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2007

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Experimental And Analytical Evaluation Of Frp-Confined Large Size Reinforced Concrete Columns, Silvia Rocca Jan 2007

Experimental And Analytical Evaluation Of Frp-Confined Large Size Reinforced Concrete Columns, Silvia Rocca

Doctoral Dissertations

"Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) jacketing of Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns, as a rapidly growing strengthening technique, requires appropriate design methods. However, the current available design guides are based on models, in their majority semi-empirical, and calibrated with small-scale plain concrete specimens. These models might not be reliable in predicting the strength and ductility enhancement sought through FRP-confinement in RC columns with geometric and material properties as found in practice. This dissertation presents the research conducted in three technical papers. In the first paper, the performance of 22 FRP-wrapped RC columns of medium- and large-scale is studied. The results of the …


Field And Laboratory Investigation Of Ozone-Indoor Surface Reactions: Secondary Emissions Inventory And Implications For Indoor Air Quality, Hong Wang Jan 2007

Field And Laboratory Investigation Of Ozone-Indoor Surface Reactions: Secondary Emissions Inventory And Implications For Indoor Air Quality, Hong Wang

Doctoral Dissertations

"Interfacial chemistry greatly influences human exposure to reactants and products in indoor environments. Emissions of volatile organic compounds, as a result of ozone-surface interactions, can lower an occupant's exposure to ozone, but increase indoor concentrations of odorous and carcinogenic compounds. Therefore, investigation of ozone-surface interactions are necessary for better understanding and controlling exposure to ozone and the products of indoor surface chemistry. In this dissertation, field experiments were conducted in five homes in three seasons to quantify ozone-initiated secondary emission rates (SERs), yields surface reaction probabilities and study their temporal trends"--Abstract, page iv.


Quality Loss Function - Common Methodology For Nominal-The-Best, Smaller-The-Better, And Larger-The-Better Cases, Naresh Kumar Sharma, Kenneth M. Ragsdell Jan 2007

Quality Loss Function - Common Methodology For Nominal-The-Best, Smaller-The-Better, And Larger-The-Better Cases, Naresh Kumar Sharma, Kenneth M. Ragsdell

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The quality loss function developed by Dr. Genichi Taguchi considers three cases including nominal-the-best, smaller-the-better, and larger-the-better. the methodology used to deal with the larger-the-better case is slightly different from that for the smaller-the-better and nominal-the-better cases. This paper attempts to bring about similarity among the three cases by introducing a term called the "target-mean ratio" and proposing a common formula for all three cases. the "target-mean ratio" can take different values to represent all three cases to bring about consistency and simplify the model. Also, it eliminates the assumption of target performance at infinite level and brings the model …


Faculty Senate Minutes 2006 - 2007, Missouri University Of Science And Technology Faculty Senate Jan 2007

Faculty Senate Minutes 2006 - 2007, Missouri University Of Science And Technology Faculty Senate

Minutes & Agendas

No abstract provided.


Steel Deck Institute Design Manual For Composite Decks, Form Decks, And Roof Decks, Steel Deck Institute Jan 2007

Steel Deck Institute Design Manual For Composite Decks, Form Decks, And Roof Decks, Steel Deck Institute

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) Specifications and Manuals (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.


Análisis De Deslizamientos En La Ciudad Capital Utilizando Sistemas De Información Geográfica, Pedro Pablo Conlledo, Ronaldo Luna Jan 2007

Análisis De Deslizamientos En La Ciudad Capital Utilizando Sistemas De Información Geográfica, Pedro Pablo Conlledo, Ronaldo Luna

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

En Guatemala, los daños ocasionados por deslizamientos de tierra son innumerables, y sin embargos son pocos los esfuezos que se han hecho a nivel nacional por estudiarlos. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar Sistemas de lnformacion Geografica (SlG) para estudiar sistematicamente la ocurrencia de deslizamientos en el Departamento de Guatemala con la informacion disponible.


Visual Traffic Movement Counts At Intersection For Origin-Destination (O-D) Trip Table Estimation, S. Lee, Hojong Baik, J. Park Jan 2007

Visual Traffic Movement Counts At Intersection For Origin-Destination (O-D) Trip Table Estimation, S. Lee, Hojong Baik, J. Park

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Origin-destination (O-D) trip table is necessary information for transportation planning and traffic impact study. However, current O-D estimations rely on estimated directional traffic counts at intersections, which obviously diminish reliability in the table. A video-based vehicle tracking system that utilizes wide view-angle lenses has been studied [26] to provide accurate direction traffic counts. The system expands the area covered by a single camera and uses a particle filtering method to handle environmental changes as well as geometric distortion caused by those lenses. This paper shows tracking capability of the system and also shows how to incorporate the directional traffic counts …


Hydro-Nexrad Radar-Rainfall Estimation Algorithm Development, Testing And Evaluation, Witold F. Krajewski, Bong Chul Seo, Anton Kruger, Piotr Domaszczynski, Gabriele Villarini, Charles Gunyon Jan 2007

Hydro-Nexrad Radar-Rainfall Estimation Algorithm Development, Testing And Evaluation, Witold F. Krajewski, Bong Chul Seo, Anton Kruger, Piotr Domaszczynski, Gabriele Villarini, Charles Gunyon

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Hydro-NEXRAD radar-rainfall estimation algorithms involve three main components: 1) preprocessing, 2) rain rate, and 3) rainfall accumulation. The preprocessing algorithm performs the quality control of reflectivity volume data and generates a hybrid scan. That is, reflectivity values for each azimuth and range bin are assigned from the several lowest elevation angles. It optionally estimates an azimuth-dependent vertical reflectivity profile and performs a correction for range effects. The rain rate algorithm converts the corrected reflectivity to rainfall intensity. The user can specify any power-law type empirical relationship between reflectivity and rainfall intensity. The last step of rainfall estimation is to …


Implementation Of A Converter In Sequence Domain To Counter Voltage Imbalances, Murali M. Baggu, Badrul H. Chowdhury Jan 2007

Implementation Of A Converter In Sequence Domain To Counter Voltage Imbalances, Murali M. Baggu, Badrul H. Chowdhury

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper demonstrates the basic problem of the conventional d-axis and q-axis control applied to a voltage source converter (VSC) during a system imbalance. The specific imbalances studied are a balanced fault and an unbalanced fault at the terminals of the converter. The dc link voltage of the VSC is disturbed during the unbalanced fault due to negative sequence components in the system. The sequence characteristics of the system during an imbalance are further analyzed. A novel controller in the sequence domain is proposed. The positive sequence components of the control are implemented in the positive synchronous reference frame and …


Neural Network Controller Development And Implementation For Spark Ignition Engines With High Egr Levels, Jonathan B. Vance, Atmika Singh, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier Jan 2007

Neural Network Controller Development And Implementation For Spark Ignition Engines With High Egr Levels, Jonathan B. Vance, Atmika Singh, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Past research has shown substantial reductions in the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) concentrations by using 10% -25% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in spark ignition (SI) engines (see Dudek and Sain, 1989). However, under high EGR levels, the engine exhibits strong cyclic dispersion in heat release which may lead to instability and unsatisfactory performance preventing commercial engines to operate with high EGR levels. A neural network (NN)-based output feedback controller is developed to reduce cyclic variation in the heat release under high levels of EGR even when the engine dynamics are unknown by using fuel as the control input. A separate …


Process Development For The Formation Of Post-Bonding Biorecognition Layers In Microfluidic Biosensors, Martin G. Perez, Phaninder R. Kanikella, James N. Reck, Chang-Soo Kim, Matthew O'Keefe Jan 2007

Process Development For The Formation Of Post-Bonding Biorecognition Layers In Microfluidic Biosensors, Martin G. Perez, Phaninder R. Kanikella, James N. Reck, Chang-Soo Kim, Matthew O'Keefe

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Formation of the biorecognition layers within microfluidic sensor channels must be done after the completion of the channel structure since these layers cannot withstand the wafer bonding temperature. We propose a new post-bonding immobilization process to prepare the enzyme layers within microfluidic channels of electrochemical biosensors. An array of Pt vertical electrodes is electroplated using a SU-8 mold. The cured SU-8 is then removed by plasma etching to expose the Pt electrode and to define the fluidic channel cavity simultaneously. An array of enzyme posts is formed on the Pt surface by either electropolymerizing or photopolymerizing enzyme precursor solutions injected …


Route Aware Predictive Congestion Control Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks, Carl Larsen, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2007

Route Aware Predictive Congestion Control Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks, Carl Larsen, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Congestion in wireless sensor networks (WSN) may lead to packet losses or delayed delivery of important information rendering the WSN-based monitoring or control system useless. In this paper a routing-aware predictive congestion control (RPCC) yet decentralized scheme for WSN is presented that uses a combination of a hop by hop congestion control mechanism to maintain desired level of buffer occupancy, and a dynamic routing scheme that works in concert with the congestion control mechanism to forward the packets through less congested nodes. The proposed adaptive approach restricts the incoming traffic thus preventing buffer overflow while maintaining the rate through an …


Two Neural Network Based Decentralized Controller Designs For Large Scale Power Systems, Wenxin Liu, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Donald C. Wunsch, Mariesa Crow, David A. Cartes Jan 2007

Two Neural Network Based Decentralized Controller Designs For Large Scale Power Systems, Wenxin Liu, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Donald C. Wunsch, Mariesa Crow, David A. Cartes

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents two neural network (NN) based decentralized controller designs for large scale power systems' generators, one is for the excitation control and the other is for the steam valve control. Though the control signals are calculated using local signals only, the transient and overall system stabilities can be guaranteed. NNs are used to approximate the unknown and/or imprecise dynamics of the local power system and the interconnection terms, thus the requirements for exact system parameters are released. Simulation studies with a three machine power system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller designs.


Evaluation Of Time Independent Rheological Models Applicable To Fresh Self-Compacting Concrete, Dimitri Feys, Ronny Verhoeven, Geert De Schutter Jan 2007

Evaluation Of Time Independent Rheological Models Applicable To Fresh Self-Compacting Concrete, Dimitri Feys, Ronny Verhoeven, Geert De Schutter

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Self-Compacting Concrete is a New Type of Concrete Which is More Liquid Compared to Traditional Concrete and Which Does Not Need Any Form of External Compaction. as a Result, This Type of Concrete is Suitable for a New Placing Technique: Pumping SCC from the Bottom in the Formwork and Letting It Rise in the Formwork Due to the Applied Pressure. in Order to Understand the Phenomena Occurring during Pumping Operations, the Rheological Properties of SCC Must Be Investigated and Controlled. Tests Have Been Performed with Two Different Rheometers, Which Are Described in This Paper. for the Tattersall MIk-II Rheometer, a …


Capital Punishment In The United States, And Beyond, Paul Marcus Jan 2007

Capital Punishment In The United States, And Beyond, Paul Marcus

Faculty Publications

This article explores the controversial topic of capital punishment, with a particular focus on its longstanding application in the United States. The use of the death penalty in the US has been the subject of much criticism both domestically and internationally. The numerous concerns addressed in this article relate to the morality of the punishment, its effectiveness, the uneven application of the penalty, and procedural problems. The US Supreme Court has confirmed the constitutionality of capital punishment while striking down particular uses of the death penalty. The US is not, however, alone in executing convicted defendants. Capital punishment is still …


Culture Change, Lan Cao Jan 2007

Culture Change, Lan Cao

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Characterizing The Electric Field Coupling From Ic Heatsink Structures To External Cables Using Tem Cell Measurements, Shaowei Deng, Todd H. Hubing, Daryl G. Beetner Jan 2007

Characterizing The Electric Field Coupling From Ic Heatsink Structures To External Cables Using Tem Cell Measurements, Shaowei Deng, Todd H. Hubing, Daryl G. Beetner

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

One method for evaluating the unintentional radiated emissions from integrated circuits (ICs) involves mounting the IC on a printed circuit board (PCB) embedded in the wall of a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell. The signal voltages on the IC and its package produce electric fields that can couple to cables and other structures attached to the PCB, inducing common-mode currents that can be a primary source of unintentional radiated emissions. The signal currents in the IC and its package produce magnetic fields that can also result in common-mode currents on larger radiating structures. This paper describes a TEM cell measurement method …


Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation And Equalization For Broadband Wireless Communications, Y. Rosa Zheng, Chengshan Xiao Jan 2007

Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation And Equalization For Broadband Wireless Communications, Y. Rosa Zheng, Chengshan Xiao

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) is an effective technique for high data rate wireless communication systems suffering from very long intersymbol interference. Most of existing FDE algorithms are limited to quasi-static or slow time-varying fading channels, where least mean squares (LMS) or recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive algorithms were utilized for channel estimation. In this paper, we employ interpolation method to develop channel estimation algorithm in the frequency domain. We show that the new channel estimation algorithm can significantly outperform LMS and RLS algorithms. Numerical examples demonstrate that the new algorithm can track time-varying fading channels with Doppler up to 300-400 Hz. …


Demodulation Of Fiber-Optic Sensors For Frequency Response Measurement, Abdeq M. Abdi, Steve Eugene Watkins Jan 2007

Demodulation Of Fiber-Optic Sensors For Frequency Response Measurement, Abdeq M. Abdi, Steve Eugene Watkins

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The neural-network-based processing of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) strain sensors was investigated for the special case of sinusoidal strain. The application area is modal or cyclic testing of structures in which the frequency response to periodic actuation must be demodulated. The nonlinear modulation characteristic of EFPI sensors produces well-defined harmonics of the actuation frequency. Relationships between peak strain and harmonic content were analyzed theoretically. A two-stage demodulator was implemented with a Fourier series neural network to separate the harmonic components of an EFPI signal and a backpropagation neural network to predict the peak-to-peak strain from the harmonics. The system performance …


Improvement Of Can Bus Performance By Using Error-Correction Codes, Krishna Chaitanya Emani, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Y. Rosa Zheng, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Keong W. Kam Jan 2007

Improvement Of Can Bus Performance By Using Error-Correction Codes, Krishna Chaitanya Emani, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Y. Rosa Zheng, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Keong W. Kam

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, two variants of the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) scheme for CAN bus are presented. The basic HARQ uses error-correction code based on the Reed- Solomon (RS) technique and the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) method to detect errors. The second scheme uses the cyclic error-correction method instead of the CRC error-detection method to further improve the throughput. Moreover, the second scheme uses no additional bit overhead when compared with the basic HARQ scheme. This paper presents the performance of the proposed schemes using MATLAB and NS2 simulations. Experimental data of error patterns were used for realistic evaluation. …


Near Optimal Output-Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems In Nonstrict Feedback Form With Application To Engines, Peter Shih, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier Jan 2007

Near Optimal Output-Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems In Nonstrict Feedback Form With Application To Engines, Peter Shih, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel reinforcement-learning based output-adaptive neural network (NN) controller, also referred as the adaptive-critic NN controller, is developed to track a desired trajectory for a class of complex nonlinear discrete-time systems in the presence of bounded and unknown disturbances. The controller includes an observer for estimating states and the outputs, critic, and two action NNs for generating virtual, and actual control inputs. The critic approximates certain strategic utility function and the action NNs are used to minimize both the strategic utility function and their outputs. All NN weights adapt online towards minimization of a performance index, utilizing gradient-descent based rule. …


Reinforcement Learning Based Output-Feedback Controller For Complex Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems, Peter Shih, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2007

Reinforcement Learning Based Output-Feedback Controller For Complex Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems, Peter Shih, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel reinforcement-learning based output-adaptive neural network (NN) controller, also referred as the adaptive-critic NN controller, is developed to track a desired trajectory for a class of complex feedback nonlinear discrete-time systems in the presence of bounded and unknown disturbances. This nonlinear discrete-time system consists of a second order system in nonstrict form and an affine nonlinear discrete-time system tightly coupled together. Two adaptive critic NN controllers are designed - primary one for the nonstrict system and the secondary one for the affine system. A Lyapunov function shows the uniformly ultimate boundedness (UUB) of the closed-loop tracking error, weight estimates …


Rfid Instrumentation In A Field Application, Theresa M. Swift, Martha J. Molander, Steve Eugene Watkins Jan 2007

Rfid Instrumentation In A Field Application, Theresa M. Swift, Martha J. Molander, Steve Eugene Watkins

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The behavior of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags is investigated in a field application. The RFID instrumentation is used to mark the position of point strain sensors in a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), short-span bridge. The tags are surface mounted on carbon FRP structural elements and covered with a resin wear layer, i.e. the deck of the bridge. The smart composite bridge was installed in 2000 and serves as a field testbed for various sensor technologies including the RFID tags. The operation of the RFID network is tested in the field and compared to laboratory tags. Specific research issues include long-term survivability …


Sofc-Based Fuel Cells For Load Following Stationary Applications, Nagasmitha Akkinapragada, Badrul H. Chowdhury Jan 2007

Sofc-Based Fuel Cells For Load Following Stationary Applications, Nagasmitha Akkinapragada, Badrul H. Chowdhury

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a dynamic model of SOFC and the response of the fuel cell for sudden load changes. Slow response of the fuel cell prevents it from following the load, Hence connection with the DC/DC buck-boost converter is required. The models are developed in PSCAD with and without a feedback control system. Power characteristics obtained in order to validate the need of the DC/DC converter which allows the SOFC system to be used for load following applications


Spatial Diversity In Signal Strength Based Wlan Location Determination Systems, Anil Ramachandran, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2007

Spatial Diversity In Signal Strength Based Wlan Location Determination Systems, Anil Ramachandran, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Literature indicates that spatial diversity can be utilized to compensate channel uncertainties such as multipath fading. Therefore, in this paper, spatial diversity is exploited for locating stationary and mobile objects in the indoor environment. First, space diversity technique is introduced for small scale motion and temporal variation compensation of received signal strength and it is demonstrated analytically that it enhances location accuracy. Small scale motion refers to movements of the transmitter and/or the receiver of the order of sub-wavelengths while temporal effects refer to environmental variations with time. A novel metric is introduced for selection combining in order to improve …


Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (Smes) For Improved Dynamic System Performance, Dwaraka S. Padimiti, Badrul H. Chowdhury Jan 2007

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (Smes) For Improved Dynamic System Performance, Dwaraka S. Padimiti, Badrul H. Chowdhury

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES) consists of a high inductance coil emulating a constant current source. Such a SMES system, when connected to a power system, is able to inject/absorb active and reactive power into or from a system. The active power injected into the system is controlled by varying the duty cycle of the switches in the dc-dc chopper while the SMES coil is discharging into the system. The reactive power is controlled by the magnitude of the converter output voltage. The storage setup is tested on a WSCC 3 machine 9 bus system. The behavior of …


An Online Approximator-Based Fault Detection Framework For Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems, Balaje T. Thumati, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2007

An Online Approximator-Based Fault Detection Framework For Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems, Balaje T. Thumati, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a fault detection scheme is developed for nonlinear discrete time systems. The changes in the system dynamics due to incipient failures are modeled as a nonlinear function of state and input variables while the time profile of the failures is assumed to be exponentially developing. The fault is detected by monitoring the system and is approximated by using online approximators. A stable adaptation law in discrete-time is developed in order to characterize the faults. The robustness of the diagnosis scheme is shown by extensive mathematical analysis and simulation results.


A Comparison Of Techniques To Forecast Consumer Satisfaction For Vehicle Ride, Elizabeth A. Cudney, David Drain, Kenneth M. Ragsdell, Kioumars Paryani Jan 2007

A Comparison Of Techniques To Forecast Consumer Satisfaction For Vehicle Ride, Elizabeth A. Cudney, David Drain, Kenneth M. Ragsdell, Kioumars Paryani

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a comparison of methods for the identification of a reduced set of useful variables using a multidimensional system. the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System and a standard statistical technique are used reduce the dimensionality of vehicle ride based on consumer satisfaction ratings. the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System and cluster analysis are applied to vehicle ride. the research considers 67 vehicle data sets for the 6 vehicle ride parameters. This paper applies the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System to forecast consumer satisfaction and provides a comparison of results with those obtained from a standard statistical approach to the problem. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.


Identifying Useful Variables For Vehicle Braking Using The Adjoint Matrix Approach To The Mahalanobis-Taguchi System, Elizabeth A. Cudney, Kenneth M. Ragsdell, Kioumars Paryani Jan 2007

Identifying Useful Variables For Vehicle Braking Using The Adjoint Matrix Approach To The Mahalanobis-Taguchi System, Elizabeth A. Cudney, Kenneth M. Ragsdell, Kioumars Paryani

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS) is a diagnosis and forecasting method for multivariate data. Mahalanobis distance (MD) is a measure based on correlations between the variables and different patterns that can be identified and analyzed with respect to a base or reference group. MTS is of interest because of its reported accuracy in forecasting small, correlated data sets. This is the type of data that is encountered with consumer vehicle ratings. MTS enables a reduction in dimensionality and the ability to develop a scale based on MD values. MTS identifies a set of useful variables from the complete data set …


Technology And Competence Alignment To The Roadmap, Mihir M. Gokhale, Donald D. Myers Jan 2007

Technology And Competence Alignment To The Roadmap, Mihir M. Gokhale, Donald D. Myers

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Roadmaps serve as a useful graphical tool to integrate strategic objectives, technology-assessment, technology-road mapping and product road mapping against an axis of time. Much research has been done related to linking specific technologies with the product roadmap. It is equally important to understand how the sourcing of this technology can be done. This leads to the discussion of competence development to meet the technology gap. the paper describes the alignment of this technology and competence with the overall roadmap. © 2008 IEEE.