differences in stay green. Stay green percentages ranged from …

Effects Of Crop Injury On Disease Development, Tamra A. Jackson, Loren J. Giesler, Robert M. Harveson

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The effect of damage caused by blowing soil and leaf contact with high speed winds and hail will all create a similar level of wounding that is often sufficient for pathogens that require wounds to enter (infect) plants. As we look at the level of disease and crop damage we can identify several examples in the corn and soybean disease systems when this can be a factor that could lead to significant disease development and possibly trigger a disease management action.

Hail and wind damage can result in an open canopy which can affect the microclimate and impact disease development. …

What's New In Plant Pathology: Resistance: Mystery And Misunderstandings, Amy D. Timmerman, Loren J. Giesler, Robert M. Harveson, Tamra Jackson-Ziems, Stephen N. Wegulo

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

One of the most common management recommendations for plant diseases is the use of resistant or tolerant varieties/hybrids in your production system. However, there is common confusion on the definition and differentiation of susceptible, tolerant, and resistant varieties/hybrids from a plant pathology viewpoint. A susceptible variety/hybrid allows the pathogen to reproduce and causes significant disease development and in turn compromises the productivity of the plant (i.e., yield). A tolerant variety/hybrid allows the pathogen to reproduce and cause disease at the same or at a slightly reduced rate as a susceptible variety/cultivar; however, there is no noticeable reduction in the plant’s …

Copper–Zinc Superoxide Dismutase-Deficient Mice Show Increased Susceptibility To Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Induced With Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein 35–55, Chandirasegara Massilamany, Arunakumar Gangaplara, Heejeong Kim, Charlotte Standord, Govardhan Rathnaiah, David Steffen, Jaekwon Lee, Jay Reddy

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

In this report, we have addressed the role of copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) deficiency in the mediation of central nervous system autoimmunity. We demonstrate that SOD1-deficient C57Bl/6 mice develop more severe autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55, compared with wild type mice. This alteration in the disease phenotype was not due to aberrant expansion of MOG-specific T cells nor their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines; rather lymphocytes generated in SOD1-deficient mice were more prone to spontaneous cell death when compared with their wild type littermate controls. The data point to a role for SOD1 in the maintenance …

Rhodotorula Minuta Fungemia In A Ewe Lamb, C G. Chitko-Mckown, K A. Leymaster, M. P. Heaton, D D. Griffin, J K. Veatch, S A. Jones, M. L. Clawson

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

An 8-month-old crossbred ewe, normal upon physical examination, was humanely euthanized for tissue collection. After approximately 3 weeks in tissue culture, fungi began budding out of cells obtained from the choroid plexus. After an additional 3 weeks, budding was observed in kidney cell cultures and eventually in monocyte cultures as well. Serum from the lamb was submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Colorado State University for fungal diagnosis and was found negative for Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis. DNA was isolated from fungi collected from tissue culture supernatants and used in a set of pan-fungal PCR assays with DNA …

Posttranslational Modification Of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein, But Not Jnk Inhibition, Is The Antiviral Mechanism Of Sp600125, Sabrina Marozin, Jennifer Altomonte, Sibylle Apfel, Phat X. Dinh, Enrico De Toni, Antonia Rizzani, Andreas Nüssler, Nobuyuki Kato, Roland M. Schmid, Asit K. Pattnaik, Oliver Eberta

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-sense single-stranded-RNA rhabdovirus, is an extremely promising oncolytic agent for cancer treatment. Since oncolytic virotherapy is moving closer to clinical application, potentially synergistic combinations of oncolytic viruses and molecularly targeted antitumor agents are becoming a meaningful strategy for cancer treatment. Mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors have been shown to impair liver cell proliferation and tumor development, suggesting their potential use as therapeutic agents for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this work, we show that the impairment of MAPK in vitro did not interfere with the oncolytic properties of VSV in HCC cell lines. Moreover, the administration …

Identification Of Amino Acid Residues Important For Anti-Ifn Activity Of Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus Non-Structural Protein 1, Lalit Beura, Sakthivel Subramaniam, Hiep Vu, Byungjoon Kwon, Asit K. Pattnaik, Fernando A. Osorio

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The non-structural protein 1 (nsp1) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is partly responsible for inhibition of type I interferon (IFN) response by the infected host. By performing alanine-scanning mutagenesis, we have identified amino acid residues in nsp1α and nsp1β~ (the proteolytic products of nsp1) that when substituted with alanine(s) exhibited significant relief of IFNsuppression. A mutant virus (16-SA, in which residues 16-20 of nsp1β were substituted with alanines) encoding mutant nsp1β recovered from infectious cDNA clone was shown to be attenuated for growth in vitro and induced significantly higher amount of type I IFN transcripts in infected macrophages. …

Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol (Gpi)-Anchored Membrane Association Of The Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus Gp4 Glycoprotein And Its Co-Localization With Cd163 In Lipid Rafts, Yijun Du, Asit K. Pattnaik, Cheng Song, Dongwan Yoo, Gang Li

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) glycoprotein 4 (GP4) resembles a typical type I membrane protein in its structure but lacks a hydrophilic tail at the C-terminus, suggesting that GP4 may be a lipid-anchored membrane protein. Using the human decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), a known glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid-anchored protein, chimeric constructs were made to substitute the GPI-anchor domain of DAF with the putative lipid-anchor domain of GP4, and their membrane association and lipase cleavage were determined in cells. The DAF-GP4 fusion protein was transported to the plasma membrane and was cleaved by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), indicating that …

A Single Amino Acid Change Resulting In Loss Of Fluorescence Of Egfp In A Viral Fusion Protein Confers Fitness And Growth Advantage To The Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, Phat X. Dinh, Debasis Panda, Phani B. Das, Subash C. Das, Anshuman Das, Asit K. Pattnaik

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding eGFP fused in-frame with an essential viral replication protein, the phosphoprotein P, we show that during passage in culture, the virus mutates the nucleotide C289 within eGFP of the fusion protein PeGFP to A or T, resulting in R97S/C amino acid substitution and loss of fluorescence. The resultant non-fluorescent virus exhibits increased fitness and growth advantage over its fluorescent counterpart. The growth advantage of the non-fluorescent virus appears to be due to increased transcription and replication activities of the PeGFP protein carrying the R97S/C substitution. Further, our results show that the R97S/C mutation …

Amino Acid Residues In The Non-Structural Protein 1 Of Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus Involved In Down-Regulation Of Tnf-Cx Expression In Vitro And Attenuation In Vivo, Sakthivel Subramaniam, Lalit Beura, Byungjoon Kwon, Asit K. Pattnaik, Fernando A. Osorio

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by its non-structural proteins 1α and 1β (Nsp1α and Nsp1β). To identifY the amino acid residues responsible for this activity, we generated several alanine substitution mutants of Nsp1α and Nsp1β. Examination of the mutant proteins revealed that Nsp1α residues Gly90, Asn91 , Arg97, Argl 00 and Arg124 were necessary for TNF-α promoter suppression, whereas several amino acids spanning the entire Nsp1β ~ were found to be required for this activity. Two mutant viruses, with mutations at Nsp1α Gly90 or Nsp1β residues …

Fusion Of A Fluorescent Protein To The Pul25 Minor Capsid Protein Of Pseudorabies Virus Allows Live-Cell Capsid Imaging With Negligible Impact On Infection, Kevin P. Bohannon, Patricia J. Sollars, Gary E. Pickard, Gregory A. Smith

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

In order to resolve the location and activity of submicroscopic viruses in living cells, viral proteins are often fused to fluorescent proteins (FPs) and visualized by microscopy. In this study, we describe the fusion of FPs to three proteins of pseudorabies virus (PRV) that allowed imaging of capsids in living cells. Included in this study are the first recombinant PRV strains expressing FP–pUL25 fusions based on a design applied to herpes simplex virus type 1 by Homa and colleagues. The properties of each reporter virus were compared in both in vitro and in vivo infection models. PRV strains expressing FP–pUL25 …

Staphylococcal Response To Oxidative Stress, Rosmarie Gaupp, Nagender Ledala, Greg A. Somerville

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Staphylococci are a versatile genus of bacteria that are capable of causing acute and chronic infections in diverse host species. The success of staphylococci as pathogens is due in part to their ability to mitigate endogenous and exogenous oxidative and nitrosative stress. Endogenous oxidative stress is a consequence of life in an aerobic environment; whereas, exogenous osidative and nitrosative stress are often due to the bacteria's interaction with host immune systems. To overcome the deleterious effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress, staphylococci have evolved protection, detoxification, and repair mechanisms that are controlled by a network of regulators. In this review, …

Induction Of Stress Granule-Like Structures In Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Infected Cells, Phat X. Dinh, Lalit K. Beura, Phani B. Das, Debasis Panda, Anshuman Das, Asit K. Pattnaik

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that cellular poly(C) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) downregulates vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) gene expression. We show here that VSV infection induces the formation of granular structures in the cytoplasm containing cellular RNA-binding proteins, including PCBP2, T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1), and TIA1-related protein (TIAR). Depletion of TIA1 via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), but not depletion of TIAR, results in enhanced VSV growth and gene expression. The VSV-induced granules appear to be similar to the stress granules (SGs) generated in cells triggered by heat shock or oxidative stress but do not contain some of the …

Carrion Cycling In Food Webs: Comparisons Among Terrestrial And Marine Ecosystems, James C. Beasley, Z. H. Olson, T. L. Devault

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

In light of current global changes to ecosystem function (e.g. climate change, trophic downgrading, and invasive species), there has been a recent surge of interest in exploring differences in nutrient cycling among ecosystem types. In particular, a growing awareness has emerged concerning the importance of scavenging in food web dynamics, although no studies have focused specifically on exploring differences in carrion consumption between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this forum we synthesize the scavenging literature to elucidate differences in scavenging dynamics between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and identify areas where future research is needed to more clearly understand the role …

Exploiting Antipredator Behavior In White-Tailed Deer For Resource Protection, Bradley F. Blackwell, Thomas W. Seamans, Laura A. Tyson, Jerrold L. Belant, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Effects of visual obstruction on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) include enhanced vigilance and flight-initiation distances. Prior work suggests that artificial visual barriers might enhance perceived risk of predation to deer. During 2008–2010 at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Plum Brook Station (Erie County, OH), we tested the hypotheses that visual obstruction of winter feeding stations would result in fewer white-tailed deer visiting treatment stations and increased vigilance exhibited relative to deer using control stations. When feeding stations were bounded on 3 sides by a 22.5-m-long, 1.5-m-high, continuous, polyethylene visual barrier (including a 5-m opening on the fourth …

Bioeconomic Modelling Of Raccoon Rabies Spread Management Impacts In Quebec, Canada, S. A.. Shwiff, C. Aenishaenslin, A. Ludwig, P. Berthiaume, M. Bigras-Poulin, K. Kirkpatrick, L. Lambert, D. Bélanger

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Beginning in 2006, point infection control operations and aerial distribution of oral rabies vaccines along the US border were performed in Quebec, Canada, to control the potential spread of raccoon rabies. A benefit-cost analysis assessed the economic efficiency of this rabies control programme into the future. In this study, a mathematical simulation model was used to determine the potential spread of raccoon rabies from the 2006 index case, and incidence rates of human post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), animal testing and human exposure investigations were calculated. Benefits were calculated as the potential savings from reduced numbers of human PEP, animal testing and …

Movement And Habitat Use Of Feral Swine Near Domestic Swine Facilities, A. Christy Wyckoff, Scott E. Henke, Tyler A. Campbell, David G. Hewitt, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Feral swine (Sus scrofa), a successful invasive species in the United States, have established growing populations in 38 states and are a reservoir of diseases important to domestic swine. An understanding of habitat use and movements is important for the prevention of disease transmission between feral and domestic swine. To assess risk posed to neighboring domestic swine facilities in East and South Texas, we determined habitat use and movement patterns of feral swine within 10 miles of domestic swine facilities, identified similarities in habitat preferences and vegetation types directly surrounding facilities, assessed effects of wet and dry conditions …

Frequent Cross-Species Transmission Of Parvoviruses Among Diverse Carnivore Hosts, Andrew B. Allison, Dennis J. Kohler, Karen A. Fox, Justin D. Brown, Richard W. Gerhold, Valerie I. Shearn-Bochsler, Edward J. Dubovi, Colin R. Parrish, Edward C. Holmes

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Although parvoviruses are commonly described in domestic carnivores, little is known about their biodiversity in nondomestic species. A phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene sequences from puma, coyote, gray wolf, bobcat, raccoon, and striped skunk revealed two major groups related to either feline panleukopenia virus (“FPV-like”) or canine parvovirus (“CPV-like”). Cross species transmission was commonplace, with multiple introductions into each host species but, with the exception of raccoons, relatively little evidence for onward transmission in nondomestic species.

Economic Evaluation Of Vampire Bat (Desmodus Rotundus) Rabies Prevention In Mexico, Aaron M. Anderson, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Karen Gebhardt, A. J. Ramırez, Steven S. Shwiff, Dennis Kohler, Luis Lecuona

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Vampire bat rabies causes significant impacts within its endemic range in Mexico. These impacts include livestock mortality, animal testing costs, post-exposure prophylaxis costs, and human mortality risk. Mitigation of the impacts can be achieved by vaccinating livestock and controlling vampire bat populations. A benefit- cost analysis was performed to examine the economic efficiency of these methods of mitigation, and Monte Carlo simulations were used to examine the impact that uncertainty has on the analysis. We found that livestock vaccination is efficient, with benefits being over six times higher than costs. However, bat control is inefficient because benefits are very unlikely …

Eleutherodactylus Coqui Thomas (Caribbean Tree Frog), Karen H. Beard, William C. Pitt

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

History of Eleutherodactylus coqui Introduction

Eleutherodactylus coqui (hereafter, the coqui) is a nocturnal, terrestrial frog endemic to the island of Puerto Rico (Figure 26.1). There are 16 Eleutherodactylus species endemic to the island, but the coqui is the most widespread and abundant. While larger than most other frogs in Puerto Rico, the coqui is a small frog (maximum snout–vent length (SVL) for males of 50mm and for females of 63mm; Joglar, 1998), that differentiates itself from other Eleutherodactylus species by using the full spectrum of vertical forest habitats and by its distinctive two note mating call, which sounds like ‘ko-kee’ …

A Comparison Of Methods For Estimating Raccoon Abundance: Implications For Disease Vaccination Programs, James C. Beasley, William S. Beatty, Todd C. Atwood, Shylo R. Johnson, Olin E. Rhodes Jr.

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Accurate estimates of demographic parameters are critical to the management of wildlife populations, including management programs focused on controlling the spread of zoonotic diseases. Rabies managers in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) have applied a simple raccoon (Procyon lotor) abundance index (RAI) based on cumulative catch of unique raccoons per unit area to determine vaccine-bait distribution densities. This approach was designed to allow for both the collection of biological samples and to index raccoon abundance to determine bait densities for oral rabies programs. However, postbaiting surveillance data indicate that, on average, only 30% of raccoons sampled …

Genetic Structure Of A Virginia Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) Population Inhabiting A Fragmented Agricultural Ecosystem, William S. Beatty, James C. Beasley, Guha Dharmarajan, Olin E. Rhodes Jr.

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Fragmentation has drastically altered the quality of habitats throughout numerous ecosystems, often leading to dramatic changes in the composition of wildlife communities. The ecology and associated movement behavior of a species may also be modified as a result of forest fragmentation, resulting in changes in genetic composition of the affected species. In this research, we evaluated the genetic structure of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) at the landscape and local scales in a fragmented, agricultural ecosystem in northern Indiana using 13 microsatellite loci. We examined 290 samples from opossums inhabiting 28 discrete habitat patches, and evaluated partitioning …

Yersinia Pestis: Examining Wildlife Plague Surveillance In China And The Usa, Sarah N. Bevins, John A. Baroch, Dale L. Nolte, Min Zhang, Hongxuan He

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Plague is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis Lehmann and Neumann, 1896. Although it is essentially a disease of rodents, plague can also be transmitted to people. Historically, plague has caused massive morbidity and mortality events in human populations, and has recently been classified as a reemerging disease in many parts of the world. This public health threat has led many countries to set up wild and domestic animal surveillance programs in an attempt to monitor plague activity that could potentially spill over into human populations. Both China and the USA have plague surveillance programs in place, …

Digging Behaviors Of Radio-Tagged Black-Footed Ferrets Near Meeteetse, Wyoming, 1981–1984, Dean E. Biggins, Louis R. Hanebury, Kathleen A. Fagerstone

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Intensive radio-tracking during August–December enabled us to collect detailed information on digging behaviors of a small sample of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) occupying colonies of white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus). A sample of 33 prairie dogs, also radio-tagged, progressively ceased aboveground activity during late summer and fall, presumably as they descended into burrows to hibernate. Most of the time ferrets spent digging was in November–December when >95% of the radio-tagged prairie dogs were inactive, suggesting that digging was primarily to excavate hibernating prey. Although 43.9% of the burrow openings were estimated to be in large mounds, …

Site-Occupancy Monitoring Of An Ecosystem Indicator: Linking Characteristics Of Riparian Vegetation To Beaver Occurrence, Stewart W. Breck, Michael I. Goldstein, Sanjay Pyare

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Establishment of sampling frameworks to monitor the occurrence of ecological indicators and to identify the covariates that influence occurrence is a high-priority need for natural resource restoration and management efforts. We utilized occupancy modeling to identify patterns of beaver occurrence and factors influencing these patterns (i.e., type and amount of vegetation cover) in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River ecosystem. We used rafts and kayaks to access a stratified random sample of sites (i.e., 100-m-long sections of riverbank) and used repeated sampling procedures to sample for beaver sign (i.e., lodges, cuttings, tracks, and beaver sightings). We quantified the type …

Ecology And Geography Of Human Monkeypox Case Occurrences Across Africa, Christine K. Ellis, Darin S. Carroll, Ryan R. Lash, A. Townsend Peterson, Inger K. Damon, Jean Malekani, Pierre Formenty

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

As ecologic niche modeling (ENM) evolves as a tool in spatial epidemiology and public health, selection of the most appropriate and informative environmental data sets becomes increasingly important. Here, we build on a previous ENM analysis of the potential distribution of human monkeypox in Africa by refining georeferencing criteria and using more-diverse environmental data to identify environmental parameters contributing to monkeypox distributional ecology. Significant environmental variables include annual precipitation, several temperature-related variables, primary productivity, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and pH. The potential distribution identified with this set of variables was broader than that identified in previous analyses but does not include …

Toxoplasma Gondii In Circumpolar People And Wildlife, Stacey A. Elmore, Emily J. Jenkins, Kathryn P. Huyvaert, Lydden Polley, J. Jeffrey Root, Chester G. Moore

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Despite extensive worldwide surveillance in populations of both people and wildlife, relatively little is known about Toxoplasma gondii ecology in the circumpolar north. Many northern animals and people demonstrate exposure to T. gondii, but the apparent low densities of domestic or wild felids suggest that additional transmission mechanisms are responsible for T. gondii persistence in high latitudes, whether remote source (from another region), vertical, or dietary. People in these northern communities who practice subsistence hunting might have an increased infection risk due to traditional food preparation techniques and frequent handling of wild game. Recent advances in T. gondii genotyping, …

Wildlife Services—A Leader In Developing Tools And Techniques For Managing Carnivores, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Gail Keirn

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Did you ever wonder who invented the breakaway snare or the Livestock Protection Collar? These and many other wildlife management tools and techniques are the result of the ingenuity and creativity of U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services (WS) program scientists, technicians, and field specialists, with the help of collaborators at universities, other federal and state agencies, and private partners. This manuscript will highlight some of the tools and methods that were developed, tested, or registered by WS National Wildlife Research Center scientists for use in predator damage management.