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The Cns Microvascular Pericyte: Pericyte-Astrocyte Crosstalk In The Regulation Of Tissue Survival, Drew Bonkowski, Vladimir Katyshev, Roumen D. Balabanov, Andre Borisov, Paula Dore-Duffy

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

The French scientist Charles Benjamin Rouget identified the pericyte nearly 140 years ago. Since that time the role of the pericyte in vascular function has been difficult to elucidate. It was not until the development of techniques to isolate and culture pericytes that scientists have begun to understand the true impact of this unique cell in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In the brain the pericyte is an integral cellular component of the blood-brain barrier and, together with other cells of the neurovascular unit (endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons) the pericyte makes fine-tuned regulatory adjustments and adaptations to promote …

American Indian And Alaska Native Grandfamilies: The Impact On Child Development, Suzanne Cross, Angelique Day, Patricia Farrell

Social Work Faculty Publications

Traditionally, grandparents and other family members have assumed integral roles in raising children within American Indian/Alaska Native communities. The existence of an extensive support system assisted parents in passing on to their children the knowledge of customs, culture, and language essential to community survival and well-being. An increasing number of children are now being raised in “grandfamilies,” a type of family constellation where grandparents take on the role of sole or primary caregiver for their grandchildren under eighteen years of age.

Feed Costs For Dairy: Advantage For South Dakota?, Alvaro Garcia

SDSU Extension Extra Archives

Past reports make reference to advantages offered by states or regions when costs of production are compared (Garcia and Kalscheur 2005). The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service recently published figures for different regions of the United States. The figures, available in USDA ERSW site (http://www.ers.usda.gov), show the economic advantage of South Dakota and neighboring states for dairy production. South Dakota currently ranks 14th nationally in per-cow milk production, and this recent growth came from improvements in both milk quality and herd management. Between the third quarters of 2008 and 2009, cow numbers and milk production increased in the …

How To Capture High Calf Prices, Matthew Diersen

SDSU Extension Extra Archives

Producers in South Dakota market a high propor¬tion of the state’s calf crop shortly after weaning. Generally, the largest volume of sales occurs during October and November ,with the calves commonly weighing 500–600 lb. This publication provides sug¬gestions for producers who will be selling calves on how to capture the relatively high prices currently available. Potential hedgers can become aware of forward prices available, especially given the increase in such activity in recent years. There are trade-offs when using the strategies presented. Basis is a consider-ation, and basis risk is quite large when cross-hedging stockers against feeder cattle futures or …

Optimal Timing Of Prescribed Burns Based On Smooth Brome Development, Emily E. Johnson, Nels H. Troelstrup Jr.

Oak Lake Field Station Research Publications

Bromus inermis is a cool-season, introduced grass which has been planted or has invaded prairies. Together with Poa pretensis, these species out-compete native warm season grasses and forbs. Control techniques include prescribed burning which may vary in its effectiveness depending on the stage of brome development at the time of burning. The objectives were to evaluate the influence of burn timing on (1) density and biomass of B. inermis, P. pratensis, native grass and native forb species and total richness and (2) completeness of burns at different brome stages. Four plots each (6m x 6m) were delineated to receive no …

Estimates Of Diel Productivity From An Intermittently Exposed Prairie Pothole Basin, Nels H. Troelstrup Jr.

Oak Lake Field Station Research Publications

Contemporary basin trophic state classification is based largely on indicators of production, including water transparency, nutrient concentrations and chlorophyll a. These indicators support classification of most intermittently exposed prairie pothole basins in eastern South Dakota as hypereutrophic. However, few studies of basin productivity are available to validate trophic class assignment. The objective of this effort was to generate whole-basin productivity estimates for an intermittently exposed prairie pothole throughout the growing season and compare actual estimates of production with the assigned trophic state class. Diel estimates of production were generated from Oak Lake, Brookings County, SD in June, July, August and …

The Jackrabbit Dairy Review, Vikram Mistry

The Jackrabbit Dairy & Food Review

No abstract provided.

Developmental Dynamics Of Piriform Cortex, Amy Sarma

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The piriform cortex (PCX) is a trilaminar paleocortex that is of interest for its role in odor coding and as a model for studying general principles of cortical sensory processing. While the structure of the mature PCX has been well characterized, its development is poorly understood. Notably, the kinetics as well as the cellular and morphological basis of the postnatal events that shape the PCX remain unknown. We followed the cellular fates of early- versus late-born cells in layer II of the anterior PCX, with a focus on the molecular maturation of pyramidal cells and the kinetics of their differentiation. …

Secondary Instability Of Salt Sheets, Satoshi Kimura, William Smyth

Journal of Marine Research

In the presence of a vertically varying horizontal current (background shear), the salt-fingering instability is supplanted by the salt-sheet instability. Previous direct numerical simulation (DNS) experiments on salt sheets revealed that flow becomes turbulent via secondary instabilities. We call these instabilities zig-zag and tip modes. Here, we investigate the physics of these modes using linear normal mode stability analysis. As the primary instability (salt-sheet instability) grows, the zig-zag mode emerges, which denotes undulation of growing salt sheets at the center of fingering regions. This mode is shown to be an extension of secondary instability of unsheared two-dimensional salt-fingering. The zig-zag …

Spin-Up And Adjustment Of The Antarctic Circumpolar Current And Global Pycnocline, Lesley C. Allison, Helen L. Johnson, David P. Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

A theory is presented for the adjustment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and global pycnocline to a sudden and sustained change in wind forcing. The adjustment timescale is controlled by the mesoscale eddy diffusivity across the ACC, the mean width of the ACC, the surface area of the ocean basins to the north, and deep water formation in the North Atlantic. In particular, northern sinking may have the potential to shorten the timescale and reduce its sensitivity to Southern Ocean eddies, but the relative importance of northern sinking and Southern Ocean eddies cannot be determined precisely, largely due to …

Dispersion And Connectivity Estimates Along The U.S. West Coast From A Realistic Numerical Model, Patrick T. Drake, Christopher A. Edwards, John A. Barth

Journal of Marine Research

Near-surface particle dispersion, larval dispersal and connectivity along the U.S west coast were explored using a realistic numerical model of the California Current System. Seasonal model velocities were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using Global Drifter Program data. The model displayed a clear seasonal cycle of eddy energy near the coast with energy maxima southwest of major headlands. Eddy speeds were correlated with drifter-based estimates during summer and fall when compared spatially. Over six million passive, Lagrangian particles were released in the upper 20 m of the water column within 10 km of the California and Oregon coasts and tracked for …

Transport And Retention Of The Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis) In A Mid-Atlantic Estuary: Predictions From A Larval Transport Model, Charles E. Tilburg, Ana I. Dittel, Douglas C. Miller, Charles E. Epifanio

Journal of Marine Research

Invasive species cause extensive ecological damage in freshwater and marine habitats and are a threat to biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems world-wide. One such species, the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, has invasive populations in northern Europe and San Francisco Bay, and there are confirmed reports of breeding female crabs in both the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Despite their threat to these ecosystems, there are still large gaps in the current understanding of this species' larval biology that are critical to predicting the potential for large populations to establish in East Coast bays and estuaries. We addressed these issues by using …

Vladimir Kamenkovich – Scientist And Teacher, V. O. Ivchenko, G. M. Reznik

Journal of Marine Research

This special collection of articles is dedicated to Vladimir Kamenkovich, on the occasion of his 80th birthday. We take this opportunity to celebrate his extraordinary career in science and education. Through his pioneering work, Vladimir Kamenkovich has made important contributions to the development of modern physical oceanography, being, in the words of Peter Rhines, “a great force in ocean dynamics,” and he has inspired many scientists worldwide. It is fair to say that the field of ocean dynamics would have been very different if Vladimir had chosen a different career path.

The Two-Layer Skirted Island, Joseph Pedlosky, Roberto Iacono, Ernesto Napolitano, Michael A. Spall

Journal of Marine Research

The flow around a planetary scale island in a baroclinic ocean is examined when the island possesses a topographic skirt representing a steep continental slope and the ocean is modeled as a two-layer system in order to examine the role of stratification in the circulation. The study extends an earlier barotropic model of similar geometry and forcing to focus on the degree to which the topography, limited here to the lower of the two layers, affects the circulation and to what degree the circulation is shielded by stratification from the topographic effects noted in the simpler barotropic model. As in …

Numerical Simulations Of Dense Water Cascading On A Steep Slope, Fred Wobus, Georgy I. Shapiro, Miguel A. M. Maqueda, John M. Huthnance

Journal of Marine Research

The sinking of dense shelf waters down the continental slope (or "cascading") contributes to oceanic water mass formation and carbon cycling. Cascading over steep bottom topography is studied here in numerical experiments using POLCOMS, a 3-D ocean circulation model using a terrain-following s-coordinate system. The model setup is based on a laboratory experiment of a continuous dense water flow from a central source on a conical slope in a rotating tank. The governing parameters of the experiments are the density difference between plume and ambient water, the flow rate, the speed of rotation and (in the model) diffusivity and …

Impacts On The Global Ocean Circulation From Vertical Mixing And A Collapsing Ice Sheet, J. A. M. Green, G. R. Bigg

Journal of Marine Research

The current view of the global meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is one where the Atlantic is a dominant basin for deep water formation, but with the potential for bipolar seesaws between the Southern Ocean and the North Atlantic during catastrophic freshening events in either hemisphere. Here we investigate the stability of this paradigm through the response of an intermediate complexity coupled climate model, set in an oceanically more sensitive glacial configuration, to variation in the vertical mixing rates. It is found that the convective basin is set by the upper ocean diffusivity, with higher such diffusivities leading to a Pacific-dominated …

The Decadal Mean Ocean Circulation And Sverdrup Balance, Carl Wunsch

Journal of Marine Research

Elementary Sverdrup balance is tested in the context of the time-average of a 16-year duration time-varying ocean circulation estimate employing the great majority of global-scale data available between 1992 and 2007. The time-average circulation exhibits all of the conventional major features as depicted both through its absolute surface topography and vertically integrated transport stream function. Important small-scale features of the time average only become apparent, however, in the time-average vertical velocity, whether near the surface or in the abyss. In testing Sverdrup balance, the requirement is made that there should be a mid-water column depth where the magnitude of the …

Ocean Stratification Under Oscillatory Surface Buoyancy Forcing, Ross W. Griffiths, Nicola Maher, Graham O. Hughes

Journal of Marine Research

Laboratory experiments with overturning circulation driven by oscillatory heat fluxes at one boundary are used to explore implications, for the ocean stratification, of a cyclic fluctuation in sea-surface buoyancy forcing. Fluctuations having a range of periods spanning the timescale for global recycling of the ocean volume through the thermocline are considered, with emphasis on inter-hemispheric 'see-saw' oscillations. Episodic sinking of dense water in the oceans is represented by convection in a channel with a base that is cooled over a central region and subjected to oscillatory heating near both ends, while providing a constant total heat input. For this simplified …

Submesoscale Generation By Boundaries, W. K. Dewar, Pavel Berloff, Andrew Mcc. Hogg

Journal of Marine Research

An important dynamical question involves how oceanic balanced flows lose energy. Recent numerical and analytical studies suggest topography catalyzes energy exchanges between balanced flows and a variety of unbalanced phenomena, which presumably leads to dissipation. We here develop a general theory of inviscid balanced flow interactions with walls that predicts submesoscale and unbalanced flow generation. Comparison with primitive equation-based numerical experiments supports the basic tenets of the theory.

A Pedagogical Example Of Eulerian And Lagrangian Flows Induced By Rossby Wave Rectification In An Ocean Basin, John Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

The time-mean flow of eddying wind-driven gyres is used as a tutorial example of the relationship between Eulerian and Lagrangian mean flow. The Eulerian mean in the far field of the baroclinically unstable jet is shown to be well represented as the rectified flow of Rossby basin modes. The Stokes drift of particles released in the wave field all but cancel out the Eulerian mean, resulting in vanishingly small Lagrangian mean flow. By reformulating the interaction between eddies and mean flow in terms of, so-called, residual mean velocities and residual eddy fluxes, it becomes clear that only the component of …

Defining The Spicity, Rui Xin Huang

Journal of Marine Research

Spicity is defined as a thermodynamic variable whose isopleths are 'perpendicular” to those of density in the (T, S) diagram. A new set of Matlab codes are defined based on the following criteria: First, the isopleths of spicity should be orthogonal to those of density. Second, the ocean is vertically separated into many pressure levels, and the zero point of spicity is set for the water mass with the mean salinity and temperature at each pressure level. This new definition of spicity can provide more accurate information of the water mass properties for the study of thermohaline perturbations.

Penetration Of A Salinity Front Into A Rotating Basin: Laboratory Experiments And A Simple Theory, O. Marchal, J. A. Whitehead, A. Jensen

Journal of Marine Research

Freshwater is released along a wall of a basin containing salt water and rotating anticlockwise. The freshwater source is located near the surface between the center of the cylindrical basin and a corner along the wall. Experiments are performed with different discharge rates and the same rotation rate. The freshwater initially forms a bulge near the source, and then a buoyant gravity current bends to the right and flows along the wall toward the periphery of the basin. Separation of the current at the corner is never observed. The salinity front along the wall moves persistently away from the wall …

Salt Flux In A Laboratory Model Estuary, R. Krishnamurti, T. N. Krishnamurti

Journal of Marine Research

Motivated by recent field observations, a laboratory model estuary experiment was conducted for the study of its flow and stratification. We find that a small inflow of cold freshwater, on top of warm saline water can lead to a large counter flow in the lower layer. This counter flow is part of a large aspect ratio convective cell driven by the horizontally varying diffusive cooling from above. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement of the Reynolds stresses associated with transient tilted plumes embedded in this convective cell show that the viscous dissipation of the large-scale cellular flow is largely balanced by …

Thermohaline Convection At Density Ratios Below One: A New Regime For Salt Fingers, Raymond W. Schmitt

Journal of Marine Research

New experimental results on haline convection show a surprising preference for narrow fingers over large-scale convection when even a small stabilizing temperature gradient is present (Hage and Tilgner, 2010). This regime has heat/salt density ratios below one, a parameter range that has not been explored in traditional salt finger theory. Here the properties of the exact (long finger) solutions of Schmitt (1979, 1983) are explored at low density ratios. It is found that narrow finger solutions are indeed obtained and remain the fastest growing in some circumstances, though the selective advantage of the “Stern scale” can disappear as the density …

Mean-Flow And Topographic Control On Surface Eddy-Mixing In The Southern Ocean, J. B. Sallée, K. Speer, S. R. Rintoul

Journal of Marine Research

Surface cross-stream eddy diffusion in the Southern Ocean is estimated by monitoring dispersion of particles numerically advected with observed satellite altimetry velocity fields. To gain statistical significance and accuracy in the resolution of the jets, more than 1,5 million particles are released every 6 months over 16 years and advected for one year. Results are analyzed in a dynamic height coordinate system. Cross-stream eddy diffusion is highly inhomogenous. Diffusivity is larger on the equatorward flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) along eddy stagnation bands, where eddy displacement speed approaches zero. Along such bands, diffusivities reach typical values of 3500 …

Foam Patches Behind Spilling Breakers, J. Stewart Turner, Ian L. Turner

Journal of Marine Research

Previous theoretical and laboratory studies of spilling breakers on a beach are described and discussed, paying particular attention to models that emphasize the importance of air bubbles in the spill. At first such a spill forms at a sharp crest, and accelerates down the front of the wave as it propagates towards the shore. Then the crest becomes more rounded and this allows part of the aerated water to flow backwards over or under the crest, leaving a foam patch behind. Laboratory experiments in channels of constant width have documented many features of these flows. But recent new observations on …

2011-2012 Boise State University Student Handbook, Office Of The Vice-President For Student Affairs

Student Handbooks

No abstract provided.

Facts And Figures 2011-2012, Office Of Communications And Marketing

Facts and Figures

No abstract provided.

Full Issue: Vol. 65, No.1

Sci-Tech News

No abstract provided.

“Enemies Of Life In The Name Of Life”: Seed Patents, Gm Crops, And The Global South, Patricia Arenson

Anthropology Department Honors Papers

In the past few decades agribusiness in the global North has developed a booming industry in genetically modified (GM) crops; industry giants have secured patents and aggressively protected them to maximize profits. This new technology has been exported to the Global south, where its introduction has caused a cascade of horrific problems for farmers and non-­‐farmers alike. GM crops and seed patents have exacerbated poverty, accelerated the loss of indigenous knowledge, and threatened to destroy ecosystems through the loss of biodiversity. This honors thesis explores these issues with a focus on the situation in India, where Vandana Shiva has led …