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Articles 961 - 990 of 27276
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Falling In Line: Curricular Alignment In A Library Credit Course, Michael Aldrich
Falling In Line: Curricular Alignment In A Library Credit Course, Michael Aldrich
Georgia Library Quarterly
The article discusses the usefulness of curricular alignment and how it can be achieved in teaching a library & information science course.
The Global Stratotype Section And Point (Gssp) For The Base Of The Katian Stage Of The Upper Ordovician Series At Black Knob Ridge, Southeastern Oklahoma, Usa, Daniel Goldman, Stephen A. Leslie, Jaak Nõlvak, Seth Young, Stig M. Bergström, Warren D. Huff
The Global Stratotype Section And Point (Gssp) For The Base Of The Katian Stage Of The Upper Ordovician Series At Black Knob Ridge, Southeastern Oklahoma, Usa, Daniel Goldman, Stephen A. Leslie, Jaak Nõlvak, Seth Young, Stig M. Bergström, Warren D. Huff
Department of Earth, Environment and Sustainability Faculty Publications
The International Subcomission on Ordovician Stratigraphy (ISOS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) recently defined the base of the global Upper Ordovician Series to be at the first appearance datum (FAD) of the graptolite species Nemagraptus gracilis in the Fågelsång GSSP in southern Sweden. This designation recognized the tremendous utility for global correlation of the first appearance of a cosmopolitan taxon that occurs within a consistent succession of other first appearance datums (e.g., Finney and Bergström, 1986; Bergström et al., 2000). Current efforts by the ISOS have focused on subdividing the Upper Ordovician into three stages and choosing appropriate …
Evaluation Of The Role Of Driver’S Knowledge Of Who Has The Right-Of-Way Contributes To Interstate On-Ramp Crashes, Deogratias Eustace, Vamsi Krishna Indupuru
Evaluation Of The Role Of Driver’S Knowledge Of Who Has The Right-Of-Way Contributes To Interstate On-Ramp Crashes, Deogratias Eustace, Vamsi Krishna Indupuru
Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Faculty Publications
The knowledge of drivers on who has the right-of-way between the one on mainline lanes of a freeway and the one entering the freeway through on-ramp junction lane was evaluated. In addition, drivers’ opinions on how to make the on-ramp junctions safer were collected. A survey instrument with 21 items requesting drivers’ information in regard with demographics, freeway driving experience, knowledge of right-of-way and merging practices was used for data collection. The results show that crashes are relatively rare events and for some reasons, most of them never happen but result into near misses, which can not be reported and …
Surviving Tenure: The Plight Of Black Faculty; A Panel Discussion, Kimberly Flint-Hamilton, Diane Batts Morrow, John Morrow Jr., Jamie T. Phelps O.P.
Surviving Tenure: The Plight Of Black Faculty; A Panel Discussion, Kimberly Flint-Hamilton, Diane Batts Morrow, John Morrow Jr., Jamie T. Phelps O.P.
Journal of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium
This essay, delivered during the 2006 Annual Meeting in Boston, presents four tenured professors from three different universities who discuss the unique problems faced by Black faculty at predominantly White institutions as they attempt to earn tenure and promotion. Chair Kimberly Flint-Hamilton provides the introductory remarks.
Canons And Customs In Colonial Zimbabwe: Jesuits And African Marriage Practices, C. 1890-1967, Nicholas M. Creary
Canons And Customs In Colonial Zimbabwe: Jesuits And African Marriage Practices, C. 1890-1967, Nicholas M. Creary
Journal of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium
This article, delivered as a paper for the 2003 Annual Meeting in Atlanta, treats of African Marriage in Zimbabwe according to “Customary Law” and Western Christian Marriage according to Canon Law. In the beginning of colonialism the missionaries required observance of canonical requirements for Catholic marriage. The colonial government sought to regularize the African marriage traditions. The result was a lessening of Church marriages. This article is a report on the efforts made to renew inculturation in Zimbabwe from c. 1890 to 1967.
Committed To The Faith While Sticking Out Like A Sore Thumb: Stories Of Black Catholics On The Social Frontier, Robert L. Bartlett
Committed To The Faith While Sticking Out Like A Sore Thumb: Stories Of Black Catholics On The Social Frontier, Robert L. Bartlett
Journal of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium
Bartlett presents the results of a survey of Black Catholics in predominantly White parishes, a topic he presented in part during the 2002 Annual Meeting in Spokane, Washington. He focuses on the lived experiences of these Black Catholics who maneuver within what he terms “the social frontier” as they describe their challenges as they’ve tried, with mixed results, to practice their faith in the face of tension generated by racial, community, and personal pressures.
Cover And Front Matter, Black Catholic Theological Symposium
Cover And Front Matter, Black Catholic Theological Symposium
Journal of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium
Cover, table of contents, administrative information
Catholicism And The Color Line: Black Catholics Beyond The Veil, Cyprian Davis O.S.B.
Catholicism And The Color Line: Black Catholics Beyond The Veil, Cyprian Davis O.S.B.
Journal of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium
This paper, delivered in Atlanta, Georgia on October 9, 2003, was the keynote address of the 2003 Annual Meeting, which was dedicated to the centennial anniversary of W.E.B. DuBois’ The Souls of Black Folk. Here, Davis discusses the history of the ‘double consciousness’ as perceived by Black Catholics throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Economic Ethics And Implications For Health Care Access, Shawnee M. Daniels-Sykes S.S.N.D.
Economic Ethics And Implications For Health Care Access, Shawnee M. Daniels-Sykes S.S.N.D.
Journal of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium
In this paper, delivered in New Orleans at the 2004 Annual Meeting, Daniels-Sykes summarizes current scholarship on social justice and health care, inequality of access to health care and insurability, and welfare programs. She presents an analysis of Catholic theological ethics and its application in debates regarding access to health care.
A Vision For The Future, Kimberly Flint-Hamilton
A Vision For The Future, Kimberly Flint-Hamilton
Journal of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium
Nearly thirty years ago, a group of young Catholic scholars gathered together to start what would be a long journey. The Reverend Thaddeus Posey convened them in 1978, and they met once again in 1979. They began meeting at that time because they all shared the same vision, to form a theology “that is authentically Black and truly Catholic,” as stated in what would become their Constitution.
More than a decade passed. Then, in 1991, Jamie T. Phelps, O.P., reconvened the group. Since then, the Black Catholic Theological Symposium has met almost every year, developing their vision together and offering …
護理系學生安寧緩和醫療課程教育介入成效之研究, 德豐 葉, 玟伶 陳, 佳雯 王, 美幸 張, 惠美 黃, 育嘉 張
護理系學生安寧緩和醫療課程教育介入成效之研究, 德豐 葉, 玟伶 陳, 佳雯 王, 美幸 張, 惠美 黃, 育嘉 張
Journal of Medical Education
目的:本研究主要是探討護理系學生對於安寧緩和醫療知識的認知程度,以及相關教育的介入對安寧緩和醫療知識之認知程度的差異情形。方法:本研究採自填之結構式問卷,並採用事前事後比較之研究分析,針對中部某一科技大學之護理系學生進行安寧緩和醫療知識之問卷調查。最後有效問卷為205份。結果:經由學習「緩和醫療護理」之課程後,後測平均值均有明顯的提高,表示教育的介入是有幫助的。個人特質中僅學制(四技/二技)部份有顯著差異,其餘變項與安寧緩和醫療知識皆無相關,經共變數分析結果,在經過教育介入後,不同學制學生的知識差異顯著縮小。但後測部份安寧緩和醫療教育知識仍顯不足的有四個方面,分別為「安寧緩和醫療對病人的幫助」、「安寧緩和醫療的法律問題」、「住進安寧病房的時機」以及「嗎啡的使用」。結論:課程設計中應多加強安寧緩和醫療相關法律、健保給付的宣導以及嗎啡正確的使用觀念,同時考慮不同學制的教育需求。
問題導向學習於大學部兒科護理學之應用, 雅玲 李, 碧霞 高, 媚 張, 曉玲 楊, 淑芬 蔡
問題導向學習於大學部兒科護理學之應用, 雅玲 李, 碧霞 高, 媚 張, 曉玲 楊, 淑芬 蔡
Journal of Medical Education
This research was aimed at integrating Problem- Based Learning (PBL) into a pediatric nursing bachelor program in order to explore the nursing students' understanding of the teaching method, the learning state of the students and the student's satisfaction with the teaching outcomes. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the nursing students who had selected the pediatric nursing course for a continuous four semesters. The total valid sample size was 62. Among them, 88.7% indicated that ”small-group discussion” was the important method of PBL, and ”collaborative discussion” was the students' role in the PBL. Students who had completed the PBL …
Improving Pbls: Let's Go Fly A Kite!, Hla Yee Yee, Ammu Radhakrishnan, Gnananjothy Ponnudurai
Improving Pbls: Let's Go Fly A Kite!, Hla Yee Yee, Ammu Radhakrishnan, Gnananjothy Ponnudurai
Journal of Medical Education
A method which we call ”Flying A Kite Approach” to PBL was tested on second year medical students (third Semester) at the International Medical University. This method channels students into thinking of alternative causes of a clinical presentation and prepares medical students in the way they would be functioning in their professional lives. A pre-tested anonymous questionnaire addressing students' perception of PBL, characteristics of a ”good” facilitator, and students' rating of the new approach against the usual ”one diagnosis” or ”Bull's eye” approach was distributed to 53 students in four PBL groups. Forty six were returned. The ”Flying A Kite” …
高雄醫學大學附設中和紀念醫院一般醫學內科訓練示範中心運作經驗分享, 育志 林, 程遠 王, 苓怡 陳, 姿蓉 方, 宜純 蔡, 正賢 顏
高雄醫學大學附設中和紀念醫院一般醫學內科訓練示範中心運作經驗分享, 育志 林, 程遠 王, 苓怡 陳, 姿蓉 方, 宜純 蔡, 正賢 顏
Journal of Medical Education
高雄醫學大學附設中和紀念醫院一般醫學內科訓練病房成立於西元2006年二月並於西元2007年獲得行政院衛生署補助成立示範中心。成立的目的是為了改善一般醫學內科之臨床教學,以及落實全人照顧的願景。我們有對臨床教育具有極大熱忱的固定臨床教師團隊,也有深具教學經驗的資深內科主治醫師加入教學陣容。我們以ACGME提出之六大核心能力為藍本,針對不同學員對象訂定不同的學習目標以及專屬的教學計畫。藉由各種不同的教學活動來協助學員達成學習目標。另外,我們也透過各種適當的評估評量方式,對課程是否有滿足學員的需求、學員的學習成效、教師的教學品質與能力以及病患照護的品質進行考核回饋。目前一般醫學內科訓練中心仍有許多可進步的空間,我們仍會努力持續發展下去。
醫學模擬訓練的新進展, 祖裕 陳
醫學模擬訓練的新進展, 祖裕 陳
Journal of Medical Education
醫學模擬訓練(medical simulation)僅有20餘年的歷史,從最早的自製模具至目前昂貴的病人模擬器(human patient simulator)的廣泛使用,醫學模擬訓練正在快速發展。全球各地醫學院及教學醫院均相繼成立醫學模擬訓練中心,相關的學會亦紛紛創立。在各方加強臨床醫學模擬訓練的環境中,已逐漸確認醫學模擬訓練有助提升急重症及困難狀況的照護品質。醫學教育界均認為醫學模擬訓練是培育醫療照護者必要的環節。美國畢業後醫學教育評鑑委員會已推薦住院醫師訓練應加入醫學模擬訓練;而英、美、加等先進國家亦已應用醫學模擬訓練於醫師考試之中。在國內,醫學模擬訓練的起步遠較先進國家緩慢,了解及參與醫學模擬訓練的教師寥寥可數,故推廣醫學模擬訓練應被我國醫學教育界視為重要而迫切的議題。
研究生助教教學提升方案成效的初步分析, 克忠 林, 榮森 劉, 佩倫 蔡, 菁宜 吳
研究生助教教學提升方案成效的初步分析, 克忠 林, 榮森 劉, 佩倫 蔡, 菁宜 吳
Journal of Medical Education
研究所學生修業與學術訓練過程裡,常需擔任大學部助教,藉以累積教學經驗,但未曾修習教育相關課程的研究生,在課前通常缺乏教學訓練。有鑑於大學教學卓越的趨勢廣受重視,各大學開始注意研究生助教的培訓,但相關訓練方案的成效報告仍欠缺。本研究針對研究生助教的教學品質,對比事前教學訓練與教學回饋兩種訓練方案,藉以探討兩種訓練方案在教學成效上的差異,以及研究生助教的自評結果。本研究以九十五學年度臺灣大學醫學院職能治療學系碩士班及長庚大學臨床行為科學研究所職能治療組的二十六名研究生助教作為研究樣本,將受試隨機分配至獨立的兩組(各十三人),分別施以「事前訓練」(教學理念與教學方法等團體介紹)與「影片回饋」(依據教學錄影,提供個別回饋與諮商)。研究結果顯示「影片回饋組」在教學意見調查的「表達能力」與「教學效果」兩項,得分顯著優於「事前訓練組」。兩組受試自評結果則無顯著差異。本研究結果支持教學過程的實務回饋,對研究生助教教學能力提升的成效。未來研究值得以更大樣本,進行研究生助教訓練對教學與生涯發展的長期成效。
職能治療師專業認同之現況調查, 璦琬 潘, 詞章 陳, 麗英 鍾, 致瑩 李, 瑋玲 許
職能治療師專業認同之現況調查, 璦琬 潘, 詞章 陳, 麗英 鍾, 致瑩 李, 瑋玲 許
Journal of Medical Education
增進專業認同一直是各專業用以提升服務品質的策略之一,本研究之目的是探討職能治療師對職能治療專業的認同情形、影響認同感之因素以及提升專業認同感之建議。本研究以郵寄問卷的方式進行,研究者由2004年台灣職能治療學會通訊錄中,進行隨機抽樣,共抽出200位樣本以寄發問卷。回收67份,回收率33.5%。填答者平均年齡為33.6歲(SD=6.5);共有49 位女性,佔73.1%。回收問卷中,填答者的工作機構中,醫學中心佔多數,共43.3%。服務年資以5~10年佔多數,共37.3%。工作領域別中,38.8%從事「心理疾病職能治療」,佔最多數。居住者以北部為最多,佔35.8%。教育程度方面,59.7%具有大學之學歷。影響職能治療師的專業認同之因素依序為:「實習時的老師」、「大學實習」、、「家屬病患對職能治療師的肯定」、「醫療團隊中的重要性」、「醫療團隊中的自主性」。其中,「大學實習」與「實習時的老師」兩因素與先前研究影響大學生專業認同感之因素相同。職能治療師提及用以提升認同感之建議,包括:改善工作環境、加強職能治療之行銷及增加在職進修等。本文是首篇調查台灣的職能治療師之專業認同感情形。研究結果顯示,越喜歡職能治療及工作環境、年資越高、年齡越大、越喜歡與人接觸且月收入越高的臨床治療師,其專業認同感越高。此外,年資越高、月收入越高、年齡越大者越瞭解職能治療;年齡越大、越喜歡與人接觸者越喜歡職能治療專業。顯現了個人特質對專業認同感之重要影響。迴歸分析之結果顯示,「喜不喜歡職能治療」是預測認同感程度的最顯著因子。因此,可藉由提升對職能治療的喜歡度,來強化工作者之專業認同程度。
從第七屆(2007)亞太倫理論壇(Fercap)之參與談醫學倫理與臨床試驗之關聯, 明亮 賴
The Glossina Proteolytic Lectin (Gpl) Gene Is Expressed Only In Members Of Glossina Species, M. W. Burugu, B. N. Mbatia, E. O. Osir, E. U. Kenya, L. U. Abubakar
The Glossina Proteolytic Lectin (Gpl) Gene Is Expressed Only In Members Of Glossina Species, M. W. Burugu, B. N. Mbatia, E. O. Osir, E. U. Kenya, L. U. Abubakar
All Peer-Reviewed Publications
Differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclics in tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) is a crucial step in the establishment of midgut infections. A number of factors have been implicated in the transformation process, including enzymes and lectins or lectin-like molecules. Recently, Glossina proteolytic lectin (Gpl) gene, which encodes a protein with both lectin and trypsin activities has been shown to stimulate transformation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclics in vitro. Using RT-PCR, we show that the induction of Gpl gene expression by blood meal occurs only in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, Glossina austeni Newstead, Glossina pallidipes Austen, and not in the Anopheles …
Morphological Study Of Sex Organs And Pollen Grain Of Chosen Wild Species From Solanaceae Family In Iraq, Sanaria A.J. Al-Allaq, Ali H. Mousawi, Ali H Musawi
Morphological Study Of Sex Organs And Pollen Grain Of Chosen Wild Species From Solanaceae Family In Iraq, Sanaria A.J. Al-Allaq, Ali H. Mousawi, Ali H Musawi
Baghdad Science Journal
In this study four species from Solanaceae family was conducted. These four species belong to four different genera (Solanum L. , Physalis L. ,Withania Pauq. , Lycium L.) The study included morphological characters of sex organs and their pollen grains for these Iraqi wild plants.The results showed that the position of epipetalous stamens , the shape of anther, their dimensions ,and the length of filaments are important taxonomical characters .On the others hand the shape of their ovaries and stigmas are also important characters in distinguish between these four species .Pollen grains are similar in their general shapes and polarities, …
Role Of Peptidoglycan In The Pathogenesis Of Staphylococcus Saprophyticus In Mice, Harith J.F. Al-Mathkhury, May T. Flaih, Athra S. Fleih
Role Of Peptidoglycan In The Pathogenesis Of Staphylococcus Saprophyticus In Mice, Harith J.F. Al-Mathkhury, May T. Flaih, Athra S. Fleih
Baghdad Science Journal
The pathogenicity of S. saprophyticus was studied in mice. A group of white mice were injected transurethrally using a catheter with S. saprophyticus S67 cell suspension in a concentration reached 109 CFU/ml. concomitantly, the role of its peptidoglycan in the pathogenicity was studied by injecting another group of mice with 0.3 mg/0.2 ml of partially purified S. saprophyticus S67 peptidoglycan extract. After autopsy, kidneys and urinary bladder showed several histopathological changes both in cells and peptidoglycan injected mice, included: hydropic degeneration, glomerulus shrinkage, congestion of renal vessels, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and dekeratinization in urinary bladder.
Preparation And Evaluation Of Polyvinyl Alcohol Derivative As Antimicrobial And Antifungal Agents, Ali.N. Abed, Jawad .K. Al-Kafaji, Ithar.K. Al-Mayaly, M.A El-Azmirly
Preparation And Evaluation Of Polyvinyl Alcohol Derivative As Antimicrobial And Antifungal Agents, Ali.N. Abed, Jawad .K. Al-Kafaji, Ithar.K. Al-Mayaly, M.A El-Azmirly
Baghdad Science Journal
Polyvinal alcohol was Cynoethylated , complex compound with Iodin in presence of Cu++ ions were preparated and their ultra violet (U.V) and infra red( IR) spectra were investigated. The prepared derivative and complexes were evaluated as antibacterial and antifungal agents following the standard dilution method. MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) for each polymer using ten types of gram + ve and gram - ve bacteria were determinated in addition to three types of fungi. The results obtainded showed that MIC, s were around 0.0011 × 103 molar for different polymetric derivatives tried.
Serum Protein Profile Of Iraqi Hydatidosis Patients With Different Sites Of Infection, Ban N. Al-Qadhi
Serum Protein Profile Of Iraqi Hydatidosis Patients With Different Sites Of Infection, Ban N. Al-Qadhi
Baghdad Science Journal
Blood samples of One hundred and twenty patients from different hospitals in Baghdad infected with hydatidosis in different sites of the body (Liver, Lung, multiorgans and kidney) were collected for this study. On the other hand, 30 healthy individuals were included as a control group. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of this disease on the serum protein profile of the patients using electrophoresis. The results revealed four different protein banding patterns with difference in number of bands and their molecular weights in comparison to the control group, and these differences depended on the site of infection. However …
Β- Structure Properties Of Zn-Phthalocyanine Organic Semi-Conductor, M.T. Hussein, K.H. Hussein, A.B.Abdul Hussein
Β- Structure Properties Of Zn-Phthalocyanine Organic Semi-Conductor, M.T. Hussein, K.H. Hussein, A.B.Abdul Hussein
Baghdad Science Journal
The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) of Znpc molecule with (flow of Ar) and Znpc molecule with (grow in N2) showed two peaks at (8.5 and 9.5 Kv) referring to orbital transition )Kα-shell & Kβ-shell) respectively. The study of x-ray diffraction (XRD) where it was observed good growth of the crystal structure as a needle by the sublimation technique with a β-phase of (monoclinic structure ) . Using Bragg equation the value of the interdistance of the crystalline plane (d-value) were calculated. We noticed good similarity with like once in the American Standards for Testing Material (ASTM) .Powder Diffraction File (PDF) Program …
Influence Of Laser Irradiation Times On Properties Of Porous Silicon, Sabah M. Ali, Alwan M. Alwan, Oday A. Abass
Influence Of Laser Irradiation Times On Properties Of Porous Silicon, Sabah M. Ali, Alwan M. Alwan, Oday A. Abass
Baghdad Science Journal
Porous silicon (P-Si) has been produced in this work by photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching process. The irradiation has been achieved using diode laser of (2 W) power and 810 nm wavelength. The influence of various irradiation times on the properties of P-Si material such as P-Si layer thickness, surface aspect, pore diameter and the thickness of walls between pores as well as porosity and etching rate was investigated by depending on the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) technique and gravimetric measurements.
Particle Size Effect On Xrf Measurements Of Copper And Zinc Particles Suspended In Hydrocarbon Materials, Abdulhadi K. Jedran, Harith I. Jaffar, Zareh A. Serkes
Particle Size Effect On Xrf Measurements Of Copper And Zinc Particles Suspended In Hydrocarbon Materials, Abdulhadi K. Jedran, Harith I. Jaffar, Zareh A. Serkes
Baghdad Science Journal
Copper and Zinc powders with different particle sizes were subjected to sieving of range (20-100μm) and He-Ne laser system to determine the particle size . 1wt% from each powders was blended carefully with 99wt% from Iraqi oil . Microscopic examination were carried for all samples to reveal the particle size distribution . XRF intensity measurements were conducted for all suspended samples , and the relation between XRF intensity and the particle size was found .
Approximated Methods For Linear Delay Differential Equations Using Weighted Residual Methods, Abdul Khaliqe Ewaid Mizel
Approximated Methods For Linear Delay Differential Equations Using Weighted Residual Methods, Abdul Khaliqe Ewaid Mizel
Baghdad Science Journal
The main work of this paper is devoted to a new technique of constructing approximated solutions for linear delay differential equations using the basis functions power series functions with the aid of Weighted residual methods (collocations method, Galerkin’s method and least square method).
Heun Method Using To Solve System Of Nonlinear Functional Differential Equations, Shymaa Hussain Salih
Heun Method Using To Solve System Of Nonlinear Functional Differential Equations, Shymaa Hussain Salih
Baghdad Science Journal
In this paper Heun method has been used to find numerical solution for first order nonlinear functional differential equation. Moreover, this method has been modified in order to treat system of nonlinear functional differential equations .two numerical examples are given for conciliated the results of this method.
Entrepreneurial Stock Brokering And Switching Costs, G. Geoffrey Booth, Orkunt M. Dalgic, Juha-Pekka Kallunki, Petri Sahlström
Entrepreneurial Stock Brokering And Switching Costs, G. Geoffrey Booth, Orkunt M. Dalgic, Juha-Pekka Kallunki, Petri Sahlström
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Stock brokers are entrepreneurs who incur switching costs when the change brokerage houses. We use Helsinki Stock Exchange data to investigate these costs by examining whether investors are loyal to their brokers when brokers move. We find that investors who have extant relationships with the new house are more likely to attract the investors from the old houses, and savvy (knowledgeable) investors are more likely to stay with their broker.
Small Business Financing: Survey Evidence In West Texas, Wei He, H. Kent Baker
Small Business Financing: Survey Evidence In West Texas, Wei He, H. Kent Baker
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
We investigate the financial sources of small firms through a survey of sample firms from West Texas. Evidence shows that the two most common start-up financing alternatives are personal savings and commercial bank loans. Commercial banks remain the most popular source of financing for present and future needs, followed by leasing companies and credit unions. Informal types of financing such as business credit cards, and trade credit are used in addition to lines of credit for transaction and working capital purposes. Firms typically review their financial performance monthly and use common cash balances as the primary financial tool.