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2011

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Behavior Of Midbrain Vergence Cells During Stepwise Transfers Of Gaze And Oblique Tracking In Depth, Leah Corthell Jan 2011

Behavior Of Midbrain Vergence Cells During Stepwise Transfers Of Gaze And Oblique Tracking In Depth, Leah Corthell

All ETDs from UAB

A long standing debate regarding the neural organization of oculomotor control began in the late 1800's with Hering and von Helmholtz proposing two opposing ideologies. Von Helmholtz proposed a monocular structure of the oculomotor circuitry in which each eye receives separate motor commands. Hering offered his law of equal innervation, which states that all eye movements are the sum of binocular vergence and conjugate commands. As a test of Hering's binocular proposal, this project compared the behavior of midbrain vergence cells during: 1) saccade-free stepwise transfers of gaze in depth; 2) combined saccade-vergence eye movements; 3) pure vergence tracking, and …

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Pediatric Obesity And Traumatic Lower Extremity Long Bone Fracture Outcomes, Ian Charles Backstrom Jan 2011

Pediatric Obesity And Traumatic Lower Extremity Long Bone Fracture Outcomes, Ian Charles Backstrom

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Background: Pediatric obesity is associated with lower extremity injuries and poor outcomes after blunt trauma. Our aim was to determine if obese pediatric patients with femur and tibia fractures have more severe injury patterns and worse outcomes compared to non-obese patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of obese and non-obese pediatric patients with femur or tibia fractures treated at two Level-1 trauma centers from 2004-2010. Patients weighing ≥ 95th percentile for age and gender were classified as obese. Patients were compared regarding demographics, Injury Severity Score (ISS), intra-abdominal, and orthopedic injuries. Outcomes included fracture treatment, orthopedic complications, ICU …

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Comparison Of Vitamin D Supplementation Regimens In Pediatric Patients With Cystic Fibrosis, Julianna Bailey Jan 2011

Comparison Of Vitamin D Supplementation Regimens In Pediatric Patients With Cystic Fibrosis, Julianna Bailey

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COMPARISON OF VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION REGIMENS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS JULIANNA BAILEY CLINICAL NUTRITION ABSTRACT The objective of this randomized prospective study was to determine the most efficacious form of vitamin D supplementation for pediatric patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that 50,000 IU monthly cholecalciferol would be as effective in raising serum 25-hyrdroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations as routine daily supplementation of 1000-2000 IU cholecalciferol in pediatric patients with CF, birth to 20 years of age, over a period of 3 months. Data collected at baseline included serum 25(OH)D concentration, gender, genotype, race, age, FEV1, height, weight, …

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Adsorption Characteristics Of Activated Carbon Fibers (Acfs) For Toluene, Jo Anne Goot Balanay Jan 2011

Adsorption Characteristics Of Activated Carbon Fibers (Acfs) For Toluene, Jo Anne Goot Balanay

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Granular activated carbon (GAC) is currently the standard adsorbent in respirators against several gases and vapors because of its efficiency, low cost and available technology. However, a drawback of GAC due to its granular form is its need for containment, adding weight and bulkiness to respirators. This makes respirators uncomfortable to wear, resulting to poor compliance in its use. Activated carbon fiber (ACF) is considered a viable alternative adsorbent material for developing thinner, light-weight and efficient respirators because of their larger surface area, lighter weight and fabric form. This study aims to determine the critical bed depth and adsorption capacity …

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Gas Phase Laser Synthesis And Processing Of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles For Biomedical Applications, Parimal Vilas Bapat Jan 2011

Gas Phase Laser Synthesis And Processing Of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles For Biomedical Applications, Parimal Vilas Bapat

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Biochemical processes make pervasive use of calcium and phosphate ions. Calcium phosphate salts that are naturally nontoxic and bioactive have been used for several medical applications in form of coatings and micropowders. Nanoparticle-based calcium phosphates have been shown to be internalized by living cells and be effective in DNA transfection, drug delivery, and transport of fluorophores for imaging of intracellular processes. They are also expected to interact strongly with cell adhesive proteins and are therefore promising elements in approaches to mimic the complex environment of the extra cellular matrix of bone. Harnessing this biomedical potential requires the ability to control …

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Sensitization Of Glioma To Death Receptor 5-Mediated Apoptosis Through Genotoxic Stress And Cell Cycle Disruption: A Study Of Mechanism, Michael L. Belenky Jan 2011

Sensitization Of Glioma To Death Receptor 5-Mediated Apoptosis Through Genotoxic Stress And Cell Cycle Disruption: A Study Of Mechanism, Michael L. Belenky

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Our laboratory reported that a combination of ionizing radiation (IR) or temozolomide (Tmz), a DNA methylating agent clinically approved against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a type of human brain cancer, and TRA-8, an anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody produced synergistic cytotoxicity in GBM cells in culture and in mouse xenograft models through an yet unknown mechanism. I hypothesized that understanding of the synergy phenomenon can offer an insight into the nature of GBM vulnerability. The goals of this investigation were two-fold - to elucidate the mechanism of this enhancement in cytotoxicity, and to improve understanding of DR5 mediated apoptosis toward improvement of current …

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Investigation Of Numerical Approaches To Analyze Flapping Wings, Nitin Bhagat Jan 2011

Investigation Of Numerical Approaches To Analyze Flapping Wings, Nitin Bhagat

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For centuries, the agility and maneuverability of flying insects have been an inspiration to fluid dynamists. A large number of research activities have been conducted within the biological, aerodynamics, and computational science communities to understand the complex flow fields around flapping insects and their capability for rapid maneuvers. However, the understanding of these natural phenomena is still in its infancy. Recent experimental flow visualizations have shown the complex vortical structures around flapping wings and vortex interactions. Even with the advent of faster and better computer processors and improved numerical algorithms, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques to accurately predict flow features …

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Hierarchical And Bayesian Approaches For Estimating Prevalence Based On Pool Screening, Thomas Birkner Jan 2011

Hierarchical And Bayesian Approaches For Estimating Prevalence Based On Pool Screening, Thomas Birkner

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Pool screening is a method that combines individual items into pools. Each pool will either test positive (at least one of the items is positive) or negative (all items are negative). Pool screening is commonly applied to the study of tropical diseases where pools consist of vectors (e.g. black flies) that can transmit the disease. The goal is to estimate the proportion of infected vectors. In paper 1, we present a frequentist Bernoulli-Beta hierarchical model to relax the constant prevalence assumption underlying the traditional frequentist prevalence estimation approach. This assumption is called into question when sampling from a large geographic …

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Three Topics In Eye Injury Research, Justin Blackburn Jan 2011

Three Topics In Eye Injury Research, Justin Blackburn

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Eye injuries are a leading cause of monocular blindness, with approximately 2 million Americans sustaining an eye injury annually. Occupational eye injuries resulting in at least one missed day of work total nearly 28,000 each year. Eye injuries have many different etiologies, although most are "minor" injuries such as corneal abrasions and foreign bodies. Chemical-related eye injuries have not been described epidemiologically. The most widely advocated prevention method for eye injuries is protective eyewear, but evidence to support this is surprisingly absent. Furthermore, the use of eye protection among workers who have previously sustained an eye injury remains a question …

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Exopolysaccharide: A Multi-Faceted Role In Mycoplasma Pulmonis, Jeffrey R. Bolland Jan 2011

Exopolysaccharide: A Multi-Faceted Role In Mycoplasma Pulmonis, Jeffrey R. Bolland

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The recently characterized exopolysaccharide of Mycoplasma pulmonis, EPS-I, has been identified as modulating the susceptibility to complement-mediated lysis and binding to host mucosal epithelium. M. pulmonis produces family of size- and phase-variable lipoproteins called Vsa. Previous evidence has strongly demonstrated that the length of the tandem repeat region of the M. pulmonis Vsa protein is associated with the susceptibility to the host innate immune system through complement-mediated lysis. Mycoplasmas producing a long form of Vsa, containing about 40 repeats, are resistant complement whereas strains that produce the short form of Vsa, 5 repeats or fewer, are susceptible. Furthermore, the size …

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Organizational Configurations And Strategies Related To Financial Performance In Medical Group Practices: A Test Of Porter's Generic Strategies, Todd Brenton Smith Jan 2011

Organizational Configurations And Strategies Related To Financial Performance In Medical Group Practices: A Test Of Porter's Generic Strategies, Todd Brenton Smith

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Research in the field of organizational configurations (OC) involves the formation of groups of firms that are similar to each other on certain characteristics, and dissimilar from other groups, and explores organizational performance differences between the groups (Ketchen & Shook, 1996; Short, Payne, and Ketchen, 2008). However, OC is replete with literature lacking in common key terms, measurement methods, and specification of variables, and too few empirical articles with a strong theoretical basis have been published (Short, Payne, & Ketchen, 2008). Porter's (1980, 1985) generic strategies are a specific typology within the field of OC that have been used extensively …

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Expanding Genetic Analysis Of Patients With A Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Like Phenotype, Emily Spencer Jan 2011

Expanding Genetic Analysis Of Patients With A Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Like Phenotype, Emily Spencer

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Neurofibromatosis Type 1, a common autosomal dominant disorder with neuro-cardio- facio-cutaneous presentation, is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, a negative regulator of RAS-MAPK signaling. The presentation of NF1 is overlapping, yet clinically distinct from other diseases of RAS-MAPK signaling. An RNA-based comprehensive approach for mutation detection identifies an NF1 alteration in over 95% of non-founder NF1 patients with a classical NF1 presentation. However, no NF1 mutation was identified in 54.2% of the 2432 patients referred for molecular diagnostics due to the presence one or more NF1 related sign between August 2003 and July 2007. In order to clarify …

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Model Transformation By Demonstration: A User-Centric Approach To Support Model Evolution, Yu Sun Jan 2011

Model Transformation By Demonstration: A User-Centric Approach To Support Model Evolution, Yu Sun

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Domain-Specific Modeling (DSM) is an innovative software development methodology that raises the specification of software to graphical models at a high-level of abstraction using domain concepts available in a language that is defined by a metamodel. Using DSM, models become first-class entities in the construction of software systems, and therefore model evolution becomes as important as code evolution in traditional software development. Model transformation is a core technology of DSM that converts a source model to a target model, which plays a significant role in supporting model evolution activities. A common approach toward model transformation is to write transformation rules …

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Ethnic Differences In The Consistency Of Accuracy Of Perceived Exertion, Sarah Katherine Sweatt Jan 2011

Ethnic Differences In The Consistency Of Accuracy Of Perceived Exertion, Sarah Katherine Sweatt

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Objective It has been previously found previously overweight women who over-perceived their exertion during a submaximal task gained more weight during the following year and reported lower vitality, poorer mental health, and poorer dietary control when compared to those who under-perceived exertion. Therefore, we investigated the effect of diet-induced weight loss on accuracy of perceived exertion (APE), and examined whether any changes persist one year following a weight loss intervention in premenopausal, previously overweight, African American (AA) and European American (EA) women. Design formerly overweight women (n=102, age 20-44 yrs) completed a weight loss program to achieve a normal body …

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The Role Of Protein Folding And Protein Trafficking In Human Disease, Cristy Davette Tower-Gilchrist Jan 2011

The Role Of Protein Folding And Protein Trafficking In Human Disease, Cristy Davette Tower-Gilchrist

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This dissertation documents my findings in two unrelated projects. Project 1: Expansion of CAG repeats encoding glutamine in huntingtin and ataxin 3 causes the neurodegenerative diseases Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3), respectively. Both poly-glutamine (polyQ) expanded proteins misfold and ag-gregate within the cell. Preventing aggregation of polyQ proteins through molecular or pharmacological approaches provide therapeutic advantage in animal models of HD and SCA3. I hypothesized that the UL97 kinase encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may be able to prevent the aggregation of polyQ proteins. Initially, I showed that the UL97 kinase prevents the deposition of aggregates …

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The Requisite Role Of Dectin-1 And Il-17 In Innate Host Defense Against Aspergillus Fumigatus, Jessica L. Werner Jan 2011

The Requisite Role Of Dectin-1 And Il-17 In Innate Host Defense Against Aspergillus Fumigatus, Jessica L. Werner

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Immune suppression increases the incidence of invasive fungal infections, particularly those caused by the opportunistic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. We show that non-immunosuppressed mice lacking the beta-glucan receptor Dectin-1 (Dectin-1-/-) are more susceptible to intratracheal challenge with A. fumigatus than control mice, exhibiting >80% mortality within 5 days; ultimately attributed to a compromise in respiratory mechanics. In response to A. fumigatus challenge, Dectin-1-/- mice demonstrated impaired inflammatory response as seen through defective cytokine and chemokine production, which resulted in insufficient lung neutrophil recruitment and uncontrolled A. fumigatus lung growth. Alveolar macrophages from Dectin-1-/- mice failed to produce proinflammatory mediators in response …

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The Effect Of Optimism On The Relationship Between Religiosity And Spirituality Among Elderly Christians, Matthew West Jan 2011

The Effect Of Optimism On The Relationship Between Religiosity And Spirituality Among Elderly Christians, Matthew West

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Older Americans represent one of the most devout groups of religious people in America, yet research is consistently scarce on how to use this characteristic in mental health interventions. This study uses Ordinary Least Squares regression of a 2004, national sample of older Christian Americans to assess the relationship between private prayer, church attendance, prayer group participation, religious meaning, optimism, and depressive symptomology. Previous work has found a strong positive relationship between religion and health outcomes. The present endeavor goes beyond examining the main effects of such relationships to look at a possible moderating mechanism--optimism. Controlling for demographic variables and …

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Radiological Population Monitoring: Views Of Public Health Professionals In The Southeastern United States, Gwendolyn N. Hudson Jan 2011

Radiological Population Monitoring: Views Of Public Health Professionals In The Southeastern United States, Gwendolyn N. Hudson

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In the immediate aftermath of a radiological disaster, it is essential to rapidly screen the population to identify contaminated persons, those needing urgent medical treatment, and those requiring long-term follow-up. This process, known as "radiological population monitoring," is vital to reducing morbidity and mortality and effectively addressing people's health needs and concerns. Radiological population monitoring has become a significant new focus of attention and responsibility for government agencies in recent years, due in large part to growing concerns about the possibility of a terrorist attack involving radioactive materials. The primary responsibility for radiological population monitoring resides within state and local …

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Relationships Among Self-Efficacy, Social Support, Social Problem-Solving, And Self-Management Behaviors Of People Living With Type 2 Diabetes In Rural Alabama, Caralise Weeks Hunt Jan 2011

Relationships Among Self-Efficacy, Social Support, Social Problem-Solving, And Self-Management Behaviors Of People Living With Type 2 Diabetes In Rural Alabama, Caralise Weeks Hunt

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Self-management behaviors are the cornerstone for control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients living with T2DM manage their own care on a daily basis using a variety of self-care strategies. Rural people living with diabetes are diagnosed later and receive less than optimal care compared to people living with T2DM in urban areas. Research evidence supports a relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors of people living with T2DM. Determining mediators of the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management can provide direction for development of interventions to improve participation in self-management behaviors, which can in turn improve diabetes outcomes. The purpose …

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Neighborhood Characteristics And Weight Status In Preschool Children, Cynthia Irwin Joiner Jan 2011

Neighborhood Characteristics And Weight Status In Preschool Children, Cynthia Irwin Joiner

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Introduction: Childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate particularly among minority and low-income populations. More than 12 million children and adolescents are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb, & Flegal, 2010). Research on the neighborhood and built environment is relatively new. Few studies have examined the relationship of neighborhood characteristics and weight status, and studies in the preschool population are limited. Study Purpose: The study had three aims: 1) to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics (number of grocery stores and fast food restaurants, and number and quality of parks) and weight status (overweight and obese) in low income, preschool …

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Gender, Race, Power And Condom-Use: Understanding Relationship Power And Condom-Use Among Young Heterosexually-Active Adults, Tara L. Jones Jan 2011

Gender, Race, Power And Condom-Use: Understanding Relationship Power And Condom-Use Among Young Heterosexually-Active Adults, Tara L. Jones

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GENDER, RACE, POWER AND CONDOM-USE: UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIP POWER AND CONDOM-USE AMONG YOUNG HETEROSEXUALLY-ACTIVE ADULTS HIV/AIDS continues to be a significant public health threat among heterosexual-ly-active females in the United States, particularly among Black females. Rates of HIV infection among heterosexually-active, non-injection drug using females have been in-creasing since the 1990s. Previous research recommends the need to consider the gen-dered and cultural context within which these infections are occurring. This research re-sponds to these recommendations by using Connell's (1987) theory of gender and power as a theoretical guide to test the following research questions: 1. Does relationship power differ by sex …

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Explaining Racial Differences In Mci Classification In The Active Sample, Bridgett Hill Kennedy Jan 2011

Explaining Racial Differences In Mci Classification In The Active Sample, Bridgett Hill Kennedy

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is 2 to 5 times more common than dementia and can be a predisposing marker for the development of dementia. African Americans are reported to be at an increased risk for developing MCI when compared to Caucasians. The purpose of the present study was to examine reasons for racial disparity in rates of MCI classification and, in particular, whether preservation of functional abilities over time occurs among African Americans so classified, suggesting possible misclassification. Level and quality of education and prevalence of vascular disease were examined as mediators of the racial disparity in MCI classification. Previously …

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Low And High Let Irradiation Of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells Induces Dose And Time Dependent Adhesion Of Monocytes Which Is Mediated By Chemokines Expressed By The Irradiated Endothelium., Saman Fatima Khaled Jan 2011

Low And High Let Irradiation Of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells Induces Dose And Time Dependent Adhesion Of Monocytes Which Is Mediated By Chemokines Expressed By The Irradiated Endothelium., Saman Fatima Khaled

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Exposure to radiation from a variety of sources is associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke. Since radiation also induces inflammation, a possible mechanism is a change in the adhesiveness of vascular endothelial cells, triggering pro-atherogenic accumulation of leukocytes. To investigate this mechanism at the cellular level, the effect of xrays, iron (Fe56) ions, and protons on adhesiveness of cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) was determined. HAECs were grown as monolayers and exposed to 0 to 30 Gy X-rays, 0, 2, and 5 Gy Fe56 ions, and 0, 0.5, and 2 Gy protons followed by measurement of …

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Fmri Reactivity To Trial Difficulty On A Delay Discounting Task Predicts Weight Gain In Obese Women, Felix Kishinevsky Jan 2011

Fmri Reactivity To Trial Difficulty On A Delay Discounting Task Predicts Weight Gain In Obese Women, Felix Kishinevsky

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Obesity is a serious public health issue. Obesity may be accompanied by abnor-malities in executive function circuitry related to impulsivity. A useful task for studying impulsivity is the delay discounting (DD) of money task, in which an individual chooses in a series of trials between an immediate and a delayed, but greater, amount of money. On the DD task, individuals with various addictions make more immediate than delayed choices, compared to controls. Similar results have been observed in obese compared to healthy-weight women. Functional neuroimaging studies in addicted individuals have found that lower activation in executive function/inhibitory control areas during …

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The Role Of Trib3 In Insulin Resistance: Its Action As Nutrient Sensor And Regulator Of Insulin Action, Jiarong Lamiquiz Jan 2011

The Role Of Trib3 In Insulin Resistance: Its Action As Nutrient Sensor And Regulator Of Insulin Action, Jiarong Lamiquiz

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THE ROLE OF TRIB3 IN INSULIN RESISTANCE: ITS ACTION AS NUTRIENT SENSOR AND REGULATOR OF INSULIN ACTION JIARONG LIU LAMIQUIZ PATHOLOGY ABSTRACT Insulin resistance is a hallmark of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A reduced capacity for insulin to stimulate increases in glucose uptake and glucose oxidation in insulin sensitive tissues, such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, are common defects in patients with insulin resistance, T2DM, and other related diseases. Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) has been demonstrated to play a role in insulin resistance by serving as a negative regulator of Akt in mouse liver, fat, and pancreas. In a …

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Three Dimensional Comparison Of Facial Morphology Of A Native Egyptian Population And A Native Brazilian Population, Ethan Larson Jan 2011

Three Dimensional Comparison Of Facial Morphology Of A Native Egyptian Population And A Native Brazilian Population, Ethan Larson

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the use of three dimensional facial averages in determining facial morphological differences between a native adult Egyptian population and a native adult Brazilian population. Methods: Three- dimensional images were acquired through a commercially available stereo-photogrammetric camera system. The 3dMDfaceTM system was used to capture images from 186 subjects from two population groups (Egypt and Brazil). Each image was obtained as a facial mesh and orientated along a triangulated axis. All facial images were overlaid and superimposed, and a complex mathematical algorithm was performed to create a composite facial average of one …

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Elucidation Of The Elongated Fibrillar Structure Of Streptococcus Mutans Antigen I/Ii, Matthew Rodney Larson Jan 2011

Elucidation Of The Elongated Fibrillar Structure Of Streptococcus Mutans Antigen I/Ii, Matthew Rodney Larson

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Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the causative agent behind dental caries, an infectious disease also known as tooth decay or dental cavities. S. mutans has a cell wall-attached protein known as Antigen I/II (AgI/II) utilized for bacterial adhesion to the tooth surface. Here we have solved the structures of both amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of the AgI/II molecule using X-ray crystallography. Using this structural information we have now built a tertiary model for AgI/II as a fibrillar protein. Further, we have functionally characterized AgI/II and determined minimal regions of AgI/II that are implicated in its adherence to the salivary agglutinin …

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Bayesian Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models For Detecting (Rare) Haplotype-Haplotype And Haplotype-Environment Interactions In Genetic Association Analysis, Jun Li Jan 2011

Bayesian Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models For Detecting (Rare) Haplotype-Haplotype And Haplotype-Environment Interactions In Genetic Association Analysis, Jun Li

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This dissertation research focuses on genetic association analysis based on haplotypes in the context of both population-based and family-based studies. Haplotype-based association analysis is powerful in the discovery and characterization of the genetic basis of complex human diseases. However, statistical models that fit haplotype-haplotype and haplotype-environment interactions have not yet been fully developed. Furthermore, statistical methods for detecting the association between rare haplotypes and disease have not kept pace with their counterpart of common haplotypes. For both population-based and family-based association analyses, we herein propose two efficient and robust methods to separately tackle these problems based on Bayesian hierarchical generalized …

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Functional Imaging Of Excitable Cells: Retinal Neurons And Pancreatic Islet Beta Cells, Yichao Li Jan 2011

Functional Imaging Of Excitable Cells: Retinal Neurons And Pancreatic Islet Beta Cells, Yichao Li

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Stimulus-evoked fast intrinsic optical signals (IOSs) have time courses comparable to electrophysiological kinetics, and thus promise a sub-cellular and sub-second resolution method for functional evaluation of excitable biological tissues. The objective of my thesis research is to validate and characterize IOS imaging of stimulus-evoked activities in the retina and pancreatic islet ß-cells. In order to achieve this objective, three sets of experiments have been conducted. 1) Simultaneous measurement of retinal neurons functioning can enhance our understanding of the visual signal processing. In this stage of my study, I propose to demonstrate IOS imaging of retina slices that allows simultaneous monitoring …

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Erythropoiesis In The Absence Of Adult Hemoglobin, Shanrun Liu Jan 2011

Erythropoiesis In The Absence Of Adult Hemoglobin, Shanrun Liu

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The mammalian erythrocyte is a highly specialized blood cell that differentiates via an orderly series of committed progenitors in the bone marrow in a process termed erythropoiesis. During erythroid development, hemoglobin synthesis increases from early erythroid progenitors to mature enucleated red blood cells (RBCs). Although hemoglobin is the most extensively studied protein in history, the role, if any, that hemoglobin plays in erythroid development remains obscure. In this study, I ask the question what happens during erythropoiesis in the absence of hemoglobin. I demonstrate that my original hypothesis that excess free heme would accumulate in the absence of globin chain …

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