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Taxation, Craig D. Bell

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

Corporate And Business Law, Laurence V. Parker

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

Law Library Newsletter, Volume 1, Issue 4 – November/December 2009, Kresge Law Library

Law Library Newsletter

We are quickly moving toward the end of the fall 2009 semester. For me and my colleagues in the Kresge Law Library, the end of this semester will mean that we are only one semester away from the completion of the renovation of the “old” law school. As the 2010 spring semester ends, we will be starting to move all of our print volumes and microforms into Biolchini Hall. This edition of the Law Library News contains some photographs of the construction site. The Reading Room ceiling has been finished, and I think the final renovated space will be spectacular. …

Plains Co2 Reduction (Pcor) Partnership Atlas, Wesley D. Peck, Katherine K. Anagnost, Barry W. Botnen, Lisa S. Botnen, Daniel J. Daly, Charles D. Gorecki, Megan M. Grove, John A. Harju, Melanie D. Jensen, Michael L. Jones, Steven A. Smith, James A. Sorensen, Edward N. Steadman, Stephanie L. Wolfe, Andrea T. Mcnemar, John T. Litynski, Sean I. Plasynski

EERC Maps and Infographics

The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) atlas, 3rd edition, introduces global climate change and provides a regional profile of CO₂ sources and potential sinks across the PCOR Partnership region. Carbon storage offers a promising set of technologies through which CO₂ can be stored for long periods of time.

Every Genome Sequence Needs A Good Map, Harris A. Lewin, Denis M. Larkin, J. U. Pontius, Stephen J. O'Brien

Biology Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Exploiting Multiple Sensory Modalities In Brain-Machine Interfaces, Aaron J. Suminski, Dennis C. Tkach, Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Recent improvements in cortically-controlled brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have raised hopes that such technologies may improve the quality of life of severely motor-disabled patients. However, current generation BMIs do not perform up to their potential due to the neglect of the full range of sensory feedback in their strategies for training and control. Here we confirm that neurons in the primary motor cortex (MI) encode sensory information and demonstrate a significant heterogeneity in their responses with respect to the type of sensory modality available to the subject about a reaching task. We further show using mutual information and directional tuning analyses …

Quantitative Determination Of Free Glycerol And Myo-Inositol From Plasma And Tissue By High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Ryan A. Frieler, Dane J. Mitteness, Mikhail Y. Golovko, Heidi M. Gienger, Thad A. Rosenberger

Faculty and Staff Publications

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method that accurately measures glycerol and myo-inositol from plasma and tissue is described. The method incorporates a pre-column derivatization reaction using aqueous extracts with benzoyl chloride as a modifying agent. The benzoylated derivatives are isolated by HPLC using reversed-phase gradient chromatography and quantified via absorbance detection at 231 nm. The benzoylated derivatives of glycerol and myo-inositol are well resolved from other known carbohydrates, internal standard and other contaminants encountered within samples and during incubation. The benzoylation of these analytes reach a maximum between 3.5 and 6 h of incubation and are stable for at least 24 …

Convergence Of Hormones, Inflammation, And Energy-Related Factors: A Novel Pathway Of Cancer Etiology, Martha L. Slattery, Frank A. Fitzpatrick

Faculty and Staff Publications

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease with several hypothesized etiologic factors including inflammatory processes; hormones such as estrogen, androgen, and insulin; and energy-related factors. We present evidence that integrates these elements in a pathway we call the convergence of hormones, inflammation, and energy-related factors (CHIEF). First, given the physiology of the gut, substantial epidemiologic and molecular data support the hypothesis that activation of innate immunity in the normal gut mucosa by various environmental agents (commensal bacteria, dietary antigens, mucosal irritants, pathogens) and endogenous factors such as estrogen, androgens, and insulin levels provokes basal inflammation as an underlying factor of …

Loss Causation And Class Certification, Steven Serajeddini

Michigan Law Review

Courts have long faced difficulty interpreting loss causation under Section 10b-5 of the Securities Act of 1934. This difficulty stems from the seemingly irreconcilable conflict between this core element of common law fraud and the procedural demands of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the typical vehicle for a 10b-5 class action. Recently, some courts and commentators have begun to consider loss causation as an individualized inquiry that is not common among class members, and one that therefore warrants consideration at the class certification stage. The existing justifications center on the conceptually distinct 10b-5 element of reliance, …

Acid Rain: The Effects, Torrey Mortimer

Social Sciences

In a world experiencing increasing population, urbanization, and developing nations looking to compete on a global market with post-industrial nations, the effects of acid precipitation require greater consideration. As the world’s energy demand rises, and with the cheapest and most abundant source of energy being coal, the occurrence of acid precipitation is on the rise.

The goal of my project is to research and report on the effects of acid deposition on humans, animals and the environment that surrounds them. When I have completed my project, I hope to be able to explain the impacts that acid deposition has on …

The Sacred And The Secular: Blending Borders To Maximize Product Success, Karen R. Deross

Journalism

In a society where a person can choose anything he wants from a vast literary buffet, the products that appeal to varied audiences with differing values and interests stand out among the masses. The Purpose Driven Life by Rick Warren is a prominent example of a product that became explosively successful in two starkly differing markets: the secular and the religious.

This research paper explores the history and controversy surrounding the combination of these two markets and the implications they have for each. The triumph of The Purpose Driven Life, as well as other prominent Christian titles, is focused on …

Cross-Sectional Dating Of Novel Haplotypes Of Herv-K 113 And Herv-K 115 Indicate These Proviruses Originated In Africa Before Homo Sapiens, Aashish Jha, Satish Pillai, Vanessa York, Elizabeth Sharp, Emily Storm, Douglas Wachter, Jeffrey Martin, Steven Deeks, Michael Rosenberg, Douglas Nixon, Keith Garrison

School of Science Faculty Works

The human genome, human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), of which HERV-K113 and HERV-K115 are the only known full-length proviruses that are insertionally polymorphic. Although a handful of previously published papers have documented their prevalence in the global population; to date, there has been no report on their prevalence in the United States population. Here, we studied the geographic distribution of K113 and K115 among 156 HIV-1+ subjects from the United States, including African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians. In the individuals studied, we found higher insertion frequencies of K113 (21%) and K115 (35%) in African Americans compared with Caucasians (K113 9% and …

Where Souls Are Forgotten: Cultural Competencies, Forensic Evaluations, And International Human Rights, Michael L. Perlin, Valerie Mcclain

Articles & Chapters

Cultural competency is critical in criminal forensic evaluations. Cultural competency eschews reliance on stereotype, precluding the mistake of assuming that cultural dictates apply with equal force to all who share a cultural background, thus allowing the forensic examiner to provide a comprehensive picture of the defendant to the factfinder. While raised frequently in death penalty cases, it is equally important to the entire criminal process. Cultural sensitivity in test selection and interview techniques that enhance validity of results are addressed. In a parallel fashion, ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has drawn importance to …

Orchid Fragrance Complexity As A Mechanism For Euglossine Bee Pollinator Specialization, November 2009, Luci Moore

Monteverde Institute: Tropical Ecology and Conservation

Neotropical orchids of subtribes Stanhopeinae and Catasetinae are exclusively pollinated by euglossine bees (Euglossini). This study determines whether orchids present specific combinations and proportions of chemical odors in order to attract a limited subset of euglossine bee species, thereby avoiding hybridization that may result from the attraction of too many pollinators. Chemical baits of cineole, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, cineole/benzyl acetate (a Stanhopea tricornis fragrance analogue), and cineole/methyl salicylate/methyl benzoate (a Catasetum gnomus fragrance analogue) were used to attract fifteen species of euglossine bees in the San Luis Valley, Monteverde, Costa Rica. The diversity of bee species attracted to the …

Sucrose Concentration Preference In Nectarivorous Bats, November 2009, Kyle Bevers

Monteverde Institute: Tropical Ecology and Conservation

Nectarivorous bats perform vital pollination services for many tropical plant species. While nectarivorous bats have been shown to prefer higher percentages of sucrose in past studies, bat pollinated flowers usually offer a lower sugar concentration in the nectar, equal to 18 percent sucrose on average, thus forcing bats to visit more flowers. Visiting flowers increases outcrossing, pollination, and subsequently, plant fitness. This study attempts to see where bat’s preferences, if any, exist for sucrose within the natural range of bat pollinated flowers. For nine nights, bats were observed at Selvatura Park in Monteverde, Costa Rica, where they forage at hummingbird …

The Effects Of Habitat Heterogeneity In The Parasocial Orb-Weaver Metabus Gravidus (Araneae: Araneidae), November 2009, Sara Wilbur

Monteverde Institute: Tropical Ecology and Conservation

Metabus gravidus (Araneae: Araneidae) is a colonial, orb-weaving spider, conspicuous along streams and rivers in Central America. These spiders construct individual webs along anchor lines spanning small waterways, placing foraging spiders in areas of high insect traffic. Riparian habitats are characterized by heterogeneity of physical factors, such as rainfall, temperature, and cloud cover. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of habitat heterogeneity on daily M. gravidus presence. M. gravidus individuals in webs were counted daily in nineteen colonies along La Quebrada Máquina in Monteverde, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica. Abiotic conditions, such as previous 24-hour rainfall, temperature, …

Incidence Of Pigment Change In Werauhia (Bromeliaceae) Uncorrelated With Canopy Cover Level, November 2009, Rachelle Sloss

Monteverde Institute: Tropical Ecology and Conservation

The study of plant adaptation to changing habitat is particularly important in the face of continuing habitat destruction in the tropics. Habitat fragmentation will likely increase light intensity for tropical flora in these areas. Plants often respond to such changes by increasing concentrations of secondary pigment, like anthocyanins and carotenoids, as a photoprotective mechanism. Plants may also increase the ratio of chlorophyll a:b in high light because they have less need for shade-adapted accessory pigments like chlorophyll b. However, in the Werauhia bromeliads studied, average anthocyanin and carotenoid concentrations decreased while chlorophyll a:b ratio increased. The decrease in anthocyanins and …

Duet Response Songs And Territorial Defense In The Gray-Breasted Wood Wren (Henicorhina Leucostica Troglodytidae), November 2009, Ali Corley

Monteverde Institute: Tropical Ecology and Conservation

Bird song serves a wide variety of functions. Avian duetting is one form of bird song that is especially common in the tropics but whose function is still not well understood. The Joint Territorial Defense and Acoustic Mate Guarding hypotheses explain duetting as either a cooperative form of song, in which a pair is working together to accomplish a common goal, or conflicting form of song, in which each bird in a pair is singing for individual motives. Under Joint Territorial Defense theory, pairs sing duets to better defend their territories. The Acoustic Mate Guarding theory predicts that pairs sing …

Homegardens Of Monteverde: Exploring Changes In Home Crop Cultivation, November 2009, Abigail Smith

Monteverde Institute: Tropical Ecology and Conservation

Homegardens are model forms of sustainable land use in tropical agroforestry systems. Known as an assembly of varied crops and animals, these small homestead farms provide a cheap, nutritional source of food to the family while maintaining the biodiversity and productivity of the surrounding ecosystem. With the introduction of ecotourism into the Monteverde area, an economy traditionally based on agriculture shifted towards tourism services, thus changing the underlying dynamics of the community. Thirty families of the Monteverde area were interviewed and provided information relating to homegarden contents, family history, and lifestyle choices. This study shows that homegardens have declined significantly …

True West, Chris Toalson

Theses

This thesis, True West, utilizes photography to investigate the myth of the American West. I reflect on the ways that myth has been used to symbolically situate the West at the heart of our American identity, in order to discern our seeming fascination with this imagined West. Looking to photography's historical precedence as a purveyor of myth, my photographs explore notions of representation and re-presentation to question both photographic truth and western authenticity. I focus on the intertwining of history and myth, where more often than not, myth prevails. True West urges a refocus toward a more factual history, where …

Table Of Contents: In Memoriam, Annual Survey 2009

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

Animal Law, K. Michelle Welch

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

It Is Very Much An "E" And "Pod" World, David Taylor

Against the Grain

No abstract provided.

People Profile: David Taylor, Editor

Against the Grain

No abstract provided.

Predicting Gull/Human Conflicts With Mathematical Models: A Tool For Management, James L. Hayward, Shandelle M. Henson, Richard D. Tkachuck, Cynthia M. Tkachuck, Brianna G. Payne, Cassaundra K. Boothby

Faculty Publications

Gulls are highly adaptable animals that thrive in proximity to humans. Although gulls enjoy legal protection in North America, England, and Europe, they often conflict with human interests by spreading disease, transporting contaminants, fouling public areas with droppings, and colliding with aircraft. Of particular concern are aggregates of " loafing" gulls that gather on parking lots, rooftops, and airport runways. Loafing in birds is a general state of immobility that involves behaviors such as sleeping, sitting, standing, resting, preening, and defecating. The ability to predict the incidence of aggregated loafing provides a first step toward the amelioration of bird/human conflicts. …

The Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement: High Standard Or Missed Opportunity?, Shuchao Henry Gao

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

When the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (P4 Agreement) was signed in 2005, it was hailed as a “high-standard” agreement that could serve as a model within the Asia-Pacific region and attract other countries in the region to join as members. This claim seems to have received support from recent events, such as the launch of the accession negotiation by the US and the expression of interests from Australia, Peru and Vietnam.

This article provides a critical analysis on whether the P4 Agreement is a “high-standard” agreement as its members have claimed. In the view of the author, the P4 …

Economies Of Desire: Fair Use And Marketplace Assumptions, Rebecca Tushnet

William & Mary Law Review

At the moment that "incentives"for creation meet "preferences"for the same, the economic account of copyright loses its explanatory power. This piece explores the ways in which the desire to create can be excessive, beyond rationality, and free from the need for economic incentive. Psychological and sociological concepts can do more to explain creative impulses than classical economics. As a result, a copyright law that treats creative activity as a product of economic incentives can miss the mark and harm what it aims to promote. The idea of abundance-even overabundance-in creativity can help define the proper scope of copyright law, especially …

The New Invention Creation Activity Boundary In Patent Law, Margo A. Bagley

William & Mary Law Review

This Essay identifies a new boundary in patent law-illegal or immoral invention creation activity-and explores the possible challenges and opportunities it may facilitate. The boundary currently is neither robust nor extensive, and whether and under what circumstances it should exist at all is open to debate.

Rules And Standards On The Forefront Of Patentability, John F. Duffy

William & Mary Law Review

No abstract provided.

Uprooting Identities: The Regulation Of Olive Trees In The Occupied West Bank, Irus Braverman

Journal Articles

The Israeli/Palestinian conflict has rarely been associated with trees in the common perception. This article reveals the complex historical and cultural processes that have led to strong identification between the olive tree and the Palestinian people, arguing that this identification is not only a reflection of the olive’s unique economic and cultural status in this region but also an act of resistance to Israel’s occupation. The article also explains how Israel’s tightening of surveillance, practiced in the name of olive protection, actually ends up forcing an alien set of spatial and temporal regimes on the everyday life of Palestinians in …