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2011

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A Post-Partisan Victory? Addressing The Success Of President Obama And The 111th Congress., Austin Bergan Jan 2011

A Post-Partisan Victory? Addressing The Success Of President Obama And The 111th Congress., Austin Bergan

Honors Capstones

In a time when high partisanship in Washington D.C. stymies the flow of legislative productivity, I seek to determine the success of President Obama and the 111th Congress in addressing "controversial" policy topics. President Obama entered office with a wide range of goals, and also pledged to implement a "post-partisan" style of politics. Using policy topics from the Congressional Digest, a publication that has provided nonpartisan policy coverage since 1921, I seek to determine how successful President Obama and the 111th Congress were in crafting new public laws. In order to measure demand for controversial legislation, the number of topics …


Gender And Ethnicity As Moderator Of Young Adults' Perception With Their Mother And Grandparents, Erika Quezada Jan 2011

Gender And Ethnicity As Moderator Of Young Adults' Perception With Their Mother And Grandparents, Erika Quezada

Honors Capstones

Limited research is available on adolescent-grandparent relationships, especially from the young adult perspective and across ethnicities. This study explores the perception of the child-mother and the grandchild-grandparent relationships across Caucasian, African American and Hispanic ethnicities as well as the role young adults' gender plays in predicting the quality of the grandchild-grandparent relationship. This study was based on answers to a structured questionnaire from a sample of274 undergraduate students aged 19-24 at a large Midwestern university. Mixed results suggest that perception of the relationship is moderated by ethnicity and gender. Findings suggest that young adults of Caucasian descent perceived a more …


An Investigation Of The Complicated Relationship Between The United Kingdom And The European Union, Lauren F. Crissie Jan 2011

An Investigation Of The Complicated Relationship Between The United Kingdom And The European Union, Lauren F. Crissie

Honors Capstones

The complicated relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union is investigated. The United Kingdom has been criticized in their attempt to maintain parliamentary sovereignty through the process of Europeanization. This paper is organized in three sections that will demonstrate the relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union over the past half century; the beginning of the paper illustrates a history of the United Kingdom and the European Union, the second section of the paper investigates the involvement of the United Kingdom as a European Union member state, and the last portion of the paper the UK …


Children Giving Eyewitness Testmionies In A Court Of Law, Kaitlin Hargate Jan 2011

Children Giving Eyewitness Testmionies In A Court Of Law, Kaitlin Hargate

Honors Capstones

In a court of law, the issue of a child giving an eyewitness account has been debated among professionals. There is a significant amount of evidence suggesting that children are unable to give a reliable account. Their cognitive ability to perceive a questionable situation is not fully developed, and neither is their ability to recall memories. In order to examine the different variables surrounding this issue, a literature review was conducted. The results of numerous studies suggest that although children may not be the most reliable witnesses, sometimes they are the only witnesses. The following literature review discusses the conditions …


Correlates Of Workplace Bullying, Depression, Anxiety, Narcissism, And Self-Esteem, Alexander M. Fireman Jan 2011

Correlates Of Workplace Bullying, Depression, Anxiety, Narcissism, And Self-Esteem, Alexander M. Fireman

Honors Capstones

The following study examined the prevalence and impact of workplace bullying. To achieve this goal, a survey was administered through Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk (N = 122). To measure workplace bullying, the study used the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ). Other aspects of emotional health including self-esteem, depression, and general health were assessed with corresponding scales in order to determine the impact workplace bullying has on its victims. Bivariate correlation analyses were conducted. The study found positive correlations among workplace bullying intensity, workplace incivility, and paranoia. Negative correlations were discovered between workplace bullying intensity and self-esteem. Further research on this topic should …


Hemispatial Neglect : A Guide For Healthcare Professionals, Jamie Jeffers Jan 2011

Hemispatial Neglect : A Guide For Healthcare Professionals, Jamie Jeffers

Honors Capstones

The development of hemispatial neglect is especially common after a person experiences a stroke. and the importance of this connection is immense. As the baby boomers grow older, a larger portion of the population will be composed of older adults. Additionally, we are seeing an increase in the number of individuals having strokes, and they are occurring at increasingly younger ages. This is an urgent and escalating problem, especially in the United States, where stroke is the leading cause of death. Until we can decrease the number of strokes experienced, we must learn all that we can to help alleviate …


Liiocutionary Force Of Infant's Representational Gestures : A Review Of The Research, Cyndey Bunner Jan 2011

Liiocutionary Force Of Infant's Representational Gestures : A Review Of The Research, Cyndey Bunner

Honors Capstones

Teaching infants to use representational gestures has become popular because their use has been linked with vocabulary acquisition. It is also known that infants use gestures for different purposes, or communicative intents. However, it is not known how infants' communicative intents relate to the types of representational gestures they use. Therefore this capstone includes a review of previous research and a study design for examining the relationship between communicative intent and representational gesture use. The proposed study utilizes fourteen infant-mother dyads who were taught five representational gestures and asked to record the use of the signs at home. They were …


Deaf Around The World: The Impact Of Language, G. Mathur, Donna Jo Napoli Jan 2011

Deaf Around The World: The Impact Of Language, G. Mathur, Donna Jo Napoli

Linguistics Faculty Works

No abstract provided.


Going To The Balcony: Two Professors Reflect And Examine Their Pedagogy, Linda Searby, Jenny Tripses Jan 2011

Going To The Balcony: Two Professors Reflect And Examine Their Pedagogy, Linda Searby, Jenny Tripses

International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

The purpose of this essay is twofold. First of all, we want to emphasize the value of taking time to reflect on the effectiveness of our teaching practices, especially when we sense that teaching and learning processes have become ‘stale.’ Heifetz and Linsky (2002) equate reflection with “going to the balcony from the dance floor” to view our actions from a different perspective, and this is what we attempted to do. Secondly, we want to highlight the professional and personal satisfaction that can result from collaboration with a colleague when investigating elements of the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). …


Mapping The Field Of Statistics Education Research In Search Of Scholarship, Linda Van Der Merwe, Annette Wilkinson Jan 2011

Mapping The Field Of Statistics Education Research In Search Of Scholarship, Linda Van Der Merwe, Annette Wilkinson

International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

This paper is intended as a contribution to the advancement of scholarship in the field of statistics education, which directly links with the scholarship of teaching and learning. It is apparent from the literature, that statistics education research, as an interdisciplinary field, does not rely on a single tradition of research methodology. There are different research backgrounds, different research methods are used, studies have different foci and different outcome variables are studied. What constitutes research in statistics education is therefore still a fundamental issue, with a consequent call for more research in this field. The present study attempts to identify …


Diminished Antioxidant Activity Of High-Density Lipoprotein–Associated Proteins In Systolic Heart Failure, W.H. Wilson Tang, Yuping Wu, Shirley Mann, Michael Pepoy, Kevin Shrestha, Allen G. Borowski, Stanley L. Hazen Jan 2011

Diminished Antioxidant Activity Of High-Density Lipoprotein–Associated Proteins In Systolic Heart Failure, W.H. Wilson Tang, Yuping Wu, Shirley Mann, Michael Pepoy, Kevin Shrestha, Allen G. Borowski, Stanley L. Hazen

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications

Background— Diminished serum arylesterase activity, catalyzed by the high-density lipoprotein–associated paraoxonase-1, is associated with heightened systemic oxidative stress and atherosclerosis risk. In the present study, we sought to determine the prognostic role of serum arylesterase activity in subjects with systolic heart failure, particularly in relation to established cardiac biomarkers. Methods and Results— We measured serum arylesterase activity in 760 subjects with impaired left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction <50%), and prospectively followed major adverse cardiac events (including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke) for 3 years. In our study cohort (mean age, 64±11 years; 74% men; median left ventricular ejection fraction, 35%; median creatinine clearance, 96 mg/dL), mean serum arylesterase activity (98±25 μmol/L/min/mL) was lower compared with that in healthy control subjects (mean, 115±26 μmol/L/min/mL, P<0.01) but higher compared with advanced decompensated heart failure subjects (mean, 69±22 μmol/L/min/mL, P<0.01). Within our cohort, there was modest correlation between serum arylesterase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.33, P<0.01) as well as B-type natriuretic peptide (r=−0.23, P<0.01). Lower serum arylesterase activity was a strong predictor of poorer outcomes (hazard ratio, 2.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.54, 5.62; P<0.001). After adjusting for traditional risk factors, medication use, B-type natriuretic peptide, and creatinine clearance, lower serum arylesterase still conferred an increased risk of major adverse cardiac events at 3 years (hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 5.28; P=0.004). Conclusions— In patients with systolic heart failure, decreased serum arylesterase activity, a measure of diminished antioxidant properties of high-density lipoprotein, predicts higher risk of incident long-term adverse cardiac event independent of established clinical and biochemical risk factors.


Building A Learning Community Within The Constraints Of Open Enrollment, Megan Pugh Jan 2011

Building A Learning Community Within The Constraints Of Open Enrollment, Megan Pugh

MA TESOL Collection

            This paper introduces the ways in which the challenges of open enrollment ESL programs affect both students and teachers and the importance of group cohesion in adult learning.  The effects caused by open enrollment can be abated by building a strong community of learners through involving new students to build a sense of belonging to the class, meeting the needs of individuals within the group, having a supportive learning environment, and using selected best teaching practices to build community.  With the solutions proposed in this paper, teachers can meet student needs and the negative effects of open enrollment will be …


Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2009—Final Report [Arabic], Population Council Jan 2011

Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2009—Final Report [Arabic], Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Responding to a dearth of data on youth in Egypt, the Population Council conducted a comprehensive situation analysis of Egyptian adolescents and young people: the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) 2009, which covered a nationally representative sample of 15,029 young people aged 10–29. SYPE collected data on the five key life transitions of education, work, family formation; health; and civic and political participation. SYPE follows up an earlier survey conducted by the Population Council in 1997, The Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. SYPE updates the results provided by the earlier survey and expands their scope. …


Les Coûts Du Mariage—Les Transactions Matrimoniales Dans Le Monde En Développement, Sajeda Amin, Ashish Bajracharya Jan 2011

Les Coûts Du Mariage—Les Transactions Matrimoniales Dans Le Monde En Développement, Sajeda Amin, Ashish Bajracharya

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le Population Council a receuilli une multitude d'informations sur les causes et les corrélats du mariage des enfants et documenté ses effets néfastes sur le bien-être des femmes et des filles. Dans de nombreuses régions du monde en développement, la compréhension du mariage des enfants est au coeur de la conception de programmes qui favorisent des transitions saines vers l'âge adulte. Les travaux de recherche du Population Council soulignent également l'importance des rituels et des pratiques d'échange matrimoniales dans le monde et éclairent les différences considérables entre ces pratiques. Promouvoir des transitions vers l'âge …


Creación De 'Espacios Seguros' Para Niñas Adolescentes, Wendy Baldwin Jan 2011

Creación De 'Espacios Seguros' Para Niñas Adolescentes, Wendy Baldwin

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

La adolescencia es una época de muchas transiciones y es el moment en el que se adquieren las habilidades para la vida adulta. Aunque las habilidades se pueden seguir adquiriendo durante la edad adulta, la adolescencia es al momento en el que se debe crear una base en la educación, habilidades financieras, comportamientos de salud positivos y pensamiento crítico. Para muchas niñas en el mundo en desarrollo, la oportunidad de moverse libremente en la comunidad se vuelve más limitada en el comienzo de la pubertad. Esta es una medida protectora bien intencionada, pero provoca la limitación de las oportunidades de …


Ampliación De Programas Para Adolescentes Vulnerables: Experiencias, Entendimientos Y Evidencia, Martha Brady Jan 2011

Ampliación De Programas Para Adolescentes Vulnerables: Experiencias, Entendimientos Y Evidencia, Martha Brady

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

El deseo de la comunidad de desarrollo internacional por aliviar la pobreza y mejorar los resultados de la salud presenta una oportunidad extraordinaria para transformar la vida de la gente joven, particularmente de las niñas. Ciclos de analfabetismo, escasas posibilidades de trabajo y aislamiento social pueden frenarse, pero requerirán de esfuerzos coordinados para alcanzar a una gran cantidad de niñas adolescentes vulnerables con programas sólidos construídos en base a los valores. El hecho de ampliar los programas piloto efectivos será crítico para lograr estos objetivos. A pesar de que hay un cuerpo de búsqueda en expansión alrededor de intervenciones de …


Pilotage D'Un Programme Visant À Sécuriser L'Espace Et À Renforcer Les Ressources Des Adolescentes Vivant Dans Les Zones Urbaines Du Ghana, Sarah Engebretsen, Selina F. Esantsi Jan 2011

Pilotage D'Un Programme Visant À Sécuriser L'Espace Et À Renforcer Les Ressources Des Adolescentes Vivant Dans Les Zones Urbaines Du Ghana, Sarah Engebretsen, Selina F. Esantsi

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

La population du Ghana compte 24 millions d’habitants et devrait atteindre 31,8 millions d’habitants en 2025. Cette croissance démographique va de pair avec l’urbanisation rapide. Les adolescentes qui vivent en milieu urbain connaissent rapidement une diminution du taux de scolarisation, souvent parce qu'elles doivent apporter un soutien économique à leur familles. Les filles qui vivent à l’écart de leur famille et qui ne sont pas scolarisées sont souvent dépourvues de réseaux sociaux et ont peu d'occasions d’adquérir des compétences nécessaires à la vie adulte. Le Population Council dispose d’un portefeuille mondial d’activités consacrées aux adolescentes vulnérables avec des programmes qui …


Young Women: Your Future, Your Money—Workbook For Girls Ages 15–19 In Uganda, Population Council, Microfinance Opportunities Jan 2011

Young Women: Your Future, Your Money—Workbook For Girls Ages 15–19 In Uganda, Population Council, Microfinance Opportunities

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This workbook was created under the Safe and Smart Savings project, a program to help vulnerable adolescent girls build assets, support networks, and savings. The program combined weekly group meetings facilitated by a female mentor, financial education, health and life skills education, and formal individual savings accounts. The workbook was adapted from “Young Women: Your Future Your Money,” published by Microfinance Opportunities, and is designed to help young girls learn how to save money and gain financial literacy. This version is meant for use by girls ages 15–19 in Uganda. There is an additional workbook designed for girls ages 10–14.


Filles Éveillées: Programme Pour Les Adolescentes Employées De Maison—Guide Du Mentor, Population Council Jan 2011

Filles Éveillées: Programme Pour Les Adolescentes Employées De Maison—Guide Du Mentor, Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Ce curriculum est une composante du programme «Filles Éveillées» de renforcement des compétences et de création d'espaces sûrs pour les adolescentes migrantes engagées comme employées de maison dans les zones urbaines du Burkina Faso. L'approche du programme consiste à donner aux filles, un espace sûr qui leur est spécialement dédié et où elles peuvent rencontrer des amies et apprendre des sujets importants sous la direction d'un mentor de sexe féminin. Les séances sont conçues pour être réalisées dans l'ordre indiqué, en commençant par les compétences de vie courante, avant de passer aux capacités financières, puis à la santé et l'hygiène, …


Safe And Smart Savings Products For Vulnerable Adolescent Girls In Kenya And Uganda: Results From The Uganda Pilot Evaluation, Karen Austrian Jan 2011

Safe And Smart Savings Products For Vulnerable Adolescent Girls In Kenya And Uganda: Results From The Uganda Pilot Evaluation, Karen Austrian

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This presentation was given at the Global Youth Economic Opportunities Conference in Washington DC, USA in 2011. It looks at results from a Uganda Pilot Program to provide financial education among girls and increase asset building in the form of Girls Savings Programs. Results from this study saw that savings programs build social, health, and economic assets for girls.


Effects Of The Janani Suraksha Yojana On Maternal And Newborn Care Practices: Women's Experiences In Rajasthan, K.G. Santhya, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Rajib Acharya, A.J. Francis Zavier Jan 2011

Effects Of The Janani Suraksha Yojana On Maternal And Newborn Care Practices: Women's Experiences In Rajasthan, K.G. Santhya, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Rajib Acharya, A.J. Francis Zavier

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Report on an evaluation of Janani Suraksha Yojana, a program to encourage institutional delivery and provide access to care during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.


Sexual And Reproductive Health Of Young People In India: A Review Of Policies, Laws And Programmes, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, K.G. Santhya Jan 2011

Sexual And Reproductive Health Of Young People In India: A Review Of Policies, Laws And Programmes, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, K.G. Santhya

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper synthesizes the key policies, laws, and programs in India that focus on or have implications for the sexual and reproductive health and rights of young people. It includes a summary of what is known about the sexual and reproductive health situation of young people, an assessment of the salient features of current policies, laws, and programs, and a discussion of the extent to which these policies, laws, and programs have responded to the sexual and reproductive health needs of young women and men. The review by the Population Council clearly shows that there is considerable recognition of the …


Day Of Dialogue On Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Toward Clarity In Nomenclature, Martha Brady, C. Elizabeth Mcgrory Jan 2011

Day Of Dialogue On Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Toward Clarity In Nomenclature, Martha Brady, C. Elizabeth Mcgrory

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The report summarizes a half-day meeting convened by the Population Council to clarify the wide variety of nomenclature and concepts associated with multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs). The first section outlines where different types of products are reviewed within the FDA and existing processes that could be applied to MPTs. This is followed by a section that reviews what guidance exists and what else may be needed for review of products like MPTs that address two (or more) indications, including those with a single active, two actives, and multiple components. This meeting identified some of the specific opportunities and challenges for …


Biruh Tesfa ('Bright Future') Program Provides Domestic Workers, Orphans And Migrants In Urban Ethiopia With Social Support, Hiv Education And Skills, Annabel Erulkar, Herma Gebru, Gebeyehu Mekonnen Jan 2011

Biruh Tesfa ('Bright Future') Program Provides Domestic Workers, Orphans And Migrants In Urban Ethiopia With Social Support, Hiv Education And Skills, Annabel Erulkar, Herma Gebru, Gebeyehu Mekonnen

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This brief provides details about the Biruh Tesfa (“Bright Future”) program in Ethiopia established by the former Ethiopia Ministry of Youth and Sports (currently Ministry of Women, Children and Youth) with technical assistance from the Population Council. Biruh Tesfa aims to address the social isolation of adolescent girls by building their social capital and participation and giving them access to basic literacy, life skills, and HIV and reproductive health information. This evaluation of Biruh Tesfa shows early success and the program, which was initially pilot-tested in the low-income area of Mercato in Addis Ababa, was ultimately expanded to four urban …


Le Travail Des Femmes Dans Le Secteur Agricole: Entre Précarité Et Empowerment—Cas De Trois Régions En Egypte, Au Maroc Et En Tunisie, Zhour Bouzidi, Saker El Nour, Wided Moumen Jan 2011

Le Travail Des Femmes Dans Le Secteur Agricole: Entre Précarité Et Empowerment—Cas De Trois Régions En Egypte, Au Maroc Et En Tunisie, Zhour Bouzidi, Saker El Nour, Wided Moumen

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Despite a remarkable decline in the agricultural labor force in general, the number of women employed in the agricultural sector is growing substantially, particularly as a result of the intensification of agricultural activity. This Population Council working paper focuses on the working conditions of women in the agricultural sector based on the analysis of three case studies in three countries: the West of Delta in Egypt, the coastal zone of Gharb in Morocco, and the Nadhour region in Tunisia. The report analyzes to what extent agricultural work could be a means of precariousness or empowerment for women workers. Results show …


Transition From Higher Education To The Labor Market: Unemployment Among Graduates From The Gender Perspective In The Palestinian Territory, Saleh Alkafri Jan 2011

Transition From Higher Education To The Labor Market: Unemployment Among Graduates From The Gender Perspective In The Palestinian Territory, Saleh Alkafri

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This research highlights and identifies the factors affecting the low potential of female graduates entering the labor market in the Palestinian Territories, despite their achievements in education. The results show that employers’ attitudes limit the occupations and activities that women can engage in, and delays in obtaining work often lead women out of the labor market. However, the report also shows that the problem of unemployment among graduates is worse in specific areas and disciplines where education and training do not match the requirements of the labor market. Given this general trend, Palestinian decisionmakers face extraordinary challenges to provide opportunities …


It's All One Curriculum: Activities For A Unified Approach To Sexuality, Gender, Hiv, And Human Rights Education [Chinese], International Sexuality And Hiv Curriculum Working Group, Nicole Haberland, Deborah Rogow Jan 2011

It's All One Curriculum: Activities For A Unified Approach To Sexuality, Gender, Hiv, And Human Rights Education [Chinese], International Sexuality And Hiv Curriculum Working Group, Nicole Haberland, Deborah Rogow

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Education on sexuality and HIV can help adolescents develop the capacity for healthy, respectful relationships and protect themselves from unwanted and unsafe sex, unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections. A 2015 Population Council study found that sexuality and HIV education programs that address gender and power in intimate relationships are five times more likely to be effective than programs that do not. However, most curricula still do not address these issues. "It’s All One Curriculum" provides a rationale, content, and sample activities for placing gender and rights at the center of sexuality and HIV curricula—both as stand-alone modules and integrated …


Siyakha Nentsha: Building Economic, Health, And Social Capabilities Among Highly Vulnerable Adolescents In Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, Kelly Hallman, Eva Roca Jan 2011

Siyakha Nentsha: Building Economic, Health, And Social Capabilities Among Highly Vulnerable Adolescents In Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, Kelly Hallman, Eva Roca

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Young people growing up in South Africa face many challenges. HIV, orphanhood, early pregnancy, and limited employment prospects are some of the major obstacles to a healthy and productive adulthood. In KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), the province with the highest HIV prevalence rates, the impact of HIV and AIDS is felt especially strongly, and already-disadvantaged adolescents face the prospect of falling even further behind socially and economically because of the disruption of key relationships in their lives. The Isihlangu Health and Development Agency and the Population Council developed and piloted a life-orientation program, Siyakha Nentsha, to improve the lifelong skills and well-being …


Introducing Adolescent Livelihoods Training In The Slums Of Allahabad, India, Monica J. Grant, Barbara Mensch, Mary Philip Sebastian Jan 2011

Introducing Adolescent Livelihoods Training In The Slums Of Allahabad, India, Monica J. Grant, Barbara Mensch, Mary Philip Sebastian

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

While all adolescents in India face a rapidly changing economic environment, girls’ life choices are very different from boys’. Girls are much less likely to be engaged in economic activities, and when young women do participate in income-generating activities, it is often in unremunerated home-based work. Even when young women are paid for their labor, they may not retain control of their income. The Population Council and its partners are promoting a “livelihoods approach” that aims to expand the decision-making power of young women by building social networks and developing financial and income-generating capacities. This approach attempts to provide technical …


Supporting Married Girls: Calling Attention To A Neglected Group, K.G. Santhya, Annabel Erulkar Jan 2011

Supporting Married Girls: Calling Attention To A Neglected Group, K.G. Santhya, Annabel Erulkar

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In the next ten years, if current patterns continue, more than 100 million girls will marry before the age of 18, according to Population Council analyses of United Nations country data. Child marriage—any marriage that occurs before age 18—is considered a human rights violation by international convention. Marriage transforms virtually all aspects of girls’ lives. Typically, girls who marry are moved from their familial home and village, lose contact with friends, initiate sexual activity with someone they barely know, and soon become mothers. In Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, and elsewhere, the Council is undertaking research to better understand …