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2009

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Physiological Stress Response Of Captive White-Tailed Deer To Video Collars, Remington Moll, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Jeff Beringer, Joel Sartwell, Rami Woods, Kurt C. Vercauteren Jan 2009

Physiological Stress Response Of Captive White-Tailed Deer To Video Collars, Remington Moll, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Jeff Beringer, Joel Sartwell, Rami Woods, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Animal-borne video and environmental data collection systems (AVEDs) are an advanced form of biotelemetry that combines video with other sensors. As a proxy for physiological stress, we assessed fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) excretion in 7 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fitted with AVED dummy collars; 9 additional deer served as controls. We collected fecal samples over 3 2-week periods: pretreatment, treatment, and post-treatment periods. There were no differences in FGMs across time periods (F2,218 = 1.94, P = 0.147) and no difference between FGMs of control and treatment individuals (F1,14 = 0.72, P = 0.411). Fecal glucocorticoid …

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Monitoring Exposure To Avian Influenza Viruses In Wild Mammals, Kaci K. Vandalen, Susan A. Shriner, Heather J. Sullivan, J. Jeffrey Root, Alan B. Franklin Jan 2009

Monitoring Exposure To Avian Influenza Viruses In Wild Mammals, Kaci K. Vandalen, Susan A. Shriner, Heather J. Sullivan, J. Jeffrey Root, Alan B. Franklin

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

1. Avian influenza (AI) viruses primarily circulate in wild waterfowl populations and are occasionally transmitted to domestic poultry flocks. However, the possible roles of other wildlife species, such as wild mammals, in AI virus ecology have not been adequately addressed.

2. Due to their habitat and behavior, many wild mammals may be capable of transmitting pathogens among wild and domestic populations. Exposure to AI viruses has been reported in an array of wild and domestic animals. The presence of wild mammals on farms has been identified as a risk factor for at least one poultry AI outbreak in North America. …

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Pathogenesis And Epidemiology Of Brucellosis In Yellowstone Bison: Serologic And Culture Results From Adult Females And Their Progeny, Jack C. Rhyan, Keith Aune, Thomas Roffe, Darla Ewalt, Steve Hennager, Tom Gidlewski, Steve Olsen, Ryan Clarke Jan 2009

Pathogenesis And Epidemiology Of Brucellosis In Yellowstone Bison: Serologic And Culture Results From Adult Females And Their Progeny, Jack C. Rhyan, Keith Aune, Thomas Roffe, Darla Ewalt, Steve Hennager, Tom Gidlewski, Steve Olsen, Ryan Clarke

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Our objective in this prospective study was to determine the natural course of Brucella abortus infection in cohorts of seropositive and seronegative, female bison (Bison bison) and their offspring in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) for 5 yr. We collected specimens from 53 adult females and 25 calves at least once and from 45 adults and 22 calves more than once. Annual seroconversion rates (negative to positive) were relatively high (23% for calves and juvenile bison, 6% in the total sample of adult female bison in our study, and 11% in the adult females that began the study as …

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Wildlife Collisions With Aircraft: A Missing Component Of Land-Use Planning For Airports, Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. Devault, Esteban Fernández-Juricic, Richard A. Dolbeer Jan 2009

Wildlife Collisions With Aircraft: A Missing Component Of Land-Use Planning For Airports, Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. Devault, Esteban Fernández-Juricic, Richard A. Dolbeer

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Projecting risks posed to aviation safety by wildlife populations is often overlooked in airport land-use planning. However, the growing dependency on civil aviation for global commerce can require increases in capacity at airports which affect land use, wildlife populations, and perspectives on aviation safety. Our objectives were to (1) review legislation that affects airports and surrounding communities relative to managing and reducing wildlife hazards to aviation; (2) identify information gaps and future research needs relative to regulated land uses on and near airports, and the effects on wildlife populations; and (3) demonstrate how information regarding wildlife responses to land-use practices …

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Effects Of A Synthetic Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Agonist, Leuprolide, On Rut-Associated Events In Male Red Deer, G. K. Barrell, S. C. T. Schaafsma, M. J. Ridgway, M. Wellby, L. A. Miller Jan 2009

Effects Of A Synthetic Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Agonist, Leuprolide, On Rut-Associated Events In Male Red Deer, G. K. Barrell, S. C. T. Schaafsma, M. J. Ridgway, M. Wellby, L. A. Miller

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

This study examined the effectiveness of leuprolide, a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, in suppressing rut-associated events in farmed male red deer. In mid-January (~6 weeks before the rut period in the southern hemisphere) adult red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) stags that had been allocated to three groups (n = 10 per group) received leuprolide, administered subcutaneously in a 90-day release formulation, at zero (control), low (22.5 mg) or high (45 mg) doses. Following treatment with leuprolide there was evidence of suppression of mean plasma luteinising hormone concentration that was significant (P < 0.05) at 9 weeks. Mean plasma testosterone concentration of all three groups rose following treatment, then declined prematurely in the low- and high-dose leuprolide-treated groups, so that it was significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed (0.66 ± 0.29 and 2.0 ± 0.88 ng mL–1, low and high dose respectively) in …

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Assessing Allowable Take Of Migratory Birds, Michael Runge, John Sauer, Michael L. Avery, Bradley F. Blackwell, Mark Koneff Jan 2009

Assessing Allowable Take Of Migratory Birds, Michael Runge, John Sauer, Michael L. Avery, Bradley F. Blackwell, Mark Koneff

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Legal removal of migratory birds from the wild occurs for several reasons, including subsistence, sport harvest, damage control, and the pet trade. We argue that harvest theory provides the basis for assessing the impact of authorized take, advance a simplified rendering of harvest theory known as potential biological removal as a useful starting point for assessing take, and demonstrate this approach with a case study of depredation control of black vultures (Coragyps atratus) in Virginia, USA. Based on data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey and other sources, we estimated that the black vulture population in Virginia …

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Ecological Correlates Of Risk And Incidence Of West Nile Virus In The United States, Brian F. Allan, R. Brian Langerhans, Wade A. Ryberg, William J. Landesman, Nicholas W. Griffin, Rachael S. Katz, Brad J. Oberle, Michele R. Schutzenhofer, Kristina N. Smyth, Annabelle De St. Maurice, Larry Clark, Kevin R. Crooks, Daniel E. Hernandez, Robert G. Mclean, Richard S. Ostfeld, Jonathan M. Chase Jan 2009

Ecological Correlates Of Risk And Incidence Of West Nile Virus In The United States, Brian F. Allan, R. Brian Langerhans, Wade A. Ryberg, William J. Landesman, Nicholas W. Griffin, Rachael S. Katz, Brad J. Oberle, Michele R. Schutzenhofer, Kristina N. Smyth, Annabelle De St. Maurice, Larry Clark, Kevin R. Crooks, Daniel E. Hernandez, Robert G. Mclean, Richard S. Ostfeld, Jonathan M. Chase

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

West Nile virus, which was recently introduced to North America, is a mosquito-borne pathogen that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. Several species of birds appear to be the primary reservoir hosts, whereas other bird species, as well as other vertebrate species, can be infected but are less competent reservoirs. One hypothesis regarding the transmission dynamics of West Nile virus suggests that high bird diversity reduces West Nile virus transmission because mosquito blood-meals are distributed across a wide range of bird species, many of which have low reservoir competence. One mechanism by which this hypothesis can operate …

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Comparison Of Injuries To Coyote From 3 Types Of Cable Foot-Restraints, Patrick Darrow, Ramona Skirpstunas, S. Wade Carlson, John Shivik Jan 2009

Comparison Of Injuries To Coyote From 3 Types Of Cable Foot-Restraints, Patrick Darrow, Ramona Skirpstunas, S. Wade Carlson, John Shivik

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We compared injury rates among captured coyotes (Canis latrans) to determine if modifications to cable foot-restraints would decrease resulting injuries. Mean International Standardization Organization’s injury scores of coyotes caught in 3 types of cable foot-restraints were 22.2, 37.9, and 60.4 (F2,41 = 4.63, P = 0.015) for a chain-loop, standard cable, and sleeved cable, respectively. These results may be important for trappers and researchers to consider when using a cable foot-restraint device to capture wildlife.

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Strawberry-Flavored Baits For Pharmaceutical Delivery To Feral Swine, Tyler A. Campbell, David B. Long Jan 2009

Strawberry-Flavored Baits For Pharmaceutical Delivery To Feral Swine, Tyler A. Campbell, David B. Long

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

More effective methods to control feral swine (Sus scrofa) damage are needed. We evaluated 8 oral delivery systems designed to deliver pharmaceuticals to feral swine on 2 properties in southern Texas, USA. We used modified PIGOUT feral pig bait (Animal Control Technologies Australia P/L, Somerton, Victoria, Australia) throughout our trials to compare species-specific visitation and removal rates. Given our consistent finding of high non-target removal of baits intended for feral swine, we question whether a swine-specific oral delivery system exists for this region.

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Mrsa In Animals And The Risk Of Infection In Humans, Shannon Tucker Jan 2009

Mrsa In Animals And The Risk Of Infection In Humans, Shannon Tucker

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

MRSA infection is a major concern in animals and, as in humans, animals can also become carriers. It is suspected that most animals acquire MRSA from humans (reverse zoonosis) (Heot & Hough, 2008). In 1959, Mann was one of the first to culture the nostrils of cats and dogs for Staphylococcus sp. and he "proposed that the common house pet can serve as an important reservoir or carrier of staphylococci infective for man" (Mann, 1959). In the 1970's MRSA strains were isolated in milk samples in Belgium (Devriese, Van Damme, & Fameree, 1972) (Devriese & Hommez, 1975). Humans can be …

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Animal Source Foods And Adolescent Nutrition, Abbey J. Canon Jan 2009

Animal Source Foods And Adolescent Nutrition, Abbey J. Canon

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

Due to a variety of production, processing, or preservation limitations, or because of household economic, cultural or religious factors, many children, especially those in developing countries, do not consume an adequate amount of animal source foods (ASF). While little to no animal products are consumed in many developing countries, they are nonetheless essential to a healthy diet, especially for a growing child. The majority of low income households in developing countries base their diets on cereal grains or starchy tubers. These typical diets pose many threats to the nutritional health of children. Grains and starches lack many essential micronutrients, and …

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Mind And Body, Lucas Carpenter Jan 2009

Mind And Body, Lucas Carpenter

Short Story

No abstract provided.

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Short Story, Volume 17, Number 2, Fall 2009 [Download Entire Issue] Jan 2009

Short Story, Volume 17, Number 2, Fall 2009 [Download Entire Issue]

Short Story

No abstract provided.

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Parents Should Not Be Legally Liable For Refusing To Vaccinate Their Children, Jay Gordon Jan 2009

Parents Should Not Be Legally Liable For Refusing To Vaccinate Their Children, Jay Gordon

Michigan Law Review First Impressions

Should a parent who takes advantage of a personal belief exemption to avoid vaccinating a child be held liable if that child infects other people? No, because there are valid medical reasons for choosing this exemption and tracing direct transmission of these illnesses from an unvaccinated child to another person is virtually impossible.

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Activity Levels Under The Hand Formula: A Comment On Gilo And Guttel, Richard A. Epstein Jan 2009

Activity Levels Under The Hand Formula: A Comment On Gilo And Guttel, Richard A. Epstein

Michigan Law Review First Impressions

A response to David Gilo & Ehud Guttel, Negligence and Insufficient Activity: The Missing Paradigm in Torts, 108 Mich. L. Rev. 277 (2009). Within the law and economics field, there often surfaces a near hypnotic attraction to the Hand formula as the one and only tool that drives tort law toward economic efficiency. Hand's intuition was, of course, that the test for efficiency requires a balancing of three variables. The burden of taking particular precautions is compared to the expected loss from some activity, which in turn consists of the likelihood of some particular harm multiplied by its anticipated severity. …

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Platitudes About Product Stewardship In Torts: Continuing Drug Research And Education, Lars Noah Jan 2009

Platitudes About Product Stewardship In Torts: Continuing Drug Research And Education, Lars Noah

Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Law Review

This Article focuses on one emerging aspect of tort litigation against pharmaceutical manufacturers that, if it gained traction, portends a dramatic (and potentially counterproductive) expansion in the prescription drug industry's exposure to liability. The traditional theories of products liability--mismanufacture, defective design, and inadequate warnings--no longer exhaust the potential obligations of sellers. In addition to increasingly popular claims of misrepresentation and negligent marketing, which seem more like extensions of the three defect categories than entirely novel theories, a growing chorus of commentators would impose on pharmaceutical manufacturers a broader duty to test and educate (aspects of what they call an obligation …

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Pdufa And Initial U.S. Drug Launches, Mary K. Olson Jan 2009

Pdufa And Initial U.S. Drug Launches, Mary K. Olson

Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Law Review

In the 1970s and 1980s, many pharmaceutical firms launched new drugs abroad prior to gaining U.S. approval. Consequently, U.S. patients often faced delays in accessing important new medicines. High regulatory barriers to entry, such as a stringent regulation and a lengthy drug review process, contributed to this problem. This Article examines the impact of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), and subsequent increases in the speed of FDA review, on the likelihood of initial U.S. drug launches. These factors are hypothesized to lower regulatory barriers to entry in the U.S. pharmaceutical market. The results show that increased drug review …

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Is Novelty Obsolete - Chronicling The Irrelevance Of The Invention Date In U.S. Patent Law, Dennis D. Crouch Jan 2009

Is Novelty Obsolete - Chronicling The Irrelevance Of The Invention Date In U.S. Patent Law, Dennis D. Crouch

Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Law Review

This paper presents a normative study of patent prosecution by examining the role that invention-date-based novelty rights play in U.S. patent law. Three sources inform the primary results: the prosecution history files of 21,000+ patent applications filed in the past decade; a survey of 1,000+ patent practitioners regarding their use of the novelty provisions of the Patent Act; and a collection of 11,000,000+ prior art references cited in recently-issued patents. Additional compilations of prosecution file histories for patents identified as either (1) valuable or (2) worthless supplement these data sets and allow for an evaluation of the differential importance of …

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Uab Magazine - Fall 2009, University Of Alabama At Birmingham Jan 2009

Uab Magazine - Fall 2009, University Of Alabama At Birmingham

UAB Magazine

No abstract provided.

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From Warranted To Valuable Belief: Local Government, Climate Change, And Giving Up The Pickup To Save Bangladesh, Jerrold A. Long Jan 2009

From Warranted To Valuable Belief: Local Government, Climate Change, And Giving Up The Pickup To Save Bangladesh, Jerrold A. Long

Articles

Although the public discourse about efforts to address global climate change understandably focuses on national- and international-level efforts, in the United States much of the authority for regulating greenhouse gas emitting activities resides with state and local governments. Many local governments have initiated efforts to address global climate change in some fashion. But this article argues that there remains a disconnect between the local causes and global consequences of climate change sufficient to prevent the adoption of durable and effective local efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In other words, individuals remain largely unable to connect their personal decisions with …

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Ada News Convention Daily - 2009 Day 4, American Dental Association, Publishing Division Jan 2009

Ada News Convention Daily - 2009 Day 4, American Dental Association, Publishing Division

ADA News

The ADA News Daily (also called the ADA News Convention Daily) is a special edition of the ADA News published each day during American Dental Association Annual Sessions.

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Where Will You Go When The Well Runs Dry? Local Government Ownership And Water Allocation In North Carolina, Daniel F. Mclawhorn Jan 2009

Where Will You Go When The Well Runs Dry? Local Government Ownership And Water Allocation In North Carolina, Daniel F. Mclawhorn

Campbell Law Review

It is no simple task to determine who owns-or rather who does not own-the water in North Carolina's lakes, streams, and ponds. Those seeking to resolve conflicts involving water use invariably risk entanglement in a web of common law riparian rights and public trust assets loosely bound together by centuries-old court decisions and complex state and federal laws. The question of who owns water, particularly with regard to local governments, is clearly an area of increasing importance as North Carolina now sees an end to what once seemed its inexhaustible water bounty.

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Managing Livestock Manure To Protect Environmental Quality, Brian L. Benham, Richard B. Ferguson, Christopher G. Henry, Michael A. Reynolds, Charles A. Shapiro, James P. Stack, Charles S. Wortmann Jan 2009

Managing Livestock Manure To Protect Environmental Quality, Brian L. Benham, Richard B. Ferguson, Christopher G. Henry, Michael A. Reynolds, Charles A. Shapiro, James P. Stack, Charles S. Wortmann

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Proper utilization of livestock manure is a major environmental concern. Livestock manure has typically been considered a ‘waste product’ of livestock production. A more accurate name for this material is a ‘recycled resource’ from the production of livestock. By managing livestock manure, the producer has a second chance to utilize the nutrients that have already been paid for but not fully utilized by the animal. Collecting, containing, and properly spreading livestock manure will incur additional costs for the producer. However, these costs can be offset or justified by the producer in terms of the yield enhancement and nutrient credits that …

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The Death Of Diversity? Affirmative Action In The Workplace After Parents Involved, Katherine M. Planer Jan 2009

The Death Of Diversity? Affirmative Action In The Workplace After Parents Involved, Katherine M. Planer

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Integrated Capture And Spectroscopic Detection Of Viruses, Crystal A. Vargas, Allison A. Wilhelm, Jeremy Williams, Pierre Lucas, Kelly A. Reynolds, Mark R. Riley Jan 2009

Integrated Capture And Spectroscopic Detection Of Viruses, Crystal A. Vargas, Allison A. Wilhelm, Jeremy Williams, Pierre Lucas, Kelly A. Reynolds, Mark R. Riley

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

The goal of this work is to develop an online monitoring scheme for detection of viruses in flowing drinking water. The approach applies an electrodeposition process that is similar to the use of charged membrane filters previously employed for collection of viruses from aqueous samples. In the present approach, charged materials are driven onto a robust optical sensing element which has high transparency to infrared light. A spectroscopic measurement is performed using the evanescent wave that penetrates no more than 1 m from the surface of an infrared optical element in an attenuated total reflectance measurement scheme. The infrared measurement …

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Time Production And Representation In A Conceptual And Computational Cognitive Model, J. Snaider, R. Mccall, S. Franklin Jan 2009

Time Production And Representation In A Conceptual And Computational Cognitive Model, J. Snaider, R. Mccall, S. Franklin

CCRG Papers

No abstract provided.

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Keeping Visual-Auditory Associations In Mind: The Impact Of Detail And Meaningfulness On Crossmodal Working Memory Load, Anne T. Gilman Jan 2009

Keeping Visual-Auditory Associations In Mind: The Impact Of Detail And Meaningfulness On Crossmodal Working Memory Load, Anne T. Gilman

Doctoral Dissertations

Complex objects have been found to take up more visual working memory---as measured by lowered change-detection accuracy with such stimuli---than simple colored shapes (Treisman, 2006; Xu, 2002). While verbal working memory studies have similarly shown reduced apparent capacity for longer words (Baddeley, 2007), other research has demonstrated that features contributing to object categorization and recognizability can help visual working memory capacity (Olsson & Poom, 2005; Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2004). Until very recently, no measures of crossmodal working memory capacity had been proposed, even though crossmodal associations are part of the fabric of learning, from classical conditioning to calculus. The working …

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The Effects Of Documentation On Young Children's Memory, Bethany Karen Benson Fleck Jan 2009

The Effects Of Documentation On Young Children's Memory, Bethany Karen Benson Fleck

Doctoral Dissertations

A central part of the Reggio Emila approach to early childhood education is the teaching method of "documentation." In documentation, educators extensively observe, record, and display young children's work through its progression. Educational and developmental literatures offer speculative claims and a theoretical basis supporting the facilitative effects of documentation on young children's memory. The current study is the first to empirically investigate the effects that documentation has on episodic and semantic memory. Sixty-six four and a half to 6-year-old children experienced a novel learning event. Two days later the children were reminded of the event and its content information using …

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Emotional Responses To Environmental Messages: Implications For Future Environmentally Responsible Behavioral Intentions, Jeffrey L. Perrin Jan 2009

Emotional Responses To Environmental Messages: Implications For Future Environmentally Responsible Behavioral Intentions, Jeffrey L. Perrin

Doctoral Dissertations

The present study analyzed the role of environmental message characteristics (message modality and message valence) and emotional arousal (positive and negative) in predicting environmentally responsible behavioral intentions. Using an experimental protocol designed to induce emotions in the laboratory, I measured specific emotional responses to gains-framed and losses-framed video and text-only environmental messages, and investigated the relation between intensity of emotional responses to environmental messages and environmentally responsible behavioral intentions. The sample consisted of 161 college students (116 women, 45 men). A hierarchical linear multiple regression was computed to assess the contributions of background variables (environmental knowledge, environmental beliefs, and outdoor …

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Absent Meaning: Fascination, Narrative, And Trauma In The Holocaust Imaginary, Christopher Scott Massey Jan 2009

Absent Meaning: Fascination, Narrative, And Trauma In The Holocaust Imaginary, Christopher Scott Massey

Doctoral Dissertations

Examining post-1970 representations of the Holocaust and Nazism along with critical responses to these representations, the dissertation demonstrates how a use of the term "fascination" has shaped contemporary understandings of how the Holocaust should and should not be represented and remembered. My argument is that despite its pervasive and influential usage in the discourse of Holocaust representation, no critical attention has been given to what the term means. In as much as the term's usage draws the historical and ethical boundaries across which representations of the Holocaust cannot pass, this dearth of critical attention given to the term means that …

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