Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Law (7386)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1982)
- Arts and Humanities (1499)
- Education (815)
- Constitutional Law (774)
-
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (699)
- International Law (597)
- Engineering (557)
- Life Sciences (536)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (480)
- Business (392)
- Sociology (361)
- History (352)
- Criminal Law (351)
- Communication (330)
- Intellectual Property Law (328)
- Religion (280)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (277)
- Law and Society (261)
- Environmental Law (252)
- Courts (240)
- Political Science (239)
- Human Rights Law (230)
- Civil Rights and Discrimination (229)
- Higher Education (220)
- Comparative and Foreign Law (218)
- Health Law and Policy (209)
- Economics (203)
- Computer Sciences (198)
- Library and Information Science (197)
- Institution
-
- Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law (994)
- Brigham Young University Law School (626)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (571)
- University of Colorado Law School (350)
- University of South Florida (332)
-
- Louisiana State University (269)
- University of New Mexico (269)
- Brigham Young University (246)
- Fordham Law School (242)
- University of Michigan Law School (233)
- Duke Law (227)
- University of Montana (222)
- American University Washington College of Law (213)
- William & Mary Law School (212)
- Eastern Illinois University (203)
- University of New Hampshire (192)
- University of Denver (191)
- University of Chicago Law School (189)
- UC Law SF (183)
- Yeshiva University, Cardozo School of Law (181)
- University of South Carolina (178)
- University of Mississippi (171)
- West Virginia University (167)
- University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (158)
- Duquesne University (155)
- Southern Methodist University (154)
- Cornell University Law School (152)
- Maurer School of Law: Indiana University (152)
- University of Central Florida (151)
- Purdue University (149)
- Keyword
-
- United States (136)
- Law (123)
- EIU (120)
- Education (117)
- Latin America (115)
-
- Human rights (112)
- Constitutional law (111)
- Philosophy (110)
- Newspaper (109)
- Spanish (100)
- University of New Mexico (97)
- LADB (96)
- LAII (96)
- Latin American and Iberian Institute (96)
- UNM (96)
- Constitutional Law (93)
- History (85)
- English (83)
- Copyright (80)
- Hallowed Secularism (80)
- International law (80)
- Global Financial Crisis (2007-2009) (74)
- 2007 (70)
- Women (70)
- American Religious Democracy (68)
- Globalization (68)
- Politics (67)
- First Amendment (66)
- International Law (66)
- Intellectual property (63)
- Publication
-
- 2007 Decisions (876)
- Utah Court of Appeals Briefs (2007– 2019) (486)
- Faculty Scholarship (441)
- Faculty Publications (340)
- Theses and Dissertations (309)
-
- Articles (264)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (216)
- Session Laws 2001-Present (208)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (140)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD) (114)
- Faculty Articles (98)
- Dissertations (87)
- Documents (87)
- ExpressO (86)
- Fordham Law Review (85)
- Hallowed Secularism (80)
- Initiatives (80)
- All ETDs from UAB (78)
- Scholarly Works (78)
- Journal Articles (76)
- LSU Master's Theses (75)
- Masters Theses (74)
- Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions) (73)
- Publications (71)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (69)
- Saudi Medical Journal (68)
- The Murray Ledger & Times (68)
- Doctoral Dissertations (67)
- Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers (65)
- All Faculty Scholarship (63)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 19921 - 19950 of 20267
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Charles B. Blackmar: Professor, Judge, Chief Justice And Charlie, Michael A. Wolff
Charles B. Blackmar: Professor, Judge, Chief Justice And Charlie, Michael A. Wolff
Missouri Law Review
This eulogy was delivered by Michael A. Wolff, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri, at the funeral service for Judge Charles Blackmar, who died January 20, 2007, at the age of 84.
Struggling To Give Meaning To The Concept Of Meaningful Interference: The Eighth Circuit Announces A New Rule, Joshua C. Devine
Struggling To Give Meaning To The Concept Of Meaningful Interference: The Eighth Circuit Announces A New Rule, Joshua C. Devine
Missouri Law Review
This Note examines United States v. Va Lerie, a recent Eighth Circuit case involving law enforcement interference with property entrusted to Greyhound, a third-party common carrier. In Va Lerie, the Eighth Circuit established a new test for determining when property entrusted to third-party common carriers is seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. This Note argues that the Eighth Circuit's new test fails to comport with the holding of Jacobsen. As such, the Eighth Circuit should have adhered to a line of precedent that distinguishes between the touching of property by law enforcement officials and a more detailed inquiry …
Viewpoint Discrimination In Law School Clinics: Teaching Students When And How To Just Say No, Jason A. Kempf
Viewpoint Discrimination In Law School Clinics: Teaching Students When And How To Just Say No, Jason A. Kempf
Missouri Law Review
In 1996, the American Bar Association ("ABA") amended its law school accreditation standards and required that all ABA-approved law schools offer "live-client or other real-life practice experience. '' In doing so, the ABA confirmed the increasingly important role of law school clinics in legal education. This unique teaching environment moves students and professors out of the classroom and into real-world courtrooms. As these "student-lawyers" work on behalf of live clients, they "experience the legal ethics issues lawyers face every day, such as client confidentiality, conflict of interest, and competency issues." Not surprisingly, with these ethical issues come difficult decisions for …
Supreme Court Cordially Invited You To Sue In Federal Court: Hope You Don't Mind Waiting, The, Evan F. Fitts
Supreme Court Cordially Invited You To Sue In Federal Court: Hope You Don't Mind Waiting, The, Evan F. Fitts
Missouri Law Review
Congestion in the federal judiciary is so prevalent that it has become an afterthought. From the outset of their introductory Federal Civil Procedure course, most law students learn that any attorney who brings an action in a federal court better be prepared to wait. A recent report by the Federal Judicial Center indicated that the average time between filing and adjudication of issues in federal district courts was approximately two years. It can reasonably be asserted that this length of time is directly proportional to the amount of cases on the federal docket. Therefore, any step to reduce the caseload …
Our Federalism Changes Course: The Supreme Court Limits State Sovereign Immunity In Bankruptcy Actions, Benjamin C. Hassebrock
Our Federalism Changes Course: The Supreme Court Limits State Sovereign Immunity In Bankruptcy Actions, Benjamin C. Hassebrock
Missouri Law Review
Although sovereign immunity jurisprudence is not the most highly publicized topic of debate in the mainstream media, it has recently become a major source of contention on the Supreme Court. The flurry of sovereign immunity litigation that has reached the high court in the last decade has yielded mostly 5-4 decisions that have expanded the state's ability to assert immunity as a defense. Given this trend, few could have predicted the outcome of the court's decision in Central Virginia Community College v. Katz. In Katz, the 5-4 decision broke the other direction, and the court held that states had waived …
Safer Destination For Trespassers, A, Ross Mcferron
Safer Destination For Trespassers, A, Ross Mcferron
Missouri Law Review
Traditionally, Missouri courts have maintained the general rule that a possessor of land owes no duty of care to trespassers. However, Missouri courts have adopted some well-defined exceptions to the general rule, particularly in situations where trespassers are easily foreseeable. But, prior to the Humphrey v. Glenn decision in 2005, possessors of land had never owed a duty to adult trespassers regarding a condition on the land. In Humphrey, the Missouri Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether possessors of land had a duty to warn "constant" trespassers of dangerous artificial conditions on the possessors' property. The court determined that …
Dusting Off The Blaine Amendment: Two Challenges To Missouri's Anti-Establishment Tradition, Aaron E. Schwartz
Dusting Off The Blaine Amendment: Two Challenges To Missouri's Anti-Establishment Tradition, Aaron E. Schwartz
Missouri Law Review
Using broad strokes to paint the rights and protections granted therein, the free exercise and the establishment clauses stand as dual monuments to the great-American experiment in separating the State and the sacred. Their sparse language is contrasted by comparatively specific manifestations of similar interests in the state constitutions. Echoing their federal counterpart, the state constitutions commonly command that the state may not fund religiously affiliated educational institutions. No fewer than thirty-eight states, including Missouri, adopted a so-called "Blaine Amendment," which prevent states from supporting sectarian or religious schools. Employing more detail than its federal counterpart, Missouri's constitution made explicit …
Eliminating Fear Through Recreating Community In Rwanda: The Role Of The Gacaca Courts, Christine M. Venter
Eliminating Fear Through Recreating Community In Rwanda: The Role Of The Gacaca Courts, Christine M. Venter
Journal Articles
This article describes the institution of the Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, which were set up to try people charged with participating in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. The author examines the options available to the Rwandan government in seeding to prosecute people charged with crimes related to the genocide, and concludes that, while flawed, the gacaca courts were the best option available. The article explores how the courts were developed based on the participatory and restorative ideals of African indigenous legal systems, and how these courts provide an opportunity for some form of "truth telling" in post-genocide Rwanda.
The Freedom Of The Church, Richard W. Garnett
The Freedom Of The Church, Richard W. Garnett
Journal Articles
This Article focuses on what the American theologian and Jesuit John Courtney Murray called a Great Idea, whose entrance into history marked the beginning of a new civilizational era. That idea was libertas ecclesiae, or the freedom of the Church. It served, according to Harold Berman, as the catalyst for the first major turning point in European history and as the foundation for nearly a millennium of political theory. And, this Article suggests, it remains a crucial component of any plausible and attractive account of religious freedom under and through constitutionally limited government. It is tempting to assume or expect …
Solving The "Initiatory Construction" Puzzle (And Improving Direct Democracy) By Appropriate Refocusing On Sponsor Intent, Glenn C. Smith
Solving The "Initiatory Construction" Puzzle (And Improving Direct Democracy) By Appropriate Refocusing On Sponsor Intent, Glenn C. Smith
University of Colorado Law Review
The U.S. Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security has consistently attempted to make the process of becoming a lawful permanent resident of the United States difficult, at best. A 1997 Department of Justice regulation made this process impossible for a certain class of immigrants known as parolees, despite the fact that the Immigration and Nationality Act explicitly allowed these parolees the opportunity to become lawful permanent residents. The Department later withdrew this regulation because of the controversy it created in the federal circuit courts of appeal. However, new proposed regulations threaten to harm the position of immigrants in …
Beyond Agency Authority: Administrative Elimination Of Statutory Eligibility For Lawful Permanent Residence, Chelsy L. Knight
Beyond Agency Authority: Administrative Elimination Of Statutory Eligibility For Lawful Permanent Residence, Chelsy L. Knight
University of Colorado Law Review
The U.S. Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security has consistently attempted to make the process of becoming a lawful permanent resident of the United States difficult, at best. A 1997 Department of Justice regulation made this process impossible for a certain class of immigrants known as parolees, despite the fact that the Immigration and Nationality Act explicitly allowed these parolees the opportunity to become lawful permanent residents. The Department later withdrew this regulation because of the controversy it created in the federal circuit courts of appeal. However, new proposed regulations threaten to harm the position of immigrants in …
Secrecy And Access In An Innovation Intensive Economy: Reordering Information Privileges In Environmental, Health, And Safety Law, Mary L. Lyndon
Secrecy And Access In An Innovation Intensive Economy: Reordering Information Privileges In Environmental, Health, And Safety Law, Mary L. Lyndon
University of Colorado Law Review
This article examines the law concerned with access to information that is commercially valuable when it is kept secret but is also essential to environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risk evaluation. EHS law stimulates sustainable economic activity, including new technologies, and thus complements intellectual property law. Access to EHS information is essential to risk management, but current disclosure obligations are unclear, as the law is a patchwork of familiar but ill-fitting concepts and entitlements. The article discusses the current law that affects disclosure, taking into account recent changes in the technological and economic landscape. It also describes the contrasting uses …
The Tragedy Of The Commons And The Myth Of A Private Property Solution, Amy Sinden
The Tragedy Of The Commons And The Myth Of A Private Property Solution, Amy Sinden
University of Colorado Law Review
According to generally accepted wisdom of welfare economics, there are two potential solutions to the tragedy of the commons: 1) government regulation, or 2) privatization. Government regulation and privatization can usefully be distinguished from each other based on who answers the "how much" question. Under the former, government answers the "how much" question, and under the latter, the market answers it. When the U.S. environmental movement began in the 1970s, government regulation seemed the obvious choice. But in recent years, intellectual fashions have changed, and privatization has become the preferred solution. The privatization solution, however, is a myth that exists, …
Coalbed Methane: Crafting A Right To Sell From An Obligation To Vent, L. James Lyman
Coalbed Methane: Crafting A Right To Sell From An Obligation To Vent, L. James Lyman
University of Colorado Law Review
Coalbed methane ("CBM") is a rapidly growing source of energy in the United States, particularly in the Intermountain West. Rather than being captured and utilized, however, much of the recoverable CBM is released into the atmosphere as coal mine methane ("CMM), a byproduct of coal mining. Allowing a federal coal operator to capture and sell or otherwise consume CMM would reduce greenhouse emissions, provide additional fuel for power generation, and avoid the waste of valuable natural resources. However, there is sparse guidance from the federal government regarding the right of federal coal operators to engage in CMM sale. What little …
From Martz To The Twenty-First Century: A Half- Century Of Natural Resources Law Casebooks And Pedagogy, Michael C. Blumm, David H. Becker
From Martz To The Twenty-First Century: A Half- Century Of Natural Resources Law Casebooks And Pedagogy, Michael C. Blumm, David H. Becker
University of Colorado Law Review
Clyde Martz published the first natural resources law casebook in 1951, combining the previously discrete subjects of water law, mining law, and oil and gas law. Martz relied almost exclusively on case excerpts and emphasized the creation of private rights in natural resources. Over the nexthalf century, through several generations of casebooks, the natural resources course developed in response to the rise of the environmental movement and a series of energy crises. This article traces the evolution of the natural resources law casebooks from Martz's pioneering effort through several generations of texts to a new generation of casebooks that has …
Keeping An Eye On The Golden Snitch: Implications Of The Interdisciplinary Approach In The Fourth Generation Of Natural Resources Law Casebooks, Sarah Krakoff
University of Colorado Law Review
No abstract provided.
Post A Message And Go To Jail: Criminalizing Internet Libel In Japan And The United States, Salil K. Mehra
Post A Message And Go To Jail: Criminalizing Internet Libel In Japan And The United States, Salil K. Mehra
University of Colorado Law Review
In the United States, criminal libel is all but dead. American law professors only write about it to denounce the continued existence of rarely enforced criminal libel statutes. In Japan, however, criminal libel laws have become vital tools in policing injurious speech on the Internet. Defamatory posts lead to police intervention and even arrest. Because the United States is considering regulation of online speech, potentially including criminal penalties, we can learn from the experience of Japan. From a positive perspective, this Article explains why Japan applies such laws to the Internet. From a normative perspective, the Article addresses why broadly …
Colorado Hb 1061 And Advocating For The End Of Caveat Emptor In Residential Leases, David I. Blower
Colorado Hb 1061 And Advocating For The End Of Caveat Emptor In Residential Leases, David I. Blower
University of Colorado Law Review
In 2005, Governor Bill Owens vetoed House Bill 1061, which was an attempt by the Colorado legislature to enact some minimal protections for residential tenants. Governor Owens's veto was the latest chapter in Colorado's failure to provide residential-tenant protections. Although the vast majority of states have either judicially-implied or statutory tenant protections, Colorado has bucked the trend. First, in 1976, the Colorado Supreme Court refused to imply a warranty of habitability in residential leases, instead deferring to the legislature. Since then, in addition to Governor Owens's veto, the legislature has also failed to pass a residential warranty. Instead of maintaining …
Colorado Lawyers Beware: Anstine V. Alexander And The Attorney's New Duty To Non-Clients, Michael David Delcour
Colorado Lawyers Beware: Anstine V. Alexander And The Attorney's New Duty To Non-Clients, Michael David Delcour
University of Colorado Law Review
In Anstine v. Alexander, the Colorado Court of Appeals addressed the issue of whether an attorney can be found liable for aiding and abetting his client's breach of fiduciary duty to a non-client. Although the attorneys in question were absolved of legal malpractice liability to the corporation they represented, the defendant-attorneys were found liable for aiding and abetting the president's breach of fiduciary duty to the corporation's creditors. Interestingly, the same piece of advice that was given by the attorneys to the president of the corporation was at the heart of both the malpractice claim and the aiding and abetting …
Arrested Development: An Alternative To Juveniles Serving Life Without Parole In Colorado, Gail B. Goodman
Arrested Development: An Alternative To Juveniles Serving Life Without Parole In Colorado, Gail B. Goodman
University of Colorado Law Review
More than 100 years ago, reformers established a separate juvenile court system meant to protect and rehabilitate delinquent children. However, several U.S. Supreme Court cases in the 1960s and 1970s slowly eroded the special features that distinguished the juvenile court from the criminal court. In addition, newly enacted legislation has facilitated the transfer of juvenile cases to the adult system. As a result, more juveniles are being tried in adult courts and the goals furthered by the juvenile court system are being ignored. Recent Supreme Court decisions and studies regarding adolescent brain development indicate that the current system for treating …
Table Of Contents (Vol. 78. Issue 40
Table Of Contents (Vol. 78. Issue 40
University of Colorado Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Colorado Constitution In The New Century, Richard B. Collins
The Colorado Constitution In The New Century, Richard B. Collins
University of Colorado Law Review
TABOR, gay marriage, pit bulls, guns, redistricting, ethics in government, school vouchers, and minimum wage have been on Colorado's constitutional agenda for the past seven years. Dale Oesterle and I authored a book-length study of the Colorado Constitution through 2001.1 This article reviews amendments and judicial decisions arising since. It should surprise no one that TABOR has generated by far the most decisions.
The Educative Effects Of Direct Democracy: A Research Primer For Legal Scholars, Daniel A. Smith, Caroline J. Tolbert, Daniel C. Bowen
The Educative Effects Of Direct Democracy: A Research Primer For Legal Scholars, Daniel A. Smith, Caroline J. Tolbert, Daniel C. Bowen
University of Colorado Law Review
This article surveys recent studies by political scientists that examine the "educative effects" of ballot measures on political participation and civic engagement, as well as their impact on candidate elections. The article provides legal scholars with empirical evidence that can be used to bolster normative and theoretical claims about the process and politics of direct democracy. The authors conclude by presenting original empirical research on the effects of ballot measures on individual attitudes toward state government and political trust. The article hypothesizes that citizens who are given more opportunities to participate in politics will have more trust in state government. …
Indigenous People And Environmental Justice: The Impact Of Climate Change, Rebecca Tsosie
Indigenous People And Environmental Justice: The Impact Of Climate Change, Rebecca Tsosie
University of Colorado Law Review
The international dialogue on climate change is currently focused on a strategy of adaptation that includes the projected removal of entire communities, if necessary. Not surprisingly, many of the geographical regions that are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change are also the traditional lands of indigenous communities. This article takes the position that the adaptation strategy will prove genocidal for many groups of indigenous people, and instead argues for recognition of an indigenous right to environmental selfdetermination, which would allow indigenous peoples to maintain their cultural and political status upon their traditional lands. In the context of climate …
Marine Tucuxi In Sepetiba Bay: Why Do They Form Aggregations?, Laura Aichinger Dias
Marine Tucuxi In Sepetiba Bay: Why Do They Form Aggregations?, Laura Aichinger Dias
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009
Between August 2005 and December 2006, 139 boat surveys were conducted in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil to sample behavioral patterns and environmental parameters during the occurrence of marine tucuxi groups and aggregations. Aggregations were defined as several groups gathered in an area totaling more than 100 animals, usually engaged in a specific behavior. A total of 65 aggregations (x=177) and 192 groups (x=18) were recorded. Marine tucuxi groups and aggregations differed regarding behavioral activity, geographical location and age composition. Aggregations were temporal associations of several marine tucuxi groups performing foraging/feeding activities probably in response to prey species, abundance, and distribution. Aggregations …
Learning And Leading: Approaches To Leadership Self-Development Among Women Executives Of Philanthropic Organizations, Theresa N. Liddell
Learning And Leading: Approaches To Leadership Self-Development Among Women Executives Of Philanthropic Organizations, Theresa N. Liddell
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009
The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the selfdevelopment of women executives of philanthropic organizations to determine their approaches to learning for leading. Women occupy 1.4% to 53% of the executive positions in the U.S. depending on the sector, yet little is known about their learning needs and strategies. The research questions asked how these women executives learned to develop successfully in their positions and what informal learning strategies they used. This study explored the perspectives of 22 women executives of philanthropic organizations in South Florida and Western Washington. The foundations represented by the participants varied widely …
Metaphors Pilgrims Live By: Metaphor Systems Of The Modern Pilgrimage, Todd N. Valdini
Metaphors Pilgrims Live By: Metaphor Systems Of The Modern Pilgrimage, Todd N. Valdini
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009
Pilgrimages have produced volumes of textual reflections by pilgrims and outside observers. These writers represent a wide variety of disciplines from travel theorists to travel bloggers, medieval historians to modern anthropologists and sociologists. The findings of this study reveal two major complex metaphor systems: one based on a series of interlaced existential metaphors orbiting the nuclear LIFE IS A JOURNEY and the other stemming from a network of economic metaphors of MORAL ACCOUNTING. The symbolic exchange embedded in these metaphorical systems reflects the human desire for a meaningful and worthy life. These mutually supporting complex systems of metaphor reveal an …
Microbial Community Analysis Of The Octocoral Eunice A Fusca; Combined Use Of Cultivation-Dependent And Independent Techniques, Angela Patricia Duque-Alarcon
Microbial Community Analysis Of The Octocoral Eunice A Fusca; Combined Use Of Cultivation-Dependent And Independent Techniques, Angela Patricia Duque-Alarcon
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009
The octocoral Eunicea fusca is the source of important anti-inflammatory compounds such as the diterpenes fuscol and the fuscosides. Evidence suggests that these compounds are being produce by bacterial sources that live in symbiosis with the coral. As part of an investigation to better understand the role of bacteria associated with E. fusca , the characterization of the bacterial community using two different techniques (culture dependent technique and culture independent technique) and sea water samples was done. Sea water samples were used as a control to determine how closely associated bacteria are to this octocoral. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) …
Migratory Behavior Of Hatchling Sea Turtles: Evidence For Population-Specific Divergence In The Loggerhead (Caretta Caretta L.), Sheila Veronica Madrak
Migratory Behavior Of Hatchling Sea Turtles: Evidence For Population-Specific Divergence In The Loggerhead (Caretta Caretta L.), Sheila Veronica Madrak
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009
Migratory bird and insect populations show differences in orientation direction, timing, and distances moved depending upon where they reside in relation to their migratory goals. These differences presumably occur because of selection for behavioral responses that promote the most efficient migratory strategies among members of each population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether migratory behavior in loggerhead hatchlings differs between populations that exit nesting beaches on the East and West coast of Florida. When the turtles emerge from the nests, they initially show a swimming "frenzy" that serves to distance individuals from shallow coastal waters, displacing them …
Model-Driven Architecture And The Secure Systems Methodology, Patrick Morrison
Model-Driven Architecture And The Secure Systems Methodology, Patrick Morrison
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009
As a compamon and complement to the work being done to build a secure systems methodology, this thesis evaluates the use of Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) in support of the methodology's lifecycle. The development lifecycle illustrated follows the recommendations of this secure systems methodology, while using MDA models to represent requirements, analysis, design, and implementation information. In order to evaluate MDA, we analyze a well-understood distributed systems security problem, remote access, as illustrated by the internet "secure shell" protocol, ssh. By observing the ability of MDA models and transformations to specify remote access in each lifecycle phase, MDA's strengths and weaknesses …