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2009

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Study Of Properties Of Electrical Conductivity Of Tin Dioxide Thin Films Treated With Xenon Impulse Radiation Used As Gas Sensors, Moner H. Jadw, Akatarena S., Stanoslav I Dec 2009

Study Of Properties Of Electrical Conductivity Of Tin Dioxide Thin Films Treated With Xenon Impulse Radiation Used As Gas Sensors, Moner H. Jadw, Akatarena S., Stanoslav I

Baghdad Science Journal

During of Experimental result of this work , we found that the change of electrical conductivity proprieties of tin dioxide with the change of gas concentration at temperatures 260oC and 360oC after treatment by photons rays have similar character after treatment isothermally. We found that intensive short duration impulse annealing during the fractions of a second leads to crystallization of the films and to the high values of its gas sensitivity.

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Study Of The Porosity Of Certain Pharmaceutical Tablets Using Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter, Sura Kh. Ibrahim Dec 2009

Study Of The Porosity Of Certain Pharmaceutical Tablets Using Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter, Sura Kh. Ibrahim

Baghdad Science Journal

Porosity and pore structure are important characteristics of pharmaceutical tablets, since they influence the physical properties, such as mechanical strength, density and disintegration time. This paper is an attempt to investigate the pore structure of four different paracetamol tablets based on mercury porosimetry. The intrusion volumes of mercury were used to calculate the pore diameter, pore volume and pore size distribution. The result obtained indicate that the variation of the pore volume in the tablets followed the sequence:- S.D.I. Iraq> Pharmacare,Dubai-U.A.E.> Bron and Burk(UK) London>Lark Laboratories(India), while the variation of surface area followed the sequence:- S.D.I. Iraq> Lark Laboratories(India) …

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Synthesis Of New Poly Diimides From Reaction Of Poly Acryloyl Chloride And Diamides., Entesar O. Al-Tamimi, Luma S Ahamed Dec 2009

Synthesis Of New Poly Diimides From Reaction Of Poly Acryloyl Chloride And Diamides., Entesar O. Al-Tamimi, Luma S Ahamed

Baghdad Science Journal

Five N-substituted poly diimides were prepared by two steps. First step was included the preparation of five N-substituted diamides by reaction of adipoyl chloride with different amines .The second step was involved reaction of diamides with poly acryloyl chloride to obtain five new poly diimides having different physical properties which may used in different applications.

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Carbonization And Treatment The High Temperature Distortion Of Thoriated Tungsten Cathode For High Power Electronic Tubes, Abdul Qader.D. Faisal, Fadhil.A. Hashim, Waddah J Raouf Dec 2009

Carbonization And Treatment The High Temperature Distortion Of Thoriated Tungsten Cathode For High Power Electronic Tubes, Abdul Qader.D. Faisal, Fadhil.A. Hashim, Waddah J Raouf

Baghdad Science Journal

A metal mandrel was designed for manufacturing the cathodes of high power electron tube ( Tetrode ) used in broadcasting transmitting tubes type TH558 and CQS200.The cathodes were manufactured in the present work from thoriated tungsten wires ( 2% ThO2- W) with different diameters .These cathodes were carbonized in sequences of processes to determine the carbonization parameters (temperature, pressure, time, current and voltage).Then the carbonized cathodes dimension were accurately measured to determine the deviation due to the high temperature distortion effect at about 1800°C .the distorted cathodes due to the carbonization process was treated when it was subjected inside the …

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Decoding Reed- Muller Codes By Using Hadamard Matrices, Mohammed Ali Morad Dec 2009

Decoding Reed- Muller Codes By Using Hadamard Matrices, Mohammed Ali Morad

Baghdad Science Journal

This paper discusses the problem of decoding codeword in Reed- Muller Codes. We will use the Hadamard matrices as a method to decode codeword in Reed- Muller codes.In addition Reed- Muller Codes are defined and encoding matrices are discussed. Finally, a method of decoding is explained and an example is given to clarify this method, as well as, this method is compared with the classical method which is called Hamming distance.

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Some Results Of Feebly Open And Feebly Closed Mappings, Dalal Ibraheem Ressan Dec 2009

Some Results Of Feebly Open And Feebly Closed Mappings, Dalal Ibraheem Ressan

Baghdad Science Journal

The main purpose of this paper is to study feebly open and feebly closed mappings and we proved several results about that by using some concepts of topological feebly open and feebly closed sets , semi open (- closed ) set , gs-(sg-) closed set and composition of mappings.

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Study The Effect Of Position On The Time Of Astronomical Twilight, Fouad M. Abdulla, Anas Salman Taha Dec 2009

Study The Effect Of Position On The Time Of Astronomical Twilight, Fouad M. Abdulla, Anas Salman Taha

Baghdad Science Journal

Twilight is that light appear on the horizon before sunrise and after sunset, Astronomically it is known that sunrise and sunset are effected by high above sea level, but the effect of high above sea level on the time of astronomical twilight still not decided and controversy among astronomers, in This research we studies the effect of high above sea level on the time of astronomical twilight, through adding the equation correct high above sea level to equation computation of twilight and then calculate of changing in the time of twilight for different highest (0-10000) meters above sea level , …

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Speaker Authentication Using Vector Quantization, Bushra Q. Al-Abudi, Mohammed S. Mahdi Dec 2009

Speaker Authentication Using Vector Quantization, Bushra Q. Al-Abudi, Mohammed S. Mahdi

Baghdad Science Journal

In this paper, the role of the vector quantization in the speaker authentication system was studied. Vector quantization based speaker authentication system was considered in two phases; training and testing. The training phase concerned with enrolling the speaker models to build the codebook. The codebook generated from a set of feature vectors belong to each sample of speaker's voice. The testing phase includes matching the unknown input speaker with the models. The matching is performed by evaluating the similarity measure between the unknown speech sample and the models in the speaker database to authenticate the input speaker. A weighted similarity …

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Seeing It, Knowing It, Elizabeth M. Glazer Dec 2009

Seeing It, Knowing It, Elizabeth M. Glazer

NULR Online

In When Obscenity Discriminates, I argued that the First Amendment’s obscenity doctrine has generated discriminatory collateral effects against gays and lesbians, and that those collateral effects generate a need to refine the obscenity doctrine in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Lawrence v. Texas. In his response, If Obscenity Were to Discriminate, Professor Barry McDonald agrees with my essay’s “core insight—that the Miller obscenity test should be applied in a manner that is neutral as to the sexual orientation of the pertinent actors,” and notes that this insight “appears to have substantial support in basic principles …

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Biological & Immunological Effect Of Ozonated Water Oncertain Skin Pathogenic Bacteria In Vivo, Dhuha S. Salih, Khalid A. Habib, Nada S Rezoqe Dec 2009

Biological & Immunological Effect Of Ozonated Water Oncertain Skin Pathogenic Bacteria In Vivo, Dhuha S. Salih, Khalid A. Habib, Nada S Rezoqe

Baghdad Science Journal

This in vivo study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of ozonated water on experimentally skin infection with some of bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) which Showed dermal infection in experimental animals after 48 hours of exposure to these Microorganisms. Results revealed that ozone has the power to accelerated the healing process depending on the perfect concentration of ozonated water used and the severity of infection & nature of causative agent , in which the recovering period was 7 days for the infection caused by P. aeruginosa and 5 day for S.aureus by usingtheconcentration60 µg/ml …

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The Influence Of He-Ne Laser (632.8 Nm) On Candida Albicans Isolated From Complete Upper Dentures: In Vitro Study, Dhilal Mahdi Al-Muathen Dec 2009

The Influence Of He-Ne Laser (632.8 Nm) On Candida Albicans Isolated From Complete Upper Dentures: In Vitro Study, Dhilal Mahdi Al-Muathen

Baghdad Science Journal

The main objective of this study is to determine whether the use of He-Ne Laser (632.8 nm wavelength and power 0.5 mW) is an eligible and effective tool to kill or reduce the cell viability of Candida albicans isolated from complete upper dentures. Twenty one swabs were taken from the complete upper dentures. Only six swabs showed positive cultures for C. albicans. The isolate was divided into two groups, group I was not irradiated (control), and group II was irradiated by He-Ne Laser for different periods (10, 15, 20, and 30) min. After irradiation, the results showed a significant reduction …

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Mean-Field Solution Of The Mixed Spin-1 And Spin-5/2ising System With Different Single-Ion Anisotropies, Fuad. T. Ibrahim Dec 2009

Mean-Field Solution Of The Mixed Spin-1 And Spin-5/2ising System With Different Single-Ion Anisotropies, Fuad. T. Ibrahim

Baghdad Science Journal

The mixed-spin ferrimagnetic Ising system consists of two-dimensional sublattices A and B with spin values S_A=-1 and S_B=5/2 respectively .By used the mean-field approximation MFA of Ising model to find magnetism(m_B, m_A). In order to determined the best stabile magnetism , Gibbs free energy employ a variational method based on the Bogoliubov inequality. The ground-state (Phase diagram) structure of our system can easily be determined at T=0 , we find six phases with different spins values depend on the effect of a single-ion anisotropies D_B, D_A .these lead to determined the second , first orders transition ,and the tricritical points …

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Effect Of Hardening To Drought Tolerance On The Moisture Contents Of Sunflower Plant. Ii Moisture Percentage In Leaves And Heads, Kamil. M. Al-Jobori Dec 2009

Effect Of Hardening To Drought Tolerance On The Moisture Contents Of Sunflower Plant. Ii Moisture Percentage In Leaves And Heads, Kamil. M. Al-Jobori

Baghdad Science Journal

The objective of this work was to study the changes in the moisture content of the leaves and heads of sunflower plant during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance . Field experiment was carried out during the spring season of 2000 and 2001. Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to 100%(full irrigation), 75and50%of available water.The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments :Control (unsoaked), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution (500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried …

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Study Of Stability Of Personal Dosimeter, Nahida J.H. Al-Mashhadani, Eman Amori, Husam Ahmad Dec 2009

Study Of Stability Of Personal Dosimeter, Nahida J.H. Al-Mashhadani, Eman Amori, Husam Ahmad

Baghdad Science Journal

The study is carried out by using personal dosimeters (film badge). The films are irradiated to absorbed dose of range (0.01-10000 rad). The calibration curves are drawn by using the ordinary method taking into account the filtration effects in three regions (D (Pb/Sn),D(Du),D(300). The calibration films are stored in ambient condition. It is found that the optical density increases, which is attributed to the photodegradation of the films may induce localized states in the energy gap causing increasing in optical absorption, but optical density decreases, which attributed to the photodegradation of the films may cause some cracks at the film …

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Best Estimation For The Reliability Of 2-Parameter Weibull Distribution, Sadeq M. Jaafar, Baydaa I. Abdulwahhab, Intasar A. Hasson Dec 2009

Best Estimation For The Reliability Of 2-Parameter Weibull Distribution, Sadeq M. Jaafar, Baydaa I. Abdulwahhab, Intasar A. Hasson

Baghdad Science Journal

This Research Tries To Investigate The Problem Of Estimating The Reliability Of Two Parameter Weibull Distribution,By Using Maximum Likelihood Method, And White Method. The Comparison Is done Through Simulation Process Depending On Three Choices Of Models (α=0.8 , ß=0.9) , (α=1.2 , ß=1.5) and (α=2.5 , ß=2). And Sample Size n=10 , 70, 150 We Use the Statistical Criterion Based On the Mean Square Error (MSE) For Comparison Amongst The Methods.

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Effect Of Different Conditions On Viability And Antagonistic Activity Of Saccharomyces Boulardii On Enteric Pathogenic Bacteria, Zahra M. Al-Khafaji, Thuria K. Ibrahim, Author Degree, Reem F Abdul-Hameed Dec 2009

Effect Of Different Conditions On Viability And Antagonistic Activity Of Saccharomyces Boulardii On Enteric Pathogenic Bacteria, Zahra M. Al-Khafaji, Thuria K. Ibrahim, Author Degree, Reem F Abdul-Hameed

Baghdad Science Journal

In this part of programme , different bacterial isolates mainly Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Escherichia coli were used for antagonism with Saccharomyces boulardii under different conditions . S.boulardii was grown under aerobic conditions and antagonized with young overnight nutrient broth cultures of test bacterial isolates and other kept in refrigerator for a week after full growth . Young cultures were more susceptible to antagonistic effect of yeast compared to old cultures and on isolates grown on solid medium for 24 hr. S.boulardii grown under aerobic and microaerobic conditions and antagonized with overnight broth cultures of test bacterial isolates , …

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Purification And Characterization Of Protease From Zahdi Dates Plam Seeds (Phoenix Dactylifera L.), Essam F. Al-Jumaily, Firial H. Al-Shikirhy, Maareb N. Rasheed Dec 2009

Purification And Characterization Of Protease From Zahdi Dates Plam Seeds (Phoenix Dactylifera L.), Essam F. Al-Jumaily, Firial H. Al-Shikirhy, Maareb N. Rasheed

Baghdad Science Journal

Proteinases (E.C.3.4.21) family are widely distributed in the nature; it was present in animals tissues , plants and microbial cell . Protease was purified from Zahdi seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by several steps included ammonium sulphite ppt (75%) saturation and dialyzed against the 80mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 . The enzyme specific activity was 407.62 unit/mg protein. The obtained extract was purified by DEAE-Cellulose column followed by gel filtration through Sephacyl S-200 column .The enzyme specific activity ,yield and purification fold were 1873.49 unit/mg protein, 22.99 and 58.42% respectively. The results of protease characterization showed that the molecular …

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The Effect Of Ramadi Sewage Treatment Plant On The Phytoplankton And Some Physico – Chemical Characters In Euphrates River , Iraq, Abdul-Nasir A. M. Al-Tamimi, Amin A. G. Al-Gafily Dec 2009

The Effect Of Ramadi Sewage Treatment Plant On The Phytoplankton And Some Physico – Chemical Characters In Euphrates River , Iraq, Abdul-Nasir A. M. Al-Tamimi, Amin A. G. Al-Gafily

Baghdad Science Journal

Four localities were selected in Euphrates River and Ramadi sewage treatment plant to collect water samples monthly during the period between October 2001 to July 2002 . Total cell count of phytoplankton and its physico- chemical concentrations were determined . The study aimed to demonstrate the effect of Ramadi sewage treatment plant on Euhprates River . It is concluded that the sewage had an dilution effect for the total hardness , total alkalinity , electrical conductivity and salinity of Euphrates River , but it is also caused in the presence of a contaminated area . This was cleared from the …

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Seasonal Changes Of Nutrient Concentrations In Water Of Some Locations In Southern Iraqi Marshes, After Restoration., Mohammed A. H. Al-Kenzawi Dec 2009

Seasonal Changes Of Nutrient Concentrations In Water Of Some Locations In Southern Iraqi Marshes, After Restoration., Mohammed A. H. Al-Kenzawi

Baghdad Science Journal

After restoration of Iraqi marshes during 2003, three locations were chosen, one in each main marsh (Um Al-Naaj site in Al-Hwaizeh marsh; Al-Nagarah site in Al-Hammar marsh and Al-Baghdadia site in Al-Chebaysh marsh) to determine the concentrations of nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Silicate) in water seasonally for the period winter, spring, summer, and autumn at 2007. Five water replicates were collected from each site, seasonally. In the Lab., the samples were analyzed by colorimetric methods; the results showed that Um-Al-Naaj site has the highest nutrients level, while Al-Nagarah site has the lowest level. The statistical program t-test was applied …

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Antimicrobial Activity Of Grape Fruit Seed Crude Extract On Microbial Growth, Hanna Salem Yossef Dec 2009

Antimicrobial Activity Of Grape Fruit Seed Crude Extract On Microbial Growth, Hanna Salem Yossef

Baghdad Science Journal

Antimicrobial and antiyeast activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of grape fruit seed (Citrus paradise ; Rutaceaa) was examined against 10 bacterial and 2 yeast strains. The level of the antimicrobial effects was established using an in vitro agar assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In general ethanolic extract were more effective on gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria and strongest antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus pyogenes and Salmonella entritidis. Other tested bacteria and yeasts were sensitive to extract ranging from 4 to 16 mg/ml and more.

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Synthesis And Characterization Of (Fe(Ii),Co(Ii),Ni(Ii) And Cu(Ii)) Complexes With Schiff Base Derived From [Benzoyl Hydrazine] With [Benzyl Mono Oxime], Ahmad Thabet Numan, Suhad Shakir Muhmmed, Eman I. Abdulkarim Dec 2009

Synthesis And Characterization Of (Fe(Ii),Co(Ii),Ni(Ii) And Cu(Ii)) Complexes With Schiff Base Derived From [Benzoyl Hydrazine] With [Benzyl Mono Oxime], Ahmad Thabet Numan, Suhad Shakir Muhmmed, Eman I. Abdulkarim

Baghdad Science Journal

The reaction of [Benzoyl hydrazine] with [Diphenyl mono oxime] and Glacial acetic acid was carried out in methanol gave a new tridentate ligand [Benzoic acid (2-hydroxyimino- 1, 2-diphyneylethylidene) - hydrazide]. This ligand was reacted with some metal ions (Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II)) in methanol with (1:1) metal : ligand ratio to give a series of new complexes of the general formula [M(L)Cl2.H2O], where M= Fe(11), Co(11), Ni(11) and Cu(11). All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods (I.R, UV-Vis), elemental microanalysis (C.H.N), atomic absorption, magnetic susceptibility, and conductivity measurements. From the obtained data the proposed molecular structures were suggested for …

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Study Of Molecular Interactions Of Water- Soluble Polymer At Several Temperatures In Solution, Jawad Kadhim Abaies Dec 2009

Study Of Molecular Interactions Of Water- Soluble Polymer At Several Temperatures In Solution, Jawad Kadhim Abaies

Baghdad Science Journal

Molecular interactions between 2-isopropenylnaphthalene-methacrylic acid (IPNMA) block copolymer( as a model for water- soluble polymer) and methanol at several temperatures were studied using fluorescence techniques , Fluorescence spectrum for (IPNMA) exhibits two emission bands at around 342 nm and 387 nm corresponding to the monomer and the excimer bands , respectively .The fluorescence spectra of dilute solution of (IPNMA) in methanol were recorded in temperature range of 8- 45°C . Plot of the excimer to monomer intensity ratio Ie/Im versus temperature was obtained, which shows double lines with positive slopes crossing at 25°C , the increasing of slope value above …

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Titania Effect On Sintering Behavior Of Alumina, Qasid Abdul Sattar Saleh Dec 2009

Titania Effect On Sintering Behavior Of Alumina, Qasid Abdul Sattar Saleh

Baghdad Science Journal

The sintering behavior of Alumina was investigated by adding TiO2. The addition of TiO2 lowered the sintering temperature of the Alumina compared with those of pure Alumina. The result suggests that TiO2 acts as an activator for sintering of Alumina. Water absorption, apparent porosity and density were examined for both pure and TiO2 added to Alumina samples. The variations of sintering behavior were discussed in terms of shrinkage, porosity, water absorption and density. Thermal shock resistance was also examined. In term of this work, the way of improving the thermal shock resistance in oxide- based materials by adding reactive Titania …

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Preparation Of Electrical Conducting Polymer Compositesfrom Polyvinylchloride (Pvc) Resin And Studyingsome Its Electrical Properties, Roula Abdul Khadher Abaas Dec 2009

Preparation Of Electrical Conducting Polymer Compositesfrom Polyvinylchloride (Pvc) Resin And Studyingsome Its Electrical Properties, Roula Abdul Khadher Abaas

Baghdad Science Journal

The D.C electrical and thermoelectrically properties of randomly mixed isolator – electrolyte system as (Al/ PVC – LiF/Al) junction consisting of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)resin reinforced with Lithium Fluoride (LiF) powder were studied. A comparison is made the properties of (PVC) material with varying percentage of (LiF) powder (0%, 30%, 50%, 80%)to find out the effect of reinforcement of isolator material. The composites dissolving in 10ml form tettraHaedroflourn (THF) and Solution were the castled in Petri dish and Laved it dry in the air, The out coming Sample were disc - Like shape of a diameter of about 3cm and thickness …

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Automatic Block Selection For Synthesizing Texture Images Using Genetic Algorithms, Noor Adnan Ibraheem, Mokhtar Mohammed Hasan, Shaima Mahdi Dec 2009

Automatic Block Selection For Synthesizing Texture Images Using Genetic Algorithms, Noor Adnan Ibraheem, Mokhtar Mohammed Hasan, Shaima Mahdi

Baghdad Science Journal

Texture synthesis using genetic algorithms is one way; proposed in the previous research, to synthesis texture in a fast and easy way. In genetic texture synthesis algorithms ,the chromosome consist of random blocks selected manually by the user .However ,this method of selection is highly dependent on the experience of user .Hence, wrong selection of blocks will greatly affect the synthesized texture result. In this paper a new method is suggested for selecting the blocks automatically without the participation of user .The results show that this method of selection eliminates some blending caused from the previous manual method of selection.

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Effect Of Salinity On Survival, Development And Growth Of Artemia Sp., Haifa Jwad Jware, Nadia Imad Tariq Al-Ameen Dec 2009

Effect Of Salinity On Survival, Development And Growth Of Artemia Sp., Haifa Jwad Jware, Nadia Imad Tariq Al-Ameen

Baghdad Science Journal

This study aimed to determine the possibility of culturing genus Artemia in under laboratory conditions for locally culturing and producing. Different salinity concentrations were used, ranging from 5-40g/l . the results showed that the concentration 30g/l is the best for hatching. This concentration recorded hatching efficiency of 68800 nauplii/g cysts and hatching percentage of 45.86%, while the concentration 5g/l recorded less hatching efficiency and hatching percentage of 20266 nauplii/g and 13.5% respectively . Investigating the effect of salinity on individuals survival and growth using saline concentrations ranging from 30to 100g/l, revealed that the best percentage was 75.00% in the first …

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Determination Of Glutathione Peroxidase (Gsh-Pex) Activity In Sera & Rbcs Of Iraqi Women With Breast Tumors, Peri H. Saifullah, Fatin F. Al-Kazzaz, Zayzafoon N. N. Al-Azawi Dec 2009

Determination Of Glutathione Peroxidase (Gsh-Pex) Activity In Sera & Rbcs Of Iraqi Women With Breast Tumors, Peri H. Saifullah, Fatin F. Al-Kazzaz, Zayzafoon N. N. Al-Azawi

Baghdad Science Journal

Breast tumor patients generally have more oxidative stress than normal females. This was clear from non significant decrease in RBCs and serum of GSH-Pex activity in all groups of patients. The study had found that free radicals in malignant breast tumors were higher than benign tumors; therefore the GSH- Pex might be used as markers for prognosis of the disease.

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Engaging Youth Through Volunteer Service Travel: In Service Of The Common Good, Andrew Bailey, Keith Russell Dec 2009

Engaging Youth Through Volunteer Service Travel: In Service Of The Common Good, Andrew Bailey, Keith Russell

Journal of Youth Development

Volunteer Tourism is becoming a popular topic in the travel literature. These experiences combine the adventure of travel with opportunities to serve the communities visited. This burgeoning field of tourism may provide an attractive outlet for generating positive developmental assets and for encouraging future civic engagement. This paper highlights a study which explored the relationship of wisdom and social capital and also discussed the influence of a voluntourism experience on wisdom and social capital domains. The sample consisted of 68 high school youth from the various high schools in Illinois. Results indicate that wisdom and social capital are positively and …

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Gpsa Council Meeting, 12/5/2009, Graduate And Professional Student Association Dec 2009

Gpsa Council Meeting, 12/5/2009, Graduate And Professional Student Association

GPSA Meeting Agendas and Minutes

No abstract provided.

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Investigating The Economic Footprint Of Cultural Tourism In Aruba, Robertico R. Croes Dec 2009

Investigating The Economic Footprint Of Cultural Tourism In Aruba, Robertico R. Croes

Dick Pope Sr. Institute Publications

Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the economic impact of the cultural tourism market in Aruba and determine whether cultural tourism could enhance the Aruba product. Design: 386 intercept surveys to international tourists at the Reina Beatrix Airport were conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Aruba during the month of July, 2009. The survey design was the result of a series of focus groups with industry and local cultural stakeholders. The data collected was assessed with SPSS 17 by the researcher to identify the segments and their spending behavior. Based on their spending behavior, an …

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