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Evaluation Of The Relationship Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Severity And Cephalometric And Clinical Variables, Süleyman Hakan Tuna, Önder Öztürk, Muhammet Hakan Türkkahraman, Hüseyi̇n Alkiş, Hüseyi̇n Avni̇ Balcioğlu, Ahmet Akkaya

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To evaluate the cephalometric features of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to elucidate the relationship between the severity of OSAS and cephalometric and clinical variables. Materials and methods: Ninety-three patients (71M/22W) with OSAS were classified into 3 subgroups according to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Various cephalometric and clinical measurements were carried out for all patients. Results: Inferior airway space (IAS), maximum soft palate thickness (MSPT), SNGoGn°, and distance of hyoid bone to mandibular plane (Hy-MPPerp) were found to be higher in severe OSAS for both sexes. Middle airway space, IAS, MSPT, and Hy-MPPerp were correlated positively with …

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy And Effects On Neonatal Anthropometry: A Prospective Study, Fati̇h Bolat, Özge Eren, Güher Bolat, Emrah Can, Serdar Cömert, Hasan Si̇nan Uslu, Asi̇ye Nuhoğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To identify risk factors associated with cigarette smoking during pregnancy and to evaluate the effect of smoking on anthropometric measurements. Materials and methods: This study was carried out prospectively in selected women who gave birth to a healthy, term infant at Şişli Etfal Education and Research Hospital from January 2009 to January 2010. Smoking status during pregnancy was categorized into 3 groups: nonsmoker; smoker; passive smoker. Regression analysis was performed to compare risk factors with cigarette smoking. Results: A total of 1175 mothers were enrolled. Active and passive smoking rates were 14.9% and 32.3%, respectively. In univariate analysis, maternal active …

Hyperactivation Of The Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis In Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats: Effect Of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) And Insulin Therapy, Nagaraja Puranik, Sheela Devi Devi, Kararshaha Kammar

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

In the present study, we investigated the extent to which changes in corticosterone level and food and water intake behavior occur in diabetes and explored the effect of Tinospora cordifolia extracts and insulin therapy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Female albino rats of the inbred Wistar strain (body weight: 180-210 g) were used in this study. Experimental diabetes was induced by injecting freshly prepared streptozotocin once at the dose of 55 mg/kg body weight intravenously in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5. The drug was administered orally for 10 days and 30 days in different groups containing 6 …

Effectiveness Of An Original Vaginal Placation Of The Uterosacral Ligaments As Vault Prolapse Prevention, Vesna Antovska

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an original vaginal plication of the uterosacral ligaments as a preventive procedure for recurrent vault prolapse. Materials and methods: In total, 216 women with stage III/IV genital prolapse (POPQ system) underwent vaginal hysterectomy combined with uterosacral ligaments plication. First, the rectum was dissected from the posterior vaginal wall; next, 3 absorbable sutures were placed through both uterosacral ligaments; finally, a fourth suture was placed circularly through both uterosacral ligaments and the posterior vaginal margin. Statistical analysis made use of Student's paired test and Mantel-Haenszel's chi-square test. Results: At the …

An Investigation Of The Relationship Between Clinical Features Of Amoebiasis And Entamoeba Histolytica Genotypes, Remzi̇ Engi̇n Araz, Özgür Koru, Mehmet Tanyüksel, Tuncer Özeki̇nci̇, Ali̇ Ceylan, Hati̇ce Zeynep Güçlü Kilbaş, Mutali̇p Çi̇çek

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To determine the presence of Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar and E. moshkovskii in stool samples, tRNA-based short tandem repeat gene polymorphism in E. histolytica isolates, and the relationship between amoeba load and clinical outcome in studies. Materials and methods: This study involved 840 stools samples of individuals having diarrhea/dysentery and individuals who were asymptomatic by using microscopy, culture, E. histolytica antigen ELISA, and conventional/real-time PCR methods. Results: Of the 840 samples analyzed, 4.3% (36/840), 2.6% (22/840), and 7.4% (62/840) of the stool samples were determined to be positive by E. histolytica antigen ELISA, and real-time PCR for E. histolytica and E. …

Genotoxic Effects Of Banding Procedure With Different Orthodontic Cements On Human Oral Mucosa Cells, Firat Öztürk, Şengül Yüksel, Ebubeki̇r Toy, Elçi̇n Lati̇fe Kurtoğlu, Eyüp Burak Küçük

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To assess the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of banding procedure with 5 different orthodontic cements on human oral buccal epithelium cells. Materials and methods: Fifty healthy volunteers (mean age: 14.54 ± 2.37 years) were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10. Preformed stainless steel molar bands (3M Unitek) were cemented to the upper and lower first molar teeth with 5 different orthodontic cements (Durelon, GC Fuji Ortho Band LC Paste Pak, Meron, Ultra Band Lok, and 3M Unitek Multi Cure) in each group. Genotoxic effects of the banding procedure for a 1-month period were evaluated using the micronucleus test (MNT). …

Creating A Risk Model To Determine Paraaortic Lymph Node Involvement In Endometrial Carcinoma, Ahmet Taner Turan, Burcu Aykan Yildirim, Işin Üreyen, Deni̇z Hizli, Mustafa Alper Karalök, Ömer Lütfi̇ Tapisiz, Hakki Gökhan Tulunay, Nuretti̇n Boran, Nejat Özgül, Mehmet Faruk Köse

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To define a high-risk group for paraaortic (PA) lymph node metastasis among endometrial carcinoma patients. Materials and methods: Prognostic factors determining PA lymph node metastasis were defined. Using these factors in different combinations, 14 risk groups were formed. A patient with at least one of these factors was considered as high-risk for PA lymph node metastasis. Results: This study included 152 patients. Of these patients, 18 had tumors in the PA region. Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) and pelvic lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors for PA lymph node involvement. In the risk modeling system, pelvic lymph node metastasis was …

Comparison Of Three Volumetric Techniques For Estimating Thyroid Gland Volume, Ümi̇t Erkan Vurdem, Ni̇yazi̇ Acer, Tolga Erteki̇n, Ahmet Savranlar, Ömer Topuz, Mustafa Keçeli̇

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The aims of this study were to estimate the preoperative thyroid volume in patients with a multinodular goiter by the use of ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and then to compare these approaches with the postsurgical total volume measured by Archimedes' principle. Materials and methods: In this study, we compared 3 methods for the determination of thyroid volume: thyroid volume measured with ellipsoid formula via 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2D USG); the stereological (point-counting) method using MRI; and the postsurgical total volume determined by the fluid displacement technique as a gold standard. Results: Thyroid volumes were calculated in a total …

Right Diaphragmatic Lipoma: Report Of Five Cases And Review Of The Literature, Yener Aydin, Mustafa Esat Yamaç, Ali̇ Bi̇lal Ulaş, Habi̇b Bi̇len, Ati̇la Eroğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Approximately 40 diaphragmatic lipoma cases have been reported in the literature to date. Diaphragmatic lipoma is 2 times more likely to appear on the left rather than the right side. In the present study, diaphragmatic lipoma was evaluated in patients who underwent surgical management in light of the literature data. Materials and methods: This study retrospectively evaluated 5 consecutive diaphragmatic lipoma patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Thoracic Surgery Clinic between January 2003 and April 2012. Results: Of the patients, 3 were female and 2 were male. The average age of the patients was 62.2 years (range: 54-77). All …

Relation Of Total Homocysteine Level With Metabolic And Anthropometric Variables In Obese Children And Adolescents, Ayhan Abaci, Ahmet Zülfi̇kar Akelma, Osman Özdemi̇r, Şami̇l Hizli, Cem Hasan Razi, Kadi̇r Okhan Akin

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To evaluate the total homocysteine (tHcy) level, a risk factor for atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, and insulin resistance, for sex and pubertal state differences in obese children. Its relationship with metabolic and anthropometric parameters was also investigated. Materials and methods: The study involved obese children with a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile who presented with the complaint of excessive weight gain, and healthy children with a BMI below the 85th percentile. Results: The study included 100 obese (mean age: 10.2 ± 2.7 years) and 71 healthy nonobese (mean age: 10.9 ± 2.6) children. A comparison of the data from …

The Epidemiologic Characteristics Of Patients That Underwent Surgery For Hip Fracture, Mehmet Uğurlu, Serdar Yilmaz, Alper Deveci̇, Serhan Ünlü, Bi̇rol Tunç, Yusuf Üstü, Emrah Sayit, Seli̇m Yavuz Sani̇soğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To retrospectively review the epidemiologic characteristics of patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture. Materials and methods: Patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture in our clinic between 2006 and 2010 were evaluated in terms of their age, sex, localization of fracture, and surgical procedure. Results: The mean age of 419 patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture was 74.18 ± 11.26 (50-106). Of the patients, 55.13% were operated on for intertrochanteric femur fractures, 33.41% for collum femoris fractures, and 11.46% for subtrochanteric femur fractures. The most frequent age range of patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture was found …

The Evaluation Of The Results Of Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy In Patients With Gastric Cancer: Results From A Single Center In Eastern Anatolia, Mehmet Bi̇li̇ci̇, Sali̇m Başol Teki̇n, Mustafa Kandaz, Keri̇m Çayir, Mustafa Vecdi̇ Erteki̇n, Hi̇lal Kiziltunç Özmen

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To evaluate the results of postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is an important public health problem in Turkey, especially in the eastern Anatolia region. Surgery is the primary modality for managing early-stage disease, but most patients who undergo a curative resection develop locoregional or distant recurrence. Therefore, the administration of adjuvant treatment in gastric cancer has great importance. Materials and methods: Operated patients with stage IB-IV (M0) gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. A total of 148 patients with gastric cancer who had completed adjuvant chemoradiotherapy were evaluated retrospectively. Total overall survival (OS), disease-free survival …

What Is The Best Cut-Off Point For Screening Gestational Diabetes In Turkish Women?, Aydin Köşüş, Nermi̇n Köşüş, Ni̇lgün Turhan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To find an optimal threshold level with higher sensitivity and specificity for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Turkish pregnant women. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study. Screening for GDM was performed in all pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation using the 1 h 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) with a subsequent 3 h 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for confirmation if screened positive. The glucose values obtained were analyzed by both the Carpenter and Coustan (C&C criteria) and National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria. Results: There were 808 women meeting …

Investigation Of The Results Of A Smoking Cessation Clinic And The Factors Associated With Success, Leyla Sağlam

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To investigate the success rate and factors affecting success at a smoking cessation clinic. Materials and methods: In this study, 608 patients (397 male and 211 female) admitted to a smoking cessation clinic to quit smoking between 1 January 2006 and 1 June 2010 were investigated. Routine biochemical and hematological tests, pulmonary function tests, exhaled carbon monoxide levels, electrocardiographs, and chest X-rays were obtained from all of the patients. The questionnaire forms, including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), were filled by all of the participants. At the end of months 6, 12, and 18, the smoking cessation success …

Xeroderma Pigmentosum In Eastern Turkey: A Review Of 15 Cases, Necmetti̇n Akdeni̇z, Serap Güneş Bi̇lgi̇li̇, Ömer Çalka, Ayşe Serap Karadağ

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: To determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). XP is a rare autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, development of cancers at an early age, severe actinic changes, and photophobia. Materials and methods: In the dermatology clinic of Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey, 15 patients who were diagnosed with XP were seen between April 2004 and May 2010. They were evaluated according to their age, sex, family history, parental relationships, age at onset of skin lesions, presence of cutaneous malignancy, and neurological and ophthalmologic involvement. Results: The patients consisted of …

Cytotoxic Effect Of Cigarette Smoke Condensate On Mice And Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells And Hela Cells, Aftab Ahmad, Abdul Rauf Shakoori

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: To study the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on HeLa cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of mice (mMSC) and rats (rMSC). Cigarette smoking results in the deaths of millions of people annually. The constituents of cigarette smoke produce oxidants in the cells that result in inflammation, carcinogenesis, and apoptosis. Materials and methods: CSC was collected on filter paper and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and 10-100 µg/mL was added to HeLa cells, mMSCs, and rMSCs in a 96-well plate. The cytotoxic effect of CSC was measured after 48 h using a neutral red uptake assay. Images of the …

Improvement Of Monosymptomatic Enuresis After Adenotonsillectomy In Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Ahmet Gökçe, Sündüs Aslan, Fati̇h Rüştü Yalçinkaya, Mürsel Davarci, Yusuf Seli̇m Kaya, Nazan Savaş, Sadik Görür, Şafak Dağli, Ahmet Namik Ki̇per, Mevlana Derya Balbay

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To investigate the prevalence of monosymptomatic enuresis (ME) in children diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and the rate of resolution or improvement in enuresis following adenotonsillectomy. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 541 consecutive patients who underwent adenotonsillectomy for OSAS secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy between January 2005 and January 2009. All of the charts for patients between 5 and 18 years of age at the time of surgery (n = 398) were included in the study. After reviewing the charts, the families were contacted by telephone. Those patients who had shown preoperative symptoms of enuresis …

Combretazet-3 A Novel Synthetic Cis-Stable Combretastatin-A4-Azetidinone Hybrid With Enhanced Stabilityand Therapeutic Efficacy In Colon Cancer, Lisa M. Greene, Shu Wang, Niamh O'Boyle, Sandra A. Bright, Jane E. Reid, Patrick Kelly, Mary J. Meegan, Daniela M. Zisterer

Articles

In recent years an extensive series of synthetic combretastatin A-4 (CA-4)-azetidinone (β-lactam) hybrids were designed and synthesised with a view to improve the stability, therapeutic efficacy and aqueous solubility of CA-4. Lead compounds containing a 3,4,5-trimethoxy aromatic ring at position 1 and a variety of substitution patterns at positions 3 and 4 of the β-lactam ring were screened in three adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cell lines (CT-26, Caco-2 and the CA-4 resistant cell line, HT-29). In both CT-26 and Caco-2 cells all β-lactam analogues analysed displayed potent therapeutic efficacy within the nanomolar range. Substitution of the ethylene bridge of CA-4 with …

Withholding Political Authority: Civil Society And People's Power In Zimbabwe, A. Scott Dupree

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The relationship of civil society to the state is rarely antagonistic and at most times supportive. The political regime and civil society are taken to be interdependent social structures that interact through hegemonic, supportive and socially constructed dimensions. Given this interdependency, when does civil society challenge authority or does its efforts rise to the level of a people's power revolution? When does it act to dismantle the political regime or seek to reconstruct it? This project attempts to shed light on how civil society mobilizes a people's power capable of challenging political authority through the story of its ongoing struggles …

The Genetics Of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancers: A Review Of Current And Emerging Candidates, M Hammad Ather, Tahmeena Siddiqui

Department of Surgery Docs

Prostate cancer (PC) displays a strong familial link and genetic factors; genes regulating inflammation may have a pivotal role in the disease. Epigenetic changes control chromosomal integrity, gene functions, and, ultimately, carcinogenesis. The most widely studied epigenetic event in PC is aberrant DNA methylation (hypo- and hypermethylation); besides this, chromatin remodeling and micro RNA (miRNA) are other studied alterations in PC. These all lead to genomic instability and inappropriate gene expression. Causative dysfunction of histone modifying enzymes results in generic and locus-specific changes in chromatin remodeling. miRNA deregulation also contributes to prostate carcinogenesis, including interference with androgen-receptor signaling and apoptosis. …

Volume 04, Matt Szemborski, Phillip Van Ness, Sarah Croughwell, Sarah Mayfield, Alyssa Strackbein, Marley Kimmel, Stephanie Skipp, Jamie Yurasits, Katherine Taggart, Alex Leonhart, Kristen Rawls, Andrew Armes, Amanda Haymens, Allison Paqlowski, Erica May, Stephanie Lane, Luke Acree, Cassandra L. Wilson, Stephanie Pishock, Erica Hopson, K. Juston Osborne, Katheryn Grayson, Kyle Fowlkes, Jessica Cox, Kaity Byrum, John-Harwood Scott, Ashley Johnson, Samantha Hockman, Emily Staskiel, Nancy Macdonald, R. Kruger Bressin, Benjamin P. Bilodeau, Andrea Irby, Kristin Macquarrie, Sarah Bietsch, Elizabeth Bednar

Incite: The Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship

Please note that part of pages 92-95 are redacted, in the digital copy, due to a misprint of the original printed article.

Introduction from Dean Dr. Charles Ross

The Internal Other: Transculturation and Postcolonial Magical Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children by Matt Szemborski

Photography by Phillip Van Ness

Photography “Waterfall” by Sarah Croughwell

Romancing the Bite: Statistical Analysis of Young Adult Vampire Novels by Sarah Mayfield

Photography by Alyssa Strackbein

Photography by Marley Kimmel

Wine and Society in the Viceroyalty of Peru by Stephanie Skipp

Analysis of Claud Monet’s Impression, Sunrise by Jamie Yurasits

Exploring Meaning: The Lindisfarne Gospels by …

Therapeutic Listening In Caring Relationships, Jennifer Mae Defoe

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

Therapeutic listening is a proven and highly valuable tool used in professional, semi-formal, and formal caregiving relationships. The following work is a pilot project intended for use as a continuing education tool in the training of formal, yet unpaid, caregivers in a spiritual ministry serving in long-term, one-to-one relationships with a single care receiver. Methods used were derived from adult learning theory, small group communication theory, humanistic psychology, behavioral learning theory, social learning theory, symbolic interactionism, and interpersonal communication theory to name a few. Active listening and active learning strategies designed for adults are explored and utilized. The final project …

Expectancy Violations: Their Impact On Organizational Change Messages, Kristie Ward

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

This study looks at expectancy violation theory (Burgoon, 1978), the application of the theory in organizations, and foundational pieces of organizational communication to address how violations impact the reception of change messages among non-managers. Organizations grow and downsize for various reasons, including business performance and economic climate. Regardless of the reasons, downsizing is a hard message to deliver. It can matter little if it is to the employees who will be leaving the organization or to the „survivors‟ left behind. How the messages are delivered and understood are important for the organization to move their employees through change and move …

Endometriosis And Livejournal: How Women Use Social Media For Health Communication, Beena Gohil

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

This thesis examined how women who have or are affected by endometriosis use the social blogging site LiveJournal as a means of communicating about the disorder, and what gratifications they received in the process. The philosophical framework for this study stemmed from Martin Buber’s (1923/1958) work on “dialogic ethics.” The theory that grounded this study is a version of Uses and Gratifications theory that has been expanded so that it is applicable to social media. The data was gathered as part of a content analysis study in which blog posts and their comments were collected, coded, and analyzed. The results …

Multi-Generational Differences: Bridging The Gap, Leigh Mcmaster Bowes

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

Today's business market is experiencing several trends such as organizational restructuring, corporate takeovers, changes in technology, mid-life career changes becoming more common, older employees choosing partial retirement rather than full retirement and the aging oftoday's largest workforce. As a result, the business community is faced with a new dynamic environment comprised ofmulti-generational difference and it is imperative that managers understand the generational differences and use their knowledge as a tool to create more employee productivity, innovation and loyalty (Fogg. 2009). This thesis used Constructive-Development Theory and Generational Cohort Theory to guide this research. Survey results concluded that managers did observe …

"Nothing Sacred": Ignatian Principles Of Heroic Leadership In Entertainment Media, John Briand Levesque

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

The series Nothing Sacred lasted less than one full season on broadcast network television. Critically acclaimed for its writing but also vigorously opposed for having an anti-Catholic agenda, it embraced a set of values consistent with Ignatian leadership philosophy. Scholars paid little attention to the show after its cancellation in 1998, but an examination of several episodes and the writing of its co-creator, a Jesuit priest, suggests that the series propagated the principles of Ignatian leadership in much the same way as Lowney (2003), who proposed that the 16th-century philosophy of leadership espoused by Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit …

The Role Of Communication In Sustainable Development, Tracy Ging

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

As population growth accelerates, there are new strains on agricultural production and a growing consideration for sustainable development. Within the field of sustainable development, collective action models or collaborative processes have been favored as a way to engage multiple stakeholders and address complex issues. Collective and collaborative action studies have emphasized communication, but little specifics have been offered about the role of communication. Using a qualitative interview process and ethnographic analysis, this case study explores the role of communication in collaboration. In addition to developing insights into specific communication practices, the research reveals a significant emphasis on mutually supportive relationships …

Etymology, Contemporary Usage And Intercultural Implications Of The Word: Gringo, Jaren Scott

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

This thesis examines intercultural perceptions between Americans and Mexicans, and the etymology/implications of the term gringo. Whereas most investigations have focused on the Hispanic experience within the United States, this research asks participants to create a cultural casting of the typical gringo. Historical events combined with current academic literature in intercultural communication theory examine these stereotypes and their implications in a rapidly merging, or mutually integrating society, consisting of the United States and Mexico. The thesis surveys modern Mexican attitudes in regards to their North American neighbors with emphasis on Stella TingToomey’s identify negotiation and face theories. More importantly, the …

Reality Television And Its Effect On The Academic Achievement Of Inner-City High School Students, Natifia Mullings

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

The impact of heavy television viewing and the effects it has on young viewers has been a dominant topic since the 1960s. With the ever-changing landscape of television programming, reality television has become increasingly popular, especially among the pre-teen and teen audiences. This study explores George Gerbner‘s Cultivation Theory (1998), which assumes that television has the ability to influence the attitudes and perceptions of its viewers, and uses it as a foundation to determine if there is an association between reality television consumption and the attitudes inner-city high school students have towards education. A total of 251 inner-city high school …

Communication Techniques: Promoting Corporate Social Responsibility, Laurie Beth Fried

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is increasingly important for businesses and their stakeholders. Successful communication ofa companies' CSR program remains a huge challenge. It is important for business leaders to understand how to build customer awareness of CSR efforts, and identify the factors that positively impact customers' beliefs and purchasing behavior, and thus the bottom line. Research for this study was both quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative analysis utilized data from a recent e-mail customer survey conducted by a national retailer. Top CSR Communicators were identified and then a qualitative analysis was applied with in-depth employee interviews. The results revealed that …