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2008

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Cytotoxic Effects Of Ruthenium Compounds On Human Cancer Cell Lines., Katie Beth Brown Dec 2008

Cytotoxic Effects Of Ruthenium Compounds On Human Cancer Cell Lines., Katie Beth Brown

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Chemotherapy is the most common cancer treatment. Traditionally, platinum-based drugs are used in chemotherapy. More recently, researchers have focused on ruthenium based compounds as a substitute for the platinum compounds. Ruthenium-based compounds appear to be less toxic to healthy cells than traditional platinum-based compounds. In this study, 7 ruthenium-based compounds were tested on HT-29 (colon) and MCF-7 (breast) human cancer cell lines with the specific aim of determining whether or not any of the ruthenium-based compounds exhibited cytotoxic properties. In addition, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production were tested in supernate from the cancer cells treated with various …

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An Evaluation Of Magnesium Status And Inflammatory Response During The Third Trimester Of Normal Pregnancy And Preeclampsia, Fauzia Asadullah Khan Dec 2008

An Evaluation Of Magnesium Status And Inflammatory Response During The Third Trimester Of Normal Pregnancy And Preeclampsia, Fauzia Asadullah Khan

Theses and Dissertations

Recent reports suggest that preeclampsia is the result of an excessive maternal systemic inflammatory response. The role of magnesium and systemic inflammation in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia needs to be defined. The objectives of this study were to compare (1) demographic and (2) anthropometric characteristics of normal and preeclamptic pregnant women; and (3) to determine and compare serum iMg++ and tMg concentration and the association between inflammatory makers such as TNFα, leptin, adiponectin, IL10, ET-1, triacylglycerol, FFA, serum iMg++ and, tMg concentration of normal and preeclamptic pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Thirtyfive healthy pregnant and thirtyive preeclamptic …

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The Teacher Shortage: Factors That Influence The Recruitment, Retention, And Attrition Of Teachers In Selected Mississippi Teacher Shortage Area, Gloria (Gloria Diane) Hayes Dec 2008

The Teacher Shortage: Factors That Influence The Recruitment, Retention, And Attrition Of Teachers In Selected Mississippi Teacher Shortage Area, Gloria (Gloria Diane) Hayes

Theses and Dissertations

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the teacher shortage in the Mississippi Delta region, and to investigate the factors which seem to influence the attrition and retention of teachers. This study employed a nonexperimental quantitative investigation designed to analyze survey data. The sample for this study included selected K-12 teachers employed in school districts in the Mississippi Delta region, and two non-Delta school districts. 436 teachers participated in the study. The study was designed to answer questions on the commitment level of currently employed teachers in the Mississippi Delta region. Data were collected using …

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Comparison Of State Estimation Algorithms Considering Phasor Measurement Units And Major And Minor Data Loss, Srinath Kamireddy Dec 2008

Comparison Of State Estimation Algorithms Considering Phasor Measurement Units And Major And Minor Data Loss, Srinath Kamireddy

Theses and Dissertations

Various sensors distributed across different parts of the electric power grid provide measurements to the control center operator for situational awareness of the system. Voltage transformer, current transformer, relay and phasor measurement units (PMU) are types of sensors for power system monitoring. The utilities monitor the operating condition of their system by processing the measurements received from these various sensors using a state estimator. A state estimator refines these measurements, compensates for any lost data and provides a snapshot of the power system. The operator at the control center does further analysis using energy management system tools based on the …

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Counselors' Affective Responses To Childhood Sexual Abuse Disclosure, Yun Hui Gardner Dec 2008

Counselors' Affective Responses To Childhood Sexual Abuse Disclosure, Yun Hui Gardner

Theses and Dissertations

Extant research has revealed that the counselor’s response to the clients’ disclosure of child sexual abuse experiences have a significant impact on their wellbeing, continuation in therapy, and progress in treatment. Despite the growing body of literature on the need for more sensitive and professional responses to child sexual abuse disclosure, clients continue to report negative responses and experiences with counseling professionals. To date, few studies have investigated the counselor’s affective responses to a client who discloses a child sexual abuse history. The purpose of this study was to investigate the range of counselor’s affective responses when confronted with the …

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Design, Construction, Inverse Kinematics, And Visualization Of Continuum Robots, Srinivas Neppalli Dec 2008

Design, Construction, Inverse Kinematics, And Visualization Of Continuum Robots, Srinivas Neppalli

Theses and Dissertations

Continuum robots are the biologically inspired robots that mimic the behaviors of mammalian tongues, elephant trunks, and octopus arms. These robots feature a backboneless structure similar to their biological counterparts, such as termed muscular hydrostats. The drawbacks of two existing designs are examined and a new mechanical design that uses a single latex rubber tube as the central member is proposed, providing a design that is both simple and robust. Next, a novel verification procedure is applied to examine the validity of the proposed model in two different domains of applicability. A two-level electrical control scheme enables rapid prototyping and …

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Effect Of Supercritical Water Treatment On The Composition Of Bio-Oil, Ananda Kumaran Sekar Dec 2008

Effect Of Supercritical Water Treatment On The Composition Of Bio-Oil, Ananda Kumaran Sekar

Theses and Dissertations

The effect of supercritical water treatment on the composition of bio-oil was investigated. Preliminary studies were carried in batch mode using a bio-oil simulant. This bio-oil simulant was designed to mimic crude bio-oil by possessing the same functional groups as are found in crude bio-oil, but with reduced complexity. Experiments of this type allow to be gained of the reaction chemistry involved. These were then followed up by experiments using crude bio-oil. Critical process parameters for all these experiments were reaction time, bio-oil/water ratio, reaction temperature and pressure. One of the objectives of this work was to identify processing conditions …

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Effects Of Culture Methods And Simulated Microgravity Conditions On Development Of Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro, Songi Jung Dec 2008

Effects Of Culture Methods And Simulated Microgravity Conditions On Development Of Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro, Songi Jung

Theses and Dissertations

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the optimum in vitro culture conditions for in vitro fertilized bovine embryos among culture methods and (2) to investigate whether bovine fertilization and embryo development would occur in simulated microgravity conditions in vitro. In the first part of this study, the result showed that the microdrop method was the optimum culture method among groups; however, FBS supplementation did not significantly affect the bovine preimplantation embryo development in vitro. In the second part of this study, the result showed that bovine in vitro fertilization did not occur in simulated microgravity conditions. Moreover, …

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Enhanced Models For Mixtures Of Fluids In Chemical Equilibrium At High Pressures, Pietro Gaiaschi Dec 2008

Enhanced Models For Mixtures Of Fluids In Chemical Equilibrium At High Pressures, Pietro Gaiaschi

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is concerned with the numerical simulation of mixtures of chemically reacting fluids at high pressures. Mixture rules are established, accommodating components that do not follow the thermally perfect Equation of State (EoS), and including formulas for the fugacities. Particular attention has been given to the species EoS originally developed by Hirschfelder, Buehler, McGee and Sutton. The Law of Mass Action that governs chemical equilibrium of mixtures of fluids is presented. The common assumption of neglecting fugacities contributions when calculating the equilibrium composition is assessed by comparing complete thermochemical predictions with those obtained by reduced models. For air mixtures …

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Evaluation Of Chitosan And Collagen As Scaffolding For A Tissue Engineered Aortic Heart Valve, Steven Christopher Waller Dec 2008

Evaluation Of Chitosan And Collagen As Scaffolding For A Tissue Engineered Aortic Heart Valve, Steven Christopher Waller

Theses and Dissertations

Children born with congenital heart valve defects require open-heart surgery to implant an artificial replacement valve. These valves are unable to grow with the developing child and need replacing every 5 years. Tissue engineered heart valves, capable of growing with the patient, would alleviate the need for repeat surgery. I hypothesize chitosan and collagen possess advantageous qualities as scaffolding for a tissue engineered heart valve. This study evaluated chitosan and collagen hydrogels as potential scaffold materials. Chitosan scaffolds had suitable pore size/distribution and scaffold strength; however, they were unable to sustain cell attachment or viability. Collagen gels were assessed for …

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A Change For The Future: Presidents' And Deans' Real And Ideal Leadership Practices At Community And Junior Colleges In Mississippi, Mildred Stevenson Dec 2008

A Change For The Future: Presidents' And Deans' Real And Ideal Leadership Practices At Community And Junior Colleges In Mississippi, Mildred Stevenson

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the study is to examine real vs. ideal leadership practices of administrators according to race, gender, age, experience, and education level years in current position, and years of experience at Mississippi community and junior colleges. The survey instruments were a modified version of the Leadership Practices Inventory-Self (LPI Self) and the Leadership Practices Inventory-Observer (LPI-Observer) originally developed by Kouzes and Posner in 1985 and updated by Kouzes and Posner in 1997. The reliability and validity of the instruments have been consistently high and the instruments have been used in many studies, including doctoral dissertations and other empirical …

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Assessing Parent-Child Agreement On An Eating Disorder Symptom Questionnaire, Lindsay Reece Klyce Dec 2008

Assessing Parent-Child Agreement On An Eating Disorder Symptom Questionnaire, Lindsay Reece Klyce

Theses and Dissertations

This study provides preliminary data from a parent-report measure for assessing eating disorder symptoms in preadolescents. The Parent Eating Behaviors and Body Image Test (PEBBIT) is based on the Eating Behaviors and Body Image Test (EBBIT; Candy & Fee, 1998), a self-report measure for preadolescent girls. Eighty-three females in grades 4 through 6 were contacted from elementary schools, but only 10 participated. Girls’ individual responses on the EBBIT were compared to parental responses on the PEBBIT. Parents were able to accurately identify eating disorder behaviors in their children only 65.3% of the time when analyzing the individual responses found on …

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Attitudes Of Agriscience Teachers, Counselors, Administrators, And Students Toward Selected Agriscience Programs In Mississippi, Mary Hitchner Brister Dec 2008

Attitudes Of Agriscience Teachers, Counselors, Administrators, And Students Toward Selected Agriscience Programs In Mississippi, Mary Hitchner Brister

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of administrators, counselors, agriscience teachers, and students towards the high school agriscience programs in Mississippi. It was also to determine the average scores of students on a criterion-based exam, and to determine if there was a correlation between the attitude scales of the agriscience teachers, counselors, administrators, students, and the student scores on the exam. The study used a descriptive survey and a descriptive-correlational design. Three different surveys were sent out to 356 agriscience teachers, counselors, and administrators at schools with either a Concepts of Agriscience Technology course or an …

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Designing A Hygrothermally-Stable Wall Featuring Multiple Evaporative Air Cavities, Neil Jumamoy Melencion Dec 2008

Designing A Hygrothermally-Stable Wall Featuring Multiple Evaporative Air Cavities, Neil Jumamoy Melencion

Theses and Dissertations

The concept of using multiple cavities walls systems (MCWS) and redistributed insulation in providing high thermal efficiency in walls while enhancing its capacity to control with intruded moisture was tested through four wall system designs. Twelve walls having fixed number of cavities were tested simultaneously with a reference wall for summer temperature and humidity conditions. Results show lower heat flow rates for MCWS walls with equally distributed polyisocyanurate insulation panels (50mm on both sides of a central cavity) as compared to the reference wall with RSI 2.29 (R-13) despite the evaporative air cavities present in the MCWS walls. Reduction in …

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A Case Study Examining The Collaboration Between General Education And Special Education Teachers In Inclusive Classrooms, Tina Atkins Dec 2008

A Case Study Examining The Collaboration Between General Education And Special Education Teachers In Inclusive Classrooms, Tina Atkins

Theses and Dissertations

Increased accountability mandates from the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 have resulted in general education teachers with disabled students in their classrooms. Within the inclusive classroom, the special education teacher and the general education teacher must develop a collaborative relationship that will consider the needs of the special education students and general education students. Villa and Thousand (1996) described the benefits of collaboration in schools: “Collaboration enables school personnel to meet diverse student needs through shared expertise and ownership of problem definitions and solutions” (p. 170). The purpose …

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Epidemiologic And Economic Study Of Hyperelastosis Cutis/Herda In The Quarter Horse Cutting Industry, Sally Grant Tipton Dec 2008

Epidemiologic And Economic Study Of Hyperelastosis Cutis/Herda In The Quarter Horse Cutting Industry, Sally Grant Tipton

Theses and Dissertations

Hyperelastosis Cutis (HC) is an autosomal recessive disorder in Quarter Horses. Homozygous (Hr/Hr) horses are affected with fragile, hyperextensible skin that sloughs and scars easily following minor trauma. Heterozygous (N/Hr) horses appear normal, but carry one copy of the gene. Objectives were to determine inbreeding coefficients of affected (Hr/Hr), carrier (N/Hr), and normal (N/N) Quarter Horses, compared to Thoroughbreds, and evaluate economic effects of HC within the cutting horse industry. Of the top cutting horses from 1985 through 2006, 35 were confirmed carriers by either DNA analysis or production of affected offspring. Although 23% of the earnings from the leading …

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Development Of A Fish-Based Index Of Biotic Integrity For Oxbow Lakes Of The Yazoo River Basin, Mississippi, Nathan Aycock Dec 2008

Development Of A Fish-Based Index Of Biotic Integrity For Oxbow Lakes Of The Yazoo River Basin, Mississippi, Nathan Aycock

Theses and Dissertations

Fish community data were used to develop an index of biotic integrity (IBI) to quantify habitat degradation in oxbow lakes of the Delta region of the Yazoo River Basin. Daytime boat electrofishing was used to sample the fish assemblage of 30 oxbow lakes during 2006-2007. We evaluated 70 candidate metrics based on their responses to measures of anthropogenic disturbance. Six metrics were retained for inclusion in the IBI: species richness, Shannon’s diversity (H’), average tolerance, and catch rates of buffalo, orangespotted sunfish, and litho-psammophilic spawners. The six IBI metrics showed strong multivariate relationships with measures of habitat degradation in a …

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Development Of A Geovisual Analytics Environment Using Parallel Coordinates With Applications To Tropical Cyclone Trend Analysis, Chad A. Steed Dec 2008

Development Of A Geovisual Analytics Environment Using Parallel Coordinates With Applications To Tropical Cyclone Trend Analysis, Chad A. Steed

Theses and Dissertations

A global transformation is being fueled by unprecedented growth in the quality, quantity, and number of different parameters in environmental data through the convergence of several technological advances in data collection and modeling. Although these data hold great potential for helping us understand many complex and, in some cases, life-threatening environmental processes, our ability to generate such data is far outpacing our ability to analyze it. In particular, conventional environmental data analysis tools are inadequate for coping with the size and complexity of these data. As a result, users are forced to reduce the problem in order to adapt to …

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Development Of Three-Phase Continuation Power Flow For Voltage Stability Analysis Of Distribution Systems, Dina Khaniya Dec 2008

Development Of Three-Phase Continuation Power Flow For Voltage Stability Analysis Of Distribution Systems, Dina Khaniya

Theses and Dissertations

With distributed generation being introduced in the meshed distribution networks under increased loading conditions, maintaining the system voltage stability will become one of the major concerns. The conventional approach of repetitive power flow solutions fails to obtain the critical loading point as Jacobian becomes singular before maximum loading point. Continuation power flow methods, based on the predictor-corrector scheme, overcome this difficulty with the use of parameterization techniques. Continuation power flow tools, already developed for transmission systems, need to be extended to handle three phase unbalanced distribution systems. This research work contributes towards development of a robust and efficient three phase …

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Educational Video Impact On College Student Knowledge, Opinions, And Referral Attitudes Regarding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Nichol Frances Pritchard Dec 2008

Educational Video Impact On College Student Knowledge, Opinions, And Referral Attitudes Regarding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Nichol Frances Pritchard

Theses and Dissertations

The interaction of osteoclasts and osteoblasts regulates bone density and the maintenance of osseointegration of implants. To investigate osteoblastic response to strain, rat osteosarcoma cells were cultured on titanium plates and subjected to one of three treatments: a neutral control (0 microstrain), tension (1000 microstrain), and compression (1000 microstrain). Treatments were applied via 4 point bending for fifteen minutes each day to a strain of 1mm/m at a sinusoidal frequency of 1Hz. Cells were measured for DNA as indicator of proliferation, alkaline phosphatase as indicator of phenotype and total protein and calcium deposition as indicators of matrix formation. Results indicated …

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Use Of Empirically-Based Reading Interventions To Address The Academic Skills Deficits And Escape-Maintained Target Behaviors Exhibited By Elementary School Students, Melissa S. Anderson Dec 2008

Use Of Empirically-Based Reading Interventions To Address The Academic Skills Deficits And Escape-Maintained Target Behaviors Exhibited By Elementary School Students, Melissa S. Anderson

Theses and Dissertations

The participants in this study were referred by the teacher or the teacher support team for a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and development of a positive behavior support plan to address disruptive behavior and academic skills deficits. Therefore, the purpose of Experiment I was to examine the ability of FBA procedures to identify students with reading difficulty who demonstrated problem behavior potentially maintained by escape from academic demands. Each environmental variable introduced during the brief functional analysis was manipulated via a multiple element design (Cooper, Wacker, Sasso, Reimers, & Donn, 1990; Derby et al., 1992; Northup et al., 1991). Experiment …

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Development Of A Sensory Descriptive Lexicon For Calamondins (Citrus Mitis Blanco) And Consumer Acceptance Of Calamondin Yogurt, Ye Tian Dec 2008

Development Of A Sensory Descriptive Lexicon For Calamondins (Citrus Mitis Blanco) And Consumer Acceptance Of Calamondin Yogurt, Ye Tian

Theses and Dissertations

The objectives of this research were to establish a semi-descriptive sensory language that describes the attributes of calamondin fruit and develop yogurt products flavored with calamondin and test consumers’ acceptance of the products. A total of 89 sensory terms were established by trained panelists to describe calamondins. Yogurt products were developed with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% calamondin pulp. Results demonstrated that no significant difference (P>0.05) occurred for consumers’ acceptance of yogurt appearance and texture, and significant differences (P<0.05) occurred for consumers’ acceptance of yogurt flavor and overall liking. Generally, the yogurt with 10% honey and the yogurt with 10% honey and 5% calamondin pulp were well accepted by consumers. The consumers were grouped into 6 clusters based on their prefences. The majority (60%) of the consumers liked moderately yogurts with 10% honey, and 0% and 5% calamondin pulp respectively.

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Development Of Corrective Actions For Higher Order Contingencies, Bharath Kumar Ravulapati Dec 2008

Development Of Corrective Actions For Higher Order Contingencies, Bharath Kumar Ravulapati

Theses and Dissertations

The importance of the electric power infrastructure has been exposed by several blackouts throughout the world in the last decade. These blackouts were caused mainly by physical vulnerabilities, human errors and natural disasters. The power grid is becoming more and more prone to outages which affect not only the power system network, but also other infrastructures and the society in several ways. Utilities generally operate with an (N-1) security level (no violations for single outage), and blackouts are generally caused by higher order contingencies. There is lack of effective methods and analysis tools to deal with higher order contingencies. Higher …

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Development Of Overcurrent Relay Model And Power System Simulator Using National Instruments Devices In Real-Time, Sunil Kumar Palla Dec 2008

Development Of Overcurrent Relay Model And Power System Simulator Using National Instruments Devices In Real-Time, Sunil Kumar Palla

Theses and Dissertations

One of the major objectives at Mississippi State University’s Power and Energy Research Laboratory (PERL) is to develop an adaptive protective controller for Shipboard Power System (SPS) protection. This thesis work focuses on developing an overcurrent relay model in LabVIEW software and validating the developed model by conducting Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) tests with Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and commercial Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)-351S directional over-current relay. Simulation results show that the developed relay model is quite flexible, efficient and can be used in real-time. Modeling efforts to establish a HIL platform using National Instruments devices have been presented here. This thesis …

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Differential Relay Model Development And Validation Using Real Time Digital Simulator, Vamsi Krishna Vijapurapu Dec 2008

Differential Relay Model Development And Validation Using Real Time Digital Simulator, Vamsi Krishna Vijapurapu

Theses and Dissertations

The protection system in a shipboard power system plays a vital role in detecting the fault conditions, isolating the faulted zone and preventing the fault propagation into other vital sections onboard the ship. The protection system should be able to remove faults and restore the service to all the vital loads rapidly. In order to design the protection system, preliminary hardware-in-the-loop testing is done using bus differential relay hardware and a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). In this thesis work, based upon the functionalities of the relay hardware the software differential relay model is designed and simulated using the RSCAD …

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Formulation Of A Fruit Slush Using Evaporated Sweet Whey, Reginald Carl Sean Johnson Dec 2008

Formulation Of A Fruit Slush Using Evaporated Sweet Whey, Reginald Carl Sean Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

Wheyruit slush formulas were evaluated prior to consumer testing of pre-selected formulated beverages. Varying ingredients were prepared in accordance to a factorial design of maximum use of whey and minimum use of additional ingredients. Whey was obtained from the Mississippi State University Dairy Processing Plant and evaporated. The evaporated sweet whey was combined with blueberries, cherry concentrate, Splenda®, water and ice. Sensory tests were conducted to evaluate appearance, flavor and overall acceptability of formulations. Panelists were asked to participate in a survey to elaborate personal perceptions of the products. Formulation of 125mL whey and 30g blueberries had the higher acceptability …

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Beauty Standards: Negotiations Of Social Life Among African American College Women, Sheena Kaori Gardner Dec 2008

Beauty Standards: Negotiations Of Social Life Among African American College Women, Sheena Kaori Gardner

Theses and Dissertations

The literature concerning the relationship between black women and beauty has revealed conflicting findings: some argue that black women are negatively affected by ‘white’ beauty ideals while others argue for the existence of an alternative ‘black’ beauty standard. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze young African American women’s awareness of beauty standards and their perception of themselves with relation to these standards, examine whether beauty standards are negotiable, and explore how perceptions of self affect daily social interactions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with black females between the ages of eighteen and twentyive that were …

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An Examination Of Adult Age Differences In Implicit And Explicit Memory For Prescription Drug Advertisements, L Ty Abernathy Dec 2008

An Examination Of Adult Age Differences In Implicit And Explicit Memory For Prescription Drug Advertisements, L Ty Abernathy

Theses and Dissertations

Prescription drug advertisements are commonly seen in magazines and on television, and as a result, the public is familiar with them. Many drug ads are targeted toward older adults, who tend to use more medications, because they suffer from more chronic conditions than younger adults. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of drug advertising at persuading older adults to ask physicians for specific medications remains uncertain. Older adults’ explicit memory for drug ads is poor, but their implicit memory for drug ads may be better. Therefore, older adults may be implicitly persuaded by drug ads even when they cannot explicitly remember seeing them. …

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The Factors That Influence The Graduation Rates Of Community College Transfer Students And Native Students At A Four-Year Public State University, John Randall Dickerson Dec 2008

The Factors That Influence The Graduation Rates Of Community College Transfer Students And Native Students At A Four-Year Public State University, John Randall Dickerson

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the study was to investigate the rate at which community college transfer students graduate from the 4 year college and what variables can be used to explain the corresponding graduation rates. In addition, the study attempted to answer the identical question regarding the rate at which native students graduate from the 4 year college and the variables that can be used to explain the native student graduate rates. Finally, the study made comparisons between the community college transfer student variables that explained the corresponding graduation rates and the native student variables that explained their corresponding graduation rates …

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The Spatial Demography Of Reported Crime: An Examination Of Urban-Rural Crime Articulation And Associated Spatio-Temporal Diffusion Processes, U.S. 1990 - 2000, Jeremy Reed Porter Dec 2008

The Spatial Demography Of Reported Crime: An Examination Of Urban-Rural Crime Articulation And Associated Spatio-Temporal Diffusion Processes, U.S. 1990 - 2000, Jeremy Reed Porter

Theses and Dissertations

Recently, increased attention has been given to the social and environmental context in which crimes occur (Wells & Weisheit 2004). This new interest in the human ecology of crime is largely demographic, both in terms of subject matter and increasingly in terms of the analytic methods used. Building on existing literature on the social ecology of crime, this study introduces a new approach to studying sub-county geographies of reported crime using existing census place and county definitions coupled with spatial demographic methods. Spatially decomposing counties into Census places and what Esselstyn (1953) earlier called “open country,” or non-places, allows for …

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