Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (8515)
- Engineering (2541)
- Education (2292)
- Computer Sciences (1948)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1802)
-
- Environmental Sciences (1444)
- Physics (1217)
- Life Sciences (1213)
- Chemistry (1111)
- Arts and Humanities (1010)
- Earth Sciences (988)
- Mathematics (840)
- Law (691)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (684)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (649)
- Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology (554)
- Computer Engineering (534)
- Business (504)
- Higher Education (437)
- Science and Mathematics Education (421)
- Mechanical Engineering (406)
- Statistics and Probability (382)
- Astrophysics and Astronomy (352)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (301)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (300)
- Geology (285)
- Natural Resources and Conservation (283)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (277)
- History (273)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (272)
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1091)
- University of South Florida (535)
- Utah State University (428)
- Louisiana State University (398)
- Wright State University (389)
-
- TÜBİTAK (387)
- Brigham Young University (373)
- Singapore Management University (373)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (369)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (337)
- Old Dominion University (326)
- Purdue University (324)
- Clemson University (303)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (277)
- Georgia Southern University (269)
- University of Central Florida (254)
- University of Texas at El Paso (254)
- University of Kentucky (227)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (213)
- Nova Southeastern University (211)
- Portland State University (206)
- Wayne State University (200)
- Air Force Institute of Technology (197)
- Technological University Dublin (187)
- Edith Cowan University (180)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (170)
- San Jose State University (169)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (166)
- University of Northern Iowa (164)
- University of New Mexico (160)
- Keyword
-
- Education (209)
- Mathematics (132)
- Climate change (84)
- Applied sciences (78)
- Higher education (78)
-
- Georgia Southern University (71)
- Student newspaper (70)
- Engineering (66)
- Simulation (64)
- Optimization (60)
- Sustainability (59)
- Newspaper (58)
- Technology (58)
- Science (57)
- 2012 (56)
- Research (54)
- Physics (52)
- United States (52)
- Curriculum (49)
- Statistics (49)
- Assessment (48)
- Education, General (48)
- Newsletter (48)
- Remote sensing (48)
- Academic achievement (47)
- Teaching (46)
- Pure sciences (45)
- Student achievement (45)
- Chemistry (44)
- History (44)
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (717)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (370)
- Faculty Publications (301)
- Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems (295)
- Dissertations (256)
-
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (171)
- Computer Science & Engineering Syllabi (164)
- Theses (156)
- Studia UBB Geologia (145)
- International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software (144)
- Master's Theses (143)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (132)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (130)
- Open Access Theses & Dissertations (127)
- Masters Theses (119)
- LSU Master's Theses (116)
- Articles (110)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (109)
- Student Works (2010-2019) (106)
- Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences (105)
- Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (101)
- Doctoral Dissertations (100)
- Publications (97)
- Publications and Research (96)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (95)
- Browse all Theses and Dissertations (93)
- Nebraska Tractor Tests (91)
- All Dissertations (86)
- All Theses (86)
- Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions) (84)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 17191 - 17220 of 19390
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Nebraska Summary: S843 Challenger Mt565d, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S843 Challenger Mt565d, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary: S855 Case-Ih Maxxum 140, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S855 Case-Ih Maxxum 140, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary: S840 Massey Ferguson 7622, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S840 Massey Ferguson 7622, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2031a: Challenger Mt585b, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2031a: Challenger Mt585b, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2020a: New Holland T8.360, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2020a: New Holland T8.360, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2019a: New Holland T8.330, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2019a: New Holland T8.330, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2018a: Case Ih Magnum 260, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2018a: Case Ih Magnum 260, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2052: New Holland Ts6.120, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2052: New Holland Ts6.120, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2017a: Case Ih Magnum 235, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2017a: Case Ih Magnum 235, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Effects Of Hypoxia Exposure On Hepatic Cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a) Expression In Atlantic Croaker: Molecular Mechanisms Of Cyp1a Down-Regulation, Md. Saydur Rahman, Peter Thomas
Effects Of Hypoxia Exposure On Hepatic Cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a) Expression In Atlantic Croaker: Molecular Mechanisms Of Cyp1a Down-Regulation, Md. Saydur Rahman, Peter Thomas
School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications
Hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) are biomarkers of environmental exposure to hypoxia and organic xenobiotic chemicals that act through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, respectively. Many aquatic environments heavily contaminated with organic chemicals, such as harbors, are also hypoxic. Recently, we and other scientists reported HIF-α genes are upregulated by hypoxia exposure in aquatic organisms, but the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia regulation of CYP1A expression have not been investigated in teleost fishes. As a first step in understanding the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia modulation of CYP1A expression in fish, we characterized CYP1A cDNA from croaker liver. Hypoxia exposure …
Passive Gas-Liquid Separation Using Hydrophobic Porous Polymer Membranes: A Study On The Effect Of Operating Pressure On Membrane Area Requirement, Taylor Patrick Maxwell
Passive Gas-Liquid Separation Using Hydrophobic Porous Polymer Membranes: A Study On The Effect Of Operating Pressure On Membrane Area Requirement, Taylor Patrick Maxwell
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The use of hydrophobic porous polymer membranes to vent unwanted gas bubbles from liquid streams is becoming increasingly more common in portable applications such as direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and micro-fluidic cooling of electronic circuits. In order for these portable systems to keep up with the ever increasing demand of the mobile user, it is essential that auxiliary components, like gas-liquid separators (GLS), continue to decrease in weight and size. While there has been significant progress made in the field of membrane-based gas-liquid separation, the ability to miniaturize such devices has not been thoroughly addressed in the available literature. …
A View From Within : Instructors' Perspectives Of Their Roles With Adult Learners In Need Of Remediation, Lance J. Baxter
A View From Within : Instructors' Perspectives Of Their Roles With Adult Learners In Need Of Remediation, Lance J. Baxter
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative research study focused on the perceptions of 12 faculty members teaching courses in adult basic education and described their professional experiences and interactions with adult learners within the context of a two-year, public, postsecondary institution. Participants, ranging in teaching experience from 13 years to 43 years, volunteered to take part in one-to-one, semi-structured interview sessions to offer insight into their professional experiences. The interview sessions yielded the complex, context-specific data for detailed analysis. Data analysis, supported through educational criticism and relevant concepts from the professional literature (Eisner, 1998), was used to develop four themes: how the faculty viewed …
The Hyperboloid Model Of Hyperbolic Geometry, Zachery S. Lane Solheim
The Hyperboloid Model Of Hyperbolic Geometry, Zachery S. Lane Solheim
EWU Masters Thesis Collection
"The main goal of this thesis is to introduce and develop the hyperboloid model of Hyperbolic Geometry. In order to do that, some time is spent on Neutral Geometry as well as Euclidean Geometry; these are used to build several models of Hyperbolic Geometry. At this point the hyperboloid model is introduced, related to the other models visited, and developed using some concepts from physics as aids. After the development of the hyperboloid model, Fuchsian groups are briefly discussed and the more familiar models of Hyperbolic Geometry are further investigated"--Document.
Vol. 37, No. 4: Holiday 2012, School Of Medicine & Health Sciences
Vol. 37, No. 4: Holiday 2012, School Of Medicine & Health Sciences
North Dakota Medicine Archive
No abstract provided.
An Introduction To Modern Cryptology Within An Algebraic Framework, John Szwast
An Introduction To Modern Cryptology Within An Algebraic Framework, John Szwast
EWU Masters Thesis Collection
No abstract provided.
Quadratic And Cubic Reciprocity, Suzanne Rousseau
Quadratic And Cubic Reciprocity, Suzanne Rousseau
EWU Masters Thesis Collection
"In this thesis, we seek to prove results about quadratic and cubic reciprocity in great detail. Although these results appear in many textbooks, the proofs often contain large gaps that may be difficult for the average reader to follow. To achieve this goal, we have 'built up to reciprocity theory from basic principles of algebra, and whenever possible, we have tried to prove the number theoretic results of reciprocity using ideas from group theory. This thesis could potentially serve as a reference for a student who desires to study quadratic or cubic reciprocity in more detail, or as a foundation …
Class-Ifying London: Questioning Social Division And Space Claims In The Post-Industrial Metropolis, Mark Davidson, Elvin Wyly
Class-Ifying London: Questioning Social Division And Space Claims In The Post-Industrial Metropolis, Mark Davidson, Elvin Wyly
Geography
Richard Florida's Rise of the Creative Class of 2002 ends with a clarion call for a post-industrial, post-class sensibility: 'The task of building a truly creative society is not a game of solitaire. This game, we play as a team.' Florida's sentiment has been echoed across a broad and interdisciplinary literature in social theory and public policy, producing a new conventional wisdom: that class antagonisms are redundant in today's climate of competitive professionalism and a dominant creative mainstream. Questions of social justice are thus deflected by reassurances that there is no 'I' in team, and that 'we' must always be …
Landscape-Level Controls On Dissolved Carbon Flux From Diverse Catchments Of The Circumboreal, Suzanne E. Tank, Karen E. Frey, Robert G. Striegl, Peter A. Raymond, Robert M. Holmes, James W. Mcclelland, Bruce J. Peterson
Landscape-Level Controls On Dissolved Carbon Flux From Diverse Catchments Of The Circumboreal, Suzanne E. Tank, Karen E. Frey, Robert G. Striegl, Peter A. Raymond, Robert M. Holmes, James W. Mcclelland, Bruce J. Peterson
Geography
While much of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within rivers is destined for mineralization to CO2, a substantial fraction of riverine bicarbonate (HCO3-) flux represents a CO2 sink, as a result of weathering processes that sequester CO2 as HCO 3-. We explored landscape-level controls on DOC and HCO3- flux in subcatchments of the boreal, with a specific focus on the effect of permafrost on riverine dissolved C flux. To do this, we undertook a multivariate analysis that partitioned the variance attributable to known, key regulators of dissolved C flux (runoff, lithology, and vegetation) prior to examining the effect of permafrost, …
Calling For Justice In The Goldfields Of Tanzania, Madoshi H. Makene, Jody Emel, James T. Murphy
Calling For Justice In The Goldfields Of Tanzania, Madoshi H. Makene, Jody Emel, James T. Murphy
Geography
Tanzania is the third largest gold exporter in Africa, thanks in part to the liberalization of the mining sector which started in the early 1990s. Neoliberal mining reforms promised a win-win situation in which government, investors and local host communities would benefit through export earnings, profits, local employment, andcorporate social responsibility initiatives (e.g., the building of schools and clinics). While the rising price of gold and foreign investments in mining activities have delivered on some of these promises, many residents in mining regions have not benefited socioeconomically. Worse still, their communities have unjustly borne the brunt of the environmental, social, …
The Benefit Of Information Sharing In A Logistics Outsourcing Context, Hossein Zolfagharinia, Michael Haughton
The Benefit Of Information Sharing In A Logistics Outsourcing Context, Hossein Zolfagharinia, Michael Haughton
Business Faculty Publications
The goal of this article is to examine the value of information sharing in outsourcing of logistics activities. Our examination is in the context of a fairly complex network in which location and capacity of carriers are considered. The current research also examines the moderating effect of network settings on the benefit of information sharing. A core component of our methodology is use of computational experiments to provide a variety of logistics network conditions under which we investigate information sharing value. The investigation involves comparing two strategies, namely full and no information sharing. Underlying the experiments are procedures to optimise …
The Benefit Of Information Sharing In A Logistics Outsourcing Context, Hossein Zolfagharinia, Michael Haughton
The Benefit Of Information Sharing In A Logistics Outsourcing Context, Hossein Zolfagharinia, Michael Haughton
Business Faculty Publications
The goal of this article is to examine the value of information sharing in outsourcing of logistics activities. Our examination is in the context of a fairly complex network in which location and capacity of carriers are considered. The current research also examines the moderating effect of network settings on the benefit of information sharing. A core component of our methodology is use of computational experiments to provide a variety of logistics network conditions under which we investigate information sharing value. The investigation involves comparing two strategies, namely full and no information sharing. Underlying the experiments are procedures to optimise …
Surfactant-Free Hybridization Of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles With Conductive Graphene For High-Performance Supercapacitor, Wen Qian, Zhiqiang Chen, Steven Cottingham, William Alexander Merrill, Natasja A. Swartz, Andrea Goforth, Tami Lasseter Clare, Jun Jiao
Surfactant-Free Hybridization Of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles With Conductive Graphene For High-Performance Supercapacitor, Wen Qian, Zhiqiang Chen, Steven Cottingham, William Alexander Merrill, Natasja A. Swartz, Andrea Goforth, Tami Lasseter Clare, Jun Jiao
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
In order to improve specific capacitance and limit electrical resistance, high-quality exfoliatedgraphene decorated with transition metal (Fe, Mn, Co) oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been successfully synthesized without the use of surfactant via a simple, general, environmentally-friendly chemical process. The specific capacitance of as-prepared graphene/Mn3O4 composite reach 239.6 F/g, when employed as the anode material in neutral NaCl electrolyte solutions (cf. 98.2 F/g for pristine graphene and 141.4 F/g for pure Mn3O4 NPs), which indicate the synergetic effects from both graphene and attached Mn3O4 NPs. Moreover, the high conductivity of …
The Impact Of Teacher Licensure Programs On Minority Student Achievement, Rose S. Duke
The Impact Of Teacher Licensure Programs On Minority Student Achievement, Rose S. Duke
Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations
This research examined the impact of teacher licensure routes, particularly those identified as either traditional or alternative on student achievement by comparing Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL) end of year scores in math and reading for minority students in grades six through eight during the period from 2005 through 2009. To compare the achievement of students taught by either traditionally or alternatively prepared teachers, the Standards of Learning (SOL) scores were calculated for students and then aggregated for types of teacher preparation. The mean values were compared for statistically significant differences as a function of subject, teacher ethnicity, teacher gender, …
Factors That Female Higher Education Faculty In Select Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics (Stem) Fields Perceive As Being Influential To Their Success And Persistence In Their Chosen Professions, Phyllis Bernice Opare
STEMPS Theses & Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine factors female higher education faculty in select science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields perceived as influential to their success and persistence in their chosen professions. Females are underrepresented in STEM professions including academia, despite the fact that female educational attainment in all fields have increased significantly.
Four research questions were used to guide this study and they are: 1) What personal factors affect females' ability to successfully persist in STEM faculty positions? 2) What social factors affect females' ability to successfully persist in STEM faculty positions? 3) What academic/institutional factors affect …
A Framework For Delivering Contextually Appropriate Opportunities For Warfighter Practice, Michael Allan White
A Framework For Delivering Contextually Appropriate Opportunities For Warfighter Practice, Michael Allan White
Computational Modeling & Simulation Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Computer-based modeling and simulation has been a training staple in the military domain since the first aircraft simulators were adopted. More recently, virtual environments based on modeling, simulation and serious games, have introduced relatively low-cost, yet high value additions to the learning environment. As these virtual environments have proliferated, many researchers have investigated the relationship between theoretical foundations of learning, learner development and content delivery, and applied their findings in an attempt to bolster learning, yet performance deficiencies continue to exist. This study asserts that performance deficiencies exist in part because of insufficient contextually appropriate opportunities to practice.
This work …
Vortex Patterns Beyond Hypergeometric, Andrei Ludu
Vortex Patterns Beyond Hypergeometric, Andrei Ludu
Publications
We prove that loop vortices are created by a point-like magnetic dipole in an infinite superconductor space. The geometry of the vortex system is obtained through analytic solutions of the linearized Ginzburg-Landau equation described in terms of Heun functions, generalizing the traditional hypergeometric behavior of such magnetic singularity.
Catalog 2012-2013, University Of North Florida
Catalog 2012-2013, University Of North Florida
UNF Course Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Identification And Visualization Of Electromagnetic Coupling Paths & Nonlinear Capacitors For Esd Protection, Hongyu Li
Doctoral Dissertations
"The first topic of this dissertation focuses on developing methods to identify and visualize electromagnetic coupling paths. The basis of the approach is to utilize an analogy between electromagnetic energy flow and fluid flow. This allows one to apply the theories and algorithms of fluid dynamics to electromagnetics and thereby to visualize the electromagnetic energy flow. This in turn can be utilized to identify the electromagnetic coupling path.
The second topic of this dissertation investigates the nonlinearity of capacitors and suggests improved trade-off between electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection and data bandwidth by using the antiferroelectric (AFE) capacitors as ESD protection. …
Design And Experimental Study Of Turbo Equalization For Multiple Antenna Systems, Amirhossein Rafati
Design And Experimental Study Of Turbo Equalization For Multiple Antenna Systems, Amirhossein Rafati
Doctoral Dissertations
"Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems have attracted a lot of interest in the past decade due to their capability in delivering high spectral efficiency as well as their robust performance against fading. In MIMO inter-symbol interference (lSI) channels, a severe interference problem occurs due to the lSI and co-channel interference. Thus, the error propagation problem becomes more serious, and its mitigation has to be considered when designing the receiver. In this regard, a turbo equalizer which exchanges soft information between the equalizer and the decoder has been shown to be an effective method to combat the lSI caused by …
Friction Stir Welding Of High Temperature Alloys, Jiye Wang
Friction Stir Welding Of High Temperature Alloys, Jiye Wang
Doctoral Dissertations
"Friction stir welding (FSW) of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, nickel-based and iron-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys (MA754 and MA956) has been studied. The main aspects covered include tool evaluation, microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and correlation between processing, microstructure and mechanical properties. Tool performance study was carried out for Ti-6Al-4V alloy with refractory tools made of W-1.1%La₂O₃ and two different grades of WC-Co based materials. The results showed that tool degradation can be attributed to mechanical and chemical interaction with processed material. The nature of tool-workpiece interaction was tool material dependent and influenced the resultant microstructure and weld quality in the stirred …