Digital Commons Network^™

The Lethal Injection Debate: Law And Science, Deborah W. Denno

Fordham Urban Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Methods Of Execution And Their Effect On The Use Of The Death Penalty In The United States, Richard C. Dieter

Fordham Urban Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Anomalies: Ritual And Language In Lethal Injection Regulations, Leigh B. Bienen

Fordham Urban Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Peer-Reviewed Studies Identifying Problems In The Design And Implementation Of Lethal Injection For Execution, Teresa A. Zimmers, Leonidas G. Koniaris

Fordham Urban Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Tethered To The Earth, Tyler Farrell

English Faculty Research and Publications

Tethered to the Earth contains human figures in two landscapes as well as the complex emotions evoked when one is far from home. After living and teaching in Northern Wisconsin for two school years and traveling through Europe for five weeks (the summer between), the poet's view of the world seemed a far bigger place. These poems are meant to address two types of isolation and awakening, an evocation of two personal places within oneself. With the stark and desolate beauty of Ashland, Wisconsin and the wandering style of European life, the imaginative nature of two distinct parts of the …

The Milwaukee School Of Fleshly Poetry: Ella Wheeler Wilcox's Poems Of Passion And Popular Aestheticism, Angela Sorby

English Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

Tolerated Use, Tim Wu

Faculty Scholarship

"Tolerated use" is a term that refers to the contemporary spread of technically infringing, but nonetheless tolerated, use of copyrighted works. Such patterns of mass infringement have occurred before in copyright history, though perhaps not on the same scale, and have usually been settled with the use of special laws, called compulsory licensing regimes, more familiar to non-copyright scholars as liability rules. This paper suggests that, in present times, a different and slightly unusual solution to the issue of widespread illegal use is emerging-an "opt-in" system for copyright holders, that is in property terms a rare species of ex post …

Silencing Expression Of The Defensin, Varisin, In Male Dermacentor Variabilis By Rna Interference Results In Reduced Anaplasma Marginale Infections, Katherine M. Kocan, Jose De La Fuente, Raul Manzano-Roman, Victoria Naranjo, Wayne L. Hynes, Daniel E. Sonenshine

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, are components of the innate immune system in ticks that have been shown to provide protection against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Varisin, one of the defensins identified in Dermacentor variabilis, was shown to be produced primarily in hemocytes but transcript levels were also expressed in midguts and other tick cells. In this research, we studied the role of varisin in the immunity of ticks to the gram-negative cattle pathogen, Anaplasma marginale. Expression of the varisin gene was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) in which male ticks were injected with varisin dsRNA and then …

Self-Defense And The Psychotic Aggressor, George P. Fletcher, Luis E. Chiesa

Faculty Scholarship

This brief essay, written for the Criminal Law Conversations Project, examines whether one can justifiably kill a faultless, insane assailant to save oneself or another from imminent and serious harm. Although scholars on both sides of the Atlantic agree that the person attacked should not be punished for defending herself from the psychotic aggressor, there is significant disagreement with regards to whether the defensive response should be considered justified or merely excused. Furthermore, amongst those who argue that the appropriate defense in such cases is a justification, there is disagreement regarding whether the specific ground of acquittal should be self-defense …

Transformation Of The Enterprise Income Tax In China: Internationalization And Chinese Innovations, Jinyan Li, He Huang

Articles & Book Chapters

This article reviews the major elements of the enterprise income tax (EIT) system in China and examines the dynamic relationship between international norms and the local Chinese context. After some introductory remarks, the article discusses the fundamental principles, concepts and structural elements of the EIT system and examines its main transformative aspects in terms of form, process and substantive provisions. The article also considers the extent to which international tax norms, China’s policy concerns and traditional issues play a role in the new system. The article concludes with some observations on international tax norms.

Individual-Based Artificial Ecosystems For Design And Optimization, Srinivasa Shivakar Vulli, Sanjeev Agarwal

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Individual-Based modeling has gained popularity over the last decade, mainly due to its proven ability to address a variety of problems, including modeling complex systems from bottom-up, providing relationships between component level and system level parameters, and relating emergent system level behaviors from simple component level interactions. Availability of computational power to run simulation models with thousands to millions of agents is another driving force in the wide-spread adoption of individual-Based modeling. in this paper, we propose an individual-Based modeling approach to solve engineering design and optimization problems using artificial ecosystems (AES). the problem to be solved is "mapped" to …

Intravenous Nicotine Conditions A Place Preference In Rats Using An Unbiased Design, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Rick A. Bevins

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The rewarding effects of nicotine contribute to the chronic use of tobacco products. The place conditioning task, a widely used pre-clinical model to study drug reward, has lead to mixed results in rats when nicotine was administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally; intravenously administered nicotine has not been examined. Further, much of the research demonstrating a nicotine-conditioned place preference in rats has used a biased design making these results susceptible to nonreward interpretations. The present study assessed whether intravenous (IV) nicotine would condition a place preference in an unbiased design and evaluated important behavioral parameters: nicotine dose, number of conditioning trials, and …

Competition Between The Conditioned Rewarding Effects Of Cocaine And Novelty, Carmela M. Reichel, Rick A. Bevins

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Access to novelty might provide an alternative learning history that competes with conditioned drug reward. We tested this suggestion in rats using a place conditioning procedure with cocaine and novelty. In Experiment 1, rats were conditioned with cocaine to prefer one side of an apparatus. In a subsequent phase, cocaine exposure continued; however, on the unpaired side, separate group of rats had access to novel objects, cocaine injections, or saline with no objects. Pairings with novel objects or cocaine shifted a preference away from the cocaine-paired environment during drug-free and drug-challenge tests. Experiment 2 tested novelty’s impact when cocaine exposure …

Role Of Affective Associations In The Planning And Habit Systems Of Decision-Making Related To Addiction, Marc T. Kiviniemi, Rick A. Bevins

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The model proposed by Redish et al. considers vulnerabilities within decision systems based on expectancy-value assumptions. Further understanding of processes leading to addiction can be gained by considering other inputs to decision-making, particularly affective associations with behaviors. This consideration suggests additional decision-making vulnerabilities that might explain addictive behaviors.

Patience, Jeffrey R. Stevens, David W. Stephens

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

What is patience? Humans and other animals often make decisions that trade off present and future benefits. Should a monkey eat an unripe fruit or wait for it to ripen? Should I purchase the iPhone at its debut or wait for the price to drop in a few months? In these dilemmas, large gains often require long waits, so decision makers must choose between a smaller, sooner reward and a larger, later reward.

It sometimes makes sense to choose the smaller, sooner alternative, for example in a very rich environment, but in many natural situations, waiting for the larger, later …

The Evolutionary Biology Of Decision Making, Jeffrey R. Stevens

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Evolutionary and psychological approaches to decision making remain largely separate endeavors. Each offers necessary techniques and perspectives which, when integrated, will aid the study of decision making in both humans and nonhuman animals. The evolutionary focus on selection pressures highlights the goals of decisions and the conditions under which different selection processes likely influence decision making. An evolutionary view also suggests that fully rational decision processes do not likely exist in nature. The psychological view proposes that cognition is hierarchically built on lower- level processes. Evolutionary approaches to decision making have not considered the cognitive building blocks necessary to implement …

Individual Decision Making And The Evolutionary Roots Of Institutions, Richard Mcelreath, Robert Boyd, Gerd Gigerenzer, Andreas Glöckner, Peter Hammerstein, Robert Kurzban, Stefan Magen, Peter J. Richerson, Arthur Robson, Jeffrey R. Stevens

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Just as many aspects of individual decisions are sometimes called "unconscious" or "automatic," we know that some institutions have evolved through "unconscious," nondeliberative mechanisms. Their function can also be largely nondeliberative, as in the case of some institutions that may structure behavior without requiring any reflection on the part of the participants. On the other hand, political institutions exist for the purpose of bringing deliberative mechanisms to bear on institutions in the hope of changing them for the better. The immense project of building an integrated explanation of institutions from individual brains to nations-has only barely begun. In this chapter, …

A Fruit In The Hand Or Two In The Bush? Divergent Risk Preferences In Chimpanzees And Bonobos, Sarah R. Heilbronner, Alexandra G. Rosati, Jeffrey R. Stevens, Brian Hare, Marc D. Hauser

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Human and non-human animals tend to avoid risky prospects. If such patterns of economic choice are adaptive, risk preferences should reflect the typical decision-making environments faced by organisms. However, this approach has not been widely used to examine the risk sensitivity in closely related species with different ecologies. Here, we experimentally examined risk-sensitive behavior in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), closely related species whose distinct ecologies are thought to be the major selective force shaping their unique behavioral repertoires. Because chimpanzees exploit riskier food sources in the wild, we predicted that they would exhibit …

Synthesis And In Vitro Characterization Of Novel Dextran- Methylprednisolone Conjugates With Peptide Linkers: Effects Of Linker Length On Hydrolytic And Enzymatic Release Of Methylprednisolone And Its Peptidyl Intermediates, Suman Penugonda, Anil Kumar, Hitesh K. Agarwal, Keykavous Parang, Reza Mehvar

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

To control the rate of release of methylprednisolone (MP) in lysosomes, new dextran-MP conjugates with peptide linkers were synthesized and characterized. Methylprednisolone succinate (MPS) was attached to dextran 25 kDa using linkers with 1-5 Gly residues. The release characteristics of the conjugates in pH 4.0 and 7.4 buffers, blood, liver lysosomes, and various lysosomal proteinases were determined using a size-exclusion and/or a newly developed reversed-phase HPLC method capable of simultaneous quantitation of MP, MPS, and all five possible MPS-peptidyl intermediates. We synthesized conjugates with >= 90% purity and 6.9-9.5% (w/w) degree of MP substitution. The conjugates were stable at pH …

Critical Acts Of Recognition: Reading Law Rhetorically, Sarah Burgess

Studio for Law and Culture

On July 11, 2002, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) set the scene for a significant shift in the way the United Kingdom legally defines sex and the status of transsexual and transgender people (trans people) within British society. The ECHR, in Christine Goodwin v. The United Kingdom, found that British laws defining sex according to a set of biological criteria applied at birth prevented trans people from enjoying the full spectrum of rights guaranteed by the European Convention of Human Rights. Barring individuals from changing their sex for legal purposes on official documents, such as birth certificates …

Social Life And Civic Education In The Rio De Janeiro City Jail, Amy Chazkel

Studio for Law and Culture

In the six weeks from mid-July to early September 1912, about a third of the 389 men whom guards escorted through the front doors of the Rio de Janeiro city jail had been arrested for vagrancy, or in Portuguese vadiagem, an infraction whose etymological connection to the word “vague” is not a coincidence. These men remained in detention for between five days and over a year, accused by arresting police officers of having committed the crime of doing nothing. As they awaited trial or, for the least fortunate, transportation to an offshore penal colony, they shared the crowded space …

A Woman’S Right To Be Spanked: Testing The Limits Of Tolerance Of S/M In The Socio-Legal Imaginary, Ummni Khan

Studio for Law and Culture

What conditions must be in place for s/m sexuality to be tolerated in law and culture? In this article, I consider the film Secretary as a lens to explore the imaginative limits of our socio-legal culture regarding sadomasochism. In Part One, I compare Secretary to the film 9 ½ weeks. I deconstruct the narrative and aesthetic components of the two films that uphold their contrasting normative visions, arguing that Secretary did indeed chart new ground for the sadomasochist sexual subject. Yet, a close discursive analysis reveals that the narrative relied upon other hegemonies to make the s/m couple acceptable and …

Divorcing Family Law From The Nation, Philomila Tsoukala

Studio for Law and Culture

This paper examines the contribution of law and legal narrative in the generation of national identities, using modern Greece as a case study. It explores how claims of family law continuity and unity in nineteenth century Greece became the main mode of arguing for the existence of a Greek people, culturally distinct from their Ottoman oppressors. I argue that far from embodying any truth about Greek family law, these legal historical narratives constituted a reconceptualization of social relations on the national basis giving content to the relatively new concept of the “Greek people”. These narratives also made possible and reflected …

Hand In Hand, Winter 2008

Hand in Hand

A newsletter published for Deaf Catholics in Milwaukee, WI

Hand in Hand Finding Aid

Effective Reading Instruction Strategies For Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities, April Scruggs

Electronic Journal for Inclusive Education

Reading is the cornerstone of instruction for all students regardless of their ability level because it sets the foundation for future progress and success in virtually all other facets of life (Kliewer & Landis, 1999). Recent legislation and research has suggested that we should be more successful in teaching every student to read (Brower, Wakeman, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, & Algozzine, 2006).

There are various strategies that educators use to teach reading in a typical classroom setting. However, these strategies are not always the same in special education classrooms, especially in terms of teaching students with significant cognitive disabilities. Browder et al. …

Learning Expressive Ontologies, Johanna Volker, Peter Haase, Pascal Hitzler

Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

2008-2009, Benjamin N. Cardozo School Of Law

Student Handbooks

No abstract provided.

Optimal Science Lab Design: Impacts Of Various Components Of Lab Design On Students’ Attitudes Toward Lab, John Basey, Loren Sackett, Natalie Robinson

International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

Variations in science lab design can differentially impact student learning. Quantification of these differential impacts can be used in modeling – an approach we term “optimal lab design.” In this study we estimated relative influences of six characteristics of lab design on students’ attitudes toward science labs in three different first-year college biology lab courses (USA). We used two end-of-semester surveys. The first had students choose their favorite and least favorite lab and answer questions associated with the six characteristics and their choices. The second had students provide an overall rating of each lab and a rating based on their …

Acknowledging Guilt: Forcing Self-Identification In Post-Conviction Dna Testing, Tonja Jacobi, Gwendolyn Carroll

Faculty Articles

This Essay formally illustrates how it is possible to force prisoners to self-identify as innocent or guilty by deciding whether to seek post­conviction DNA testing. Additionally, it shows why other systems that aim to reduce the number of guilty petitioners seeking post-conviction DNA testing create perverse incentives, and why only additional incarceration can effectively encourage innocent and guilty prisoners alike to self-identify. This will reduce costs on the judicial system by discouraging guilty prison­ers from seeking post-conviction DNA tests. It will also make it faster and easier for actually innocent prisoners to seek the tests they need for timely exoneration. …

The Need For Speed (And Grace): Issues In A First-Inventor-To-File World, Margo A. Bagley

Faculty Articles

“One is the loneliest number that you’ll ever do.” This lyric applies to the United States which, since 1998, stands alone among the world’s patent systems in awarding patents to the first person to invent a claimed invention (first to invent, or “FTI”) as opposed to the first inventor to file an application claiming the invention (“FITF”). But its lonely days may soon be over: a provision in pending patent reform legislation will (if passed) move the United States from FTI to FITF and end its solitary stance.

Some argue that the U.S. already has a de facto FITF system, …