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Paleoceanography Of The Gulf Of Alaska During The Past 15,000 Years: Results From Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, And Geochemistry, John A. Barron, David Bukry, Walter E. Dean, Jason A. Addison, Bruce Finney

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

High-resolution records of diatoms, silicoflagellates, and geochemistry covering the past 15,000 years were studied in three cores from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Core EW0408-85JC in an oceanic setting on the Kayak Slope displays a paleoceanographic record similar to that at several locations on the California margin during deglaciation. Biologic productivity as reconstructed using geochemical and microfossil proxies increased abruptly during the Bølling–Alleröd (Bø–Al) warm interval (14.7–12.9 cal ka), declined during the Younger Dryas (YD) cold interval (12.9 to 11.7 cal kyr BP), and rose again during the earliest Holocene. At this site, the record after ~11 cal kyr BP …

Fluid Fertilizer’S Role In Sustaining Soils Used For Bio-Fuels Production, John L. Kovar, Douglas Karlen

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The short- and long-term effects on soil nutrient cycling, physical properties, and biological activity of striving for higher grain yields and removing crop residues for bio-fuels production must be understood to provide more quantitative crop and soil management guidelines. This study focuses on potassium (K) and sulfur (S) requirements of corn (Zea mays L.) grown for bioenergy feedstock production. Our objectives for 2008 were to: i) evaluate the performance of several S fertilizers, including liquid ammonium thiosulfate (12-0-0-26S), as S sources for corn grown in Iowa, and ii) establish a comprehensive tillage, nutrient management, crop residue removal, and cover …

A One-Dimensional Heat-Transport Model For Conduit Flow In Karst Aquifers, Andrew J. Long, Patrick C. Gilcrease

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A one-dimensional heat-transport model for conduit flow in karst aquifers is presented as an alternative to two or three-dimensional distributed-parameter models, which are data intensive and require knowledge of conduit locations. This model can be applied for cases where water temperature in a well or spring receives all or part of its water from a phreatic conduit. Heat transport in the conduit is simulated by using a physically-based heat-transport equation that accounts for inflow of diffuse flow from smaller openings and fissures in the surrounding aquifer during periods of low recharge. Additional diffuse flow that is within the zone of …

Updating The 2001 National Land Cover Database Land Cover Classification To 2006 By Using Landsat Imagery Change Detection Methods, George Xian, Collin Homer, Joyce Fry

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The recent release of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001, which represents the nation's land cover status based on a nominal date of 2001, is widely used as a baseline for national land cover conditions. To enable the updating of this land cover information in a consistent and continuous manner, a prototype method was developed to update land cover by an individual Landsat path and row. This method updates NLCD 2001 to a nominal date of 2006 by using both Landsat imagery and data from NLCD 2001 as the baseline. Pairs of Landsat scenes in …

Using Packrat Middens To Assess Grazing Effects On Vegetation Change, J. Fisher, Ken L. Cole, R.S. Anderson

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Research on grazing effects usually compares the same sites through time or grazed and ungrazed sites over the same time period. Both approaches are complicated in arid environments where grazing can have a long undocumented history and landscapes can be spatially heterogenous. This work employs both approaches simultaneously by comparing grazed and ungrazed samples through both time and space using fossil plant macrofossils and pollen from packrat middens. A series of 27 middens, spanning from 995 yr BP to the present, were collected from Glen Canyon in southeastern Utah, USA. These middens detail vegetation change just prior to, and following, …

Widespread Occurrence Of Intersex In Black Basses (Micropterus Spp.) From U.S. Rivers, 1995–2004, Jo Ellen Hinck, Vicki S. Blazer, Christopher J. Schmitt, Diana M. Papoulias, Donald E. Tillitt

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Intersex occurrence in freshwater fishes was evaluated for nine river basins in the United States. Testicular oocytes (predominantly male testes containing female germ cells) were the most pervasive form of intersex observed, even though similar numbers of male (n = 1477) and female (n = 1633) fish were examined. Intersex was found in 3% of the fish collected. The intersex condition was observed in four of the 16 species examined (25%) and in fish from 34 of 111 sites (31%). Intersex was not found in multiple species from the same site but was most prevalent in largemouth bass ( …

Reproductive Health Of Bass In The Potomac, Usa, Drainage: Part 1. Exploring The Effects Of Proximity To Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Vicki S. Blazer, Christopher P. Guy, Alfred E. Pinkney, John E. Mullican, David A. Alvarez

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Intersex (specifically, testicular oocytes) has been observed in male smallmouth bass (SMB; Micropterus dolomieu) and other centrarchids in the South Branch of the Potomac River, USA, and forks of the Shenandoah River, USA, during the past five years. This condition often is associated with exposure to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in some fish species, but such chemicals and their sources have yet to be identified in the Potomac. In an attempt to better understand the plausible causes of this condition, we investigated the reproductive health of bass sampled up- and downstream of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent point sources on …

A Comparison Of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes Of Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix And Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis: Implications For Their Taxonomic Relationship And Phylogeny, S. F. Li, J. W. Xu, Q. L. Yang, C. H. Wang, Q. Chen, D. C. Chapman, Guoqing Lu

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Based upon morphological characters, Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (or Aristichthys nobilis) have been classified into either the same genus or two distinct genera. Consequently, the taxonomic relationship of the two species at the generic level remains equivocal. This issue is addressed by sequencing complete mitochondrial genomes of H. molitrix and H. nobilis, comparing their mitogenome organization, structure and sequence similarity, and conducting a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of cyprinid species. As with other cyprinid fishes, the mitogenomes of the two species were structurally conserved, containing 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA …

Post-Clovis Survival Of American Mastodon In The Southern Great Lakes Region Of North America, Neal Woodman, Nancy Beavan Athfield

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The end of the Pleistocene in North America was marked by a wave of extinctions of large mammals, with the last known appearances of many species falling between ca. 11,000–10,000 ¹⁴C yr BP. Temporally, this period overlaps with the Clovis Paleoindian cultural complex (11,190–10,530 ¹⁴C yr BP) and with sudden climatic changes that define the beginning of the Younger Dryas chronozone (ca. 11,000–10,000 ¹⁴C yr BP), both of which have been considered as potential proximal causes of this extinction event. Radiocarbon dating of enamel and filtered bone collagen from an extinct American Mastodon (Mammut americanum) …

New Record For Woldstedtius Flavolineatus (Ichneumonidae: Diplazontinae), A Hymenopteran Parasitoid Of Syrphid Flies In Hawaii, Justin Cappadonna, Melody Euaparadorn, Robert W. Peck, Paul C. Banko

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The parasitoid wasp Woldstedtius flavolineatus (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae) attacks the larvae of syrphid flies (Syrphidae). Woldstedtius flavolineatus was collected in Hawaii for the first time during an extensive malaise trap-based survey of parasitoids in Hawaiian forests. Since its initial collection on Hawaii Island in January 2006, it has been collected at five additional sites on Hawaii Island and at one site each on Maui and Oahu. Malaise trap results from Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge showed a strong seasonal pattern of abundance, with peak population levels reached during July–September. Rearing of its host, Allograpta obliqua (Say), collected from koa (Acacia …

Ecological Impacts Of Lead Mining On Ozark Streams: Toxicity Of Sediment And Pore Water, John M. Besser, William G. Brumbaugh, Ann L. Allert, Barry C. Poulton, Christopher J. Schmitt, Christopher G. Ingersoll

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

We studied the toxicity of sediments downstream of lead–zinc mining areas in southeast Missouri, using chronic sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and pore-water toxicity tests with the daphnid, Ceriodaphnia dubia. Tests conducted in 2002 documented reduced survival of amphipods in stream sediments collected near mining areas and reduced survival and reproduction of daphnids in most pore waters tested. Additional amphipod tests conducted in 2004 documented significant toxic effects of sediments from three streams downstream of mining areas: Strother Creek, West Fork Black River, and Bee Fork. Greatest toxicity occurred in sediments from a 6-km reach of upper …

Concentrations Of Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead, Nickel, And Zinc In Blood And Fillets Of Northern Hog Sucker (Hypentelium Nigricans) From Streams Contaminated By Lead–Zinc Mining: Implications For Monitoring, Christopher J. Schmitt, W. G. Brumbaugh, T. W. May

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Lead (Pb) and other metals can accumulate in northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans) and other suckers (Catostomidae), which are harvested in large numbers from Ozark streams by recreational fishers. Suckers are also important in the diets of piscivorous wildlife and fishes. Suckers from streams contaminated by historic Pb–zinc (Zn) mining in southeastern Missouri are presently identified in a consumption advisory because of Pb concentrations. We evaluated blood sampling as a potentially nonlethal alternative to fillet sampling for Pb and other metals in northern hog sucker. Scaled, skin-on, bone-in ‘‘fillet’’ and blood samples were obtained from northern hog suckers (n = …

History Of Wildlife Toxicology, Barnett A. Rattner

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The field of wildlife toxicology can be traced to

the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initial

reports included unintentional poisoning of birds from

ingestion of spent lead shot and predator control agents,

alkali poisoning of waterbirds, and die-offs from maritime

oil spills. With the advent of synthetic pesticides in the

1930s and 1940s, effects of DDT and other pesticides were

investigated in free-ranging and captive wildlife. In

response to research findings in the US and UK, and the

publication of Silent Spring in 1962, public debate on the

hazards of pollutants arose and national contaminant

monitoring programs were initiated. …

Acanthocephala From Amphibians In China With The Description Of A New Species Of Pseudoacanthocephalus (Echinorhynchida), Sarah E. Bush, Donald W. Duszynski, Brent B. Nickol

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Amphibians of 24 species were surveyed for acanthocephalans in four nature reserves in two Chinese provinces during 2004-2006. Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis (Echinorhynchida) occurred in both nature reserves in Guangxi Province. In the Jing Xi County Provincial Nature Reserve, P. bufonis infected 36 of 62 amphibians at a mean intensity of 9.9. Less than 250 km away, at Shiwandashan National Nature Reserve, 5 of 20 amphibians were infected at a mean intensity of 6.2. Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis was not found in either of the reserves in Guizhou Province. In the Kuan Kuoshui Nature Reserve, 9 of 28 amphibians were parasitized at a mean …

Bats Of Montserrat: Population Fluctuation And Response To Hurricanes And Volcanoes, 1978-2005, Scott C. Pedersen, Gary G. Kwiecinski, Peter A. Larsen, Matthew N. Morton, Rick A. Adams, Hugh H. Genoways, Vicki J. Swier

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

None of the species of bats occurring in the northern Lesser Antilles is endemic to that region, suggesting considerable dispersal among islands. However, movement patterns of bats in the Lesser Antilles are poorly known and thought to be limited because interisland distances present barriers to dispersal for most species. Genetic data imply restricted dispersal among the islands for the cave-roosting Brachyphylla caoernarum, whereas Artibeus jamaicensis apparently moves among the islands more freely (Carstens et al. 2004). Nevertheless, we do not believe that Antillean bats strike out on their own on a regular basis to move over water from one …

Historical Account Of The Two Family-Group Names In Use For The Single Accepted Family Comprising The "Fish Blood Flukes", Stephen A. Bullard, Kirsten Jensen, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The family-group name for the “fish blood flukes” is unstable, with both “Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912” and “Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907” in use for the single family. Although “Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907” (or “Graff, 1907”) has been a widely-accepted family-group name for the fish blood flukes subsequent to Yamaguti'’s 1954 and 1958 synoptical publications (“Systema Helminthum”), a critical examination of the relevant literature, much of it published in German during 1900 through 1926, reveals that “Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912” is the earliest available family-group name for these flukes. The name Aporocotylidae, moreover, was in wide usage by alpha taxonomists before …

Nagmia Rodmani N. Sp., Nagmia Cisloi N. Sp. And Probolitrema Richiardii (López, 1888) (Gorgoderidae: Anaporrhutinae) From Elasmobranchs In The Gulf Of California, Mexico, Stephen S. Curran, Charles K. Blend, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The generic diagnosis of Nagmia Nagaty, 1930, is emended to include species having some vitelline follicles extending into the extracecal space. Two new species belonging in the genus are described from the Gulf of California: Nagmia rodmani n. sp. from the body cavity of the giant electric ray, Narcine entemedor Jordan and Starks, 1895, and Nagmia cisloi n. sp. from the body cavity of the smoothtail mobula, Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908). Both species are distinguished from each other and the 13 other known congeners by the number of testicular follicles, ratio of widths of oral sucker to ventral sucker, and …

Caecincola Longiscens N. Sp. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) From The White Crappie, Pomoxis Annularis, In Mississippi, U.S.A., Stephen S. Curran, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new cryptogonimid trematode is described from the white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818, collected from Lake Chotard, an oxbow lake directly connected to the Mississippi River in Issaquena County, and from a small ephemeral oxbow periodically connected with the Pascagoula River in Jackson County, both in Mississippi, U.S.A. Caecincola longiscens n. sp. is characterized by having an elongated body with a length to width ratio of 5.5-7.5:1, tandem testes, an elongated tubular seminal vesicle, and vitelline follicles confined to the hindbody.

Rhipidocotyle Tridecapapillata N. Sp. And Prosorhynchoides Potamoensis N. Sp. (Digenea: Bucephalidae) From Inland Fishes In Mississippi, U.S.A., Stephen S. Curran, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Rhipidocotyle tridecapapillata n. sp. is described from the intestine of the white bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque, 1820), from the Luxapalila River in Lowndes County, Mississippi, U.S.A. The new species has 13 papillae that protrude laterally from the anterior rim of the dorsal lobe of the rhynchus, enabling easy differentiation from the only known freshwater North American congeners, Rhipidocotyle papillosa (Woodhead, 1929), which has 15 papillae, and Rhipidocotyle septpapillata Krull, 1934, which has 7 papillae. Prosorhynchoides potamoensis n. sp. is described from the pyloric ceca and intestine of the white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818, from the Pascagoula River in Jackson …

Morphological Deformities As Biomarkers In Fish From Contaminated Rivers In Taiwan, Peter Lin Sun, William E. Hawkins, Robin M. Overstreet, Nancy J. Brown-Peterson

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) were collected seasonally from four contaminated rivers in southwestern Taiwan for studies of morphological deformities that could be used as biomarkers of contamination. Morphological deformities found in tilapia were separated into 15 categories. Overall, the prevalence of deformities such as split fins, lower lip extension and gill deformities were significantly related to various water quality parameters, including low DO and high ammonium, lead and zinc concentrations. The persistence of tilapia in polluted waters and the development of a suite of morphological deformities suggest that tilapia can be used as sentinels of non-point source pollution in rivers.

Regional Differences In Florida Red Snapper Reproduction, Nancy J. Brown-Peterson, Karen M. Burns, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) is a valuable commercial and recreational species throughout the southeastern United States and Caribbean. Recent reports of reduction in red snapper stock sizes throughout this range highlight the necessity for a better understanding of the biology of the species. Except for Florida panhandle red snapper, little is known of the reproduction of red snapper off Florida. We collected red snapper from recreational-for-hire boats in two distinct areas of Florida to examine potential regional differences in their reproductive biology. Samples were obtained from the Florida East Coast (EC—St. Augustine to Melbourne, N = 66) from …

Oral Rabies Vaccination In North America: Opportunities, Complexities, And Challenges, Dennis Slate, Timothy P. Algeo, Kathleen M. Nelson, Richard B. Chipman, Dennis Donovan, Jesse D. Blanton, Michael Niezgoda, Charles E. Rupprecht

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (ORV). Formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated ORV programs in the United States of America. The signing of the North American Rabies Management Plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and research in border areas among Canada, Mexico, and the US. Advances in enhanced surveillance have facilitated sampling of greater scope and intensity near ORV zones for improved rabies management decision-making in real time. …

Climate Trends Of The North American Prairie Pothole Region 1906–2000, Bruce Millett, W. Carter Johnson, Glenn Guntenspergen

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is unique to North America. Its millions of wetlands and abundant ecosystem goods and services are highly sensitive to wide variations of temperature and precipitation in time and space characteristic of a strongly continental climate. Precipitation and temperature gradients across the PPR are orthogonal to each other. Precipitation nearly triples from west to east from approximately 300 mm/year to 900 mm/year, while mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 1°C in the north to nearly 10°C in the south. Twentieth-century weather records for 18 PPR weather stations representing 6 ecoregions revealed several trends. The climate generally …

Climate Trends Of The North American Prairie Pothole Region 1906–2000, Bruce Millett, W. Carter Johnson, Glenn R. Guntenspergen

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is unique to North America. Its millions of wetlands and abundant ecosystem goods and services are highly sensitive to wide variations of temperature and precipitation in time and space characteristic of a strongly continental climate. Precipitation and temperature gradients across the PPR are orthogonal to each other. Precipitation nearly triples from west to east from approximately 300 mm/year to 900 mm/year, while mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 1◦C in the north to nearly 10◦C in the south. Twentieth-century weather records for 18 PPR weather stations representing 6 ecoregions revealed several trends. The climate generally …

Neo-Colonialism, Same Old Racism: A Critical Analysis Of The United States' Shift Toward Colorblindness As A Tool For The Protection Of The American Colonial Empire And White Supremacy, Marissa Jackson Sow

Law Faculty Publications

In the 1950s, Franz Fanon boldly asserted: "There is a fact: White men consider themselves superior to black men." Over five decades later, a majority of white Americans would deny this, but such heartfelt denials are often betrayed by social realities. The difficulties many African Americans  experience in their private lives because of their racial identities became a topic of public debate during the course of Barack Obama' s historic candidacy for President of the United States. Then-Senator Obama was largely dismissive of the racism directed toward him during his campaign, and often refused to combat it in a straightforward …

Rwandan Genocide: Taking Notes From The Holocaust Reparations Movement, Yael Weitz

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note examines the failure to provide adequate reparations to rape victims of the Rwandan genocide, drawing parallels with the Holocaust reparations movement. It argues that while international law has advanced in recognizing rape as a grave crime, the existing mechanisms, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), have failed to deliver reparations. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is proposed as a potential solution, despite jurisdictional limitations, through cooperation with the ICTR to address the urgent needs of Rwandan rape victims.

The Triumph Of Confucianism: How A Subjugated Legal System Is Failing A Generation Of Chinese Women And Girls, Yufan Stephanie Wang

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note examines the resurgence of Confucianism in China's legal system, arguing that it undermines gender equality and fails to protect the rights of women and girls despite economic reforms. It highlights how traditional Confucian values, emphasizing morality and social hierarchy, have persisted and influenced laws, leading to the subjugation of women in both legal and societal contexts.

Coccidia (Apicomplexa : Eimeriidae) From The Lagomorph Lepus Tolai In Mongolia, Scott Lyell Gardner, Nathan A. Seggerman, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Sumiya Ganzorig, David S. Tinnin, Donald W. Duszynski

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In 1999, a single specimen of the Tolai hare, Lepus tolai Pallas, 1778, from the Gobi region of Mongolia was examined and had a new species of eimerian parasite in its intestinal contents. Eimeria gobiensis n. sp. is relatively large; it possesses 2 oocyst walls and a very well-developed oocyst residuum. Oocysts of the new species possess a thick wall with a double layer, a massive 3-layered micropyle, and are ellipsoidal, with average length and width of the oocyst of 38.6 × 24.2 μm, respectively. The range in measurements of these oocysts extends from 27.3 to 49.2 μm in length …

A Molecular View Of The Superfamily Dioctophymatoidea (Nematoda), Anson V.A. Koehler, Eric P. Hoberg, Fernando Torres-Pérez, Joseph A. Cook

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Monophyly of the superfamily Dioctophymatoidea was assessed based on analyses of DNA sequence variation among 3 of 4 constituent genera (5 species). Represented is the first molecular phylogenetic evaluation of the Dioctophymatoidea using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference of 18S nuclear DNA (786 base-pair [bp] segment) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (293 bp) genes. Dioctophymatoidea is monophyletic and includes a clade with Dioctophyme renale and Eustrongylides ignotus (Dioctophymatidae) as the sister of Soboliphyme baturini, Soboliphyme jamesoni, and Soboliphyme abei (Soboliphymatidae). Within Soboliphymatidae, S. baturini is the sister of S. jamesoni and S. abei.

Understanding Middle School Students' Perspectives Regarding Physical Activity And Fitness, Susan Yesalonia

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Research confirms inactivity increases in adolescence and that unfit youth are at risk of acquiring cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, or other significant physical disorders later in life. Thus, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the experience of chronically inactive children who were exposed to an exercise intervention program. The specific focus of the research was to better understand the essential educational needs of the participants and the effective elements of the program, Moving for Fun (MFF), a 7-week after-school fitness intervention program designed to modify chronic inactivity. Open-ended interviews and 3 observations were conducted with 8 middle …