Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Medicine and Health Sciences (233)
- Life Sciences (167)
- Law (111)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (101)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (90)
-
- Immunology and Infectious Disease (70)
- Environmental Sciences (64)
- Public Health (57)
- Parasitology (50)
- Education (48)
- Medical Specialties (40)
- Veterinary Medicine (40)
- Health Law and Policy (39)
- Microbiology (37)
- Medical Sciences (35)
- Arts and Humanities (32)
- Higher Education (30)
- Biology (23)
- Genetics and Genomics (21)
- Animal Sciences (20)
- Engineering (19)
- International Law (19)
- Virology (18)
- Cell and Developmental Biology (17)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (17)
- Sociology (17)
- Veterinary Infectious Diseases (16)
- Diseases (15)
- Business (14)
- Infectious Disease (14)
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (162)
- Washington University School of Medicine (58)
- Saudi Medical Journal (45)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (38)
- Aga Khan University (25)
-
- Louisiana State University (22)
- University of Rhode Island (21)
- Nova Southeastern University (18)
- Thomas Jefferson University (18)
- University of Montana (18)
- The Texas Medical Center Library (17)
- Lehigh Valley Health Network (15)
- University of South Florida (15)
- Utah State University (15)
- University of Central Florida (13)
- University of Kentucky (13)
- Wright State University (12)
- Old Dominion University (11)
- University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (11)
- University of New Hampshire (11)
- Brigham Young University (10)
- Maurer School of Law: Indiana University (10)
- University of Connecticut (10)
- University of Malaya (10)
- South Dakota State University (9)
- DePaul University (8)
- Medical University of South Carolina (8)
- Sultan Qaboos University (8)
- University of New Mexico (8)
- University of North Dakota (8)
- Keyword
-
- Public health (31)
- Newsletter (29)
- UAB (23)
- EReporter (20)
- Humans (15)
-
- Medicine (15)
- Bacterial (12)
- Invasive species (9)
- Newspaper (9)
- Education (8)
- United States (8)
- English (7)
- HIV (7)
- Malaria (7)
- Pharmacology (7)
- Virulence (7)
- 2006-2007(Vol. 39) (6)
- Animals (6)
- Central Florida Future (6)
- Children (6)
- DNA (6)
- Disease (6)
- Drug utilization (6)
- Future (6)
- Global health (6)
- Health insurance (6)
- Human rights (6)
- Law (6)
- Pharmacy (6)
- Student newspapers (6)
- Publication
-
- Saudi Medical Journal (45)
- Open Access Publications (27)
- Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications (25)
- United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications (24)
- Washington University Record (21)
-
- Faculty Publications (20)
- eReporter (campus newsletter) (20)
- All ETDs from UAB (15)
- Theses and Dissertations (14)
- Biological Sciences Faculty Publications (12)
- Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications (12)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (11)
- Faculty, Staff and Student Publications (11)
- Infectious Diseases in Corrections Report (IDCR) (11)
- Faculty Scholarship (9)
- Journal of Health Care Law and Policy (9)
- Research Publications (2006 to 2010) (9)
- Articles by Maurer Faculty (8)
- LSU Master's Theses (8)
- Progress Notes (8)
- Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal (8)
- Articles (7)
- Community Health Sciences (7)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (7)
- Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species (7)
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications (7)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (7)
- Biology Faculty Articles (6)
- Central Florida Future (6)
- DePaul Journal of Health Care Law (6)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 421 - 450 of 1087
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
A Strategy For Educating The Church Concerning Those With Special Needs, William Blake Shrout
A Strategy For Educating The Church Concerning Those With Special Needs, William Blake Shrout
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this paper is to inform and educate the church of the needs of people with disabilities. There is information given as to what the church can do to assist and understand the needs of the people, the requirements of the Law and the moral obligations as Christian disciples. Through a questionnaire, the author has compiled statistics for an overall view of what some churches are doing to accommodating these people. This thesis will also give Biblical and theological perspectives as the foundation for the research.
Uji Efektivitas Antimikroba Beberapa Merek Dagang Pembersih Tangan Antiseptik, Maksum Radji, Herman Suryadi, Dessy Ariyanti
Uji Efektivitas Antimikroba Beberapa Merek Dagang Pembersih Tangan Antiseptik, Maksum Radji, Herman Suryadi, Dessy Ariyanti
Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian
In Modern life, peoples are more conscious to keep their healthy. One of the way to keep our body healthy is by keeping our hand clean. Washing hands with soap and water, sometimes is unpractical since it need water to rinse off the soap. Prod-uct innovation has been developed to overcome the unpractical side, which is called antiseptic hand wash or hand sanitizer. This study has been done to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some hand sanitizer products marketed in Jakarta. The re-sult showed that alcohol-based hand sanitizer and triclosan-based hand sanitizer used in this experiment were significantly reduce bacterial …
April 30, 2007 Reporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham
April 30, 2007 Reporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham
eReporter (campus newsletter)
No abstract provided.
Student Life, April 30, 2007
Student Life Newspapers
April 30, 2007 issue of Student Life, the independent newspaper of Washington University in St. Louis since 1878. 2006-2007 academic year. Permanent URL: https://doi.org/10.7936/K7PC31G2
Prevalence And Clinical Features Of Blastocystis Hominis Infection Among Patients In Sebha, Libya, Mohammed A. Al-Fellani, Abdul H. Khan, Rugaia M. Zaid, Mabrouk K., Mahmoud A. Al-Ferjani
Prevalence And Clinical Features Of Blastocystis Hominis Infection Among Patients In Sebha, Libya, Mohammed A. Al-Fellani, Abdul H. Khan, Rugaia M. Zaid, Mabrouk K., Mahmoud A. Al-Ferjani
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
Objective: To determine the prevalence and seasonal variation, and to assess the clinical manifestations and treatment of blastocystosis in Libyan patients. Methods: Three thousand six hundred and forty five stool samples were screened for Blastocystis hominis using normal saline and iodine solution preparations. The clinical features of 108 patients were described, in whom B. hominis was the only parasite isolated. Fifty symptomatic patients were treated with 1500 mg metronidazole daily for 7 days and their stools were re-investigated for B. hominis. Results: B. hominis was found in 969 (26.58 %) of 3645 stool specimens examined. The infection of B. hominis …
Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis, Alexander Bialasiewicz
Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis, Alexander Bialasiewicz
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
Acute epibulbar infections in humans are one of the most frequently diagnosed eye diseases. The majority of these are thought to be caused by the adenovirus. This review focuses on the features of the human adenovirus eye diseases, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, available interventions, and preventive measures. It is concluded that infection control is still widely accepted to be the key to the management of human adenovirus infection in order to prevent the spread, individual suffering and economic damage.
Washington University Record, April 26, 2007
Washington University Record, April 26, 2007
Washington University Record
No abstract provided.
End Of Life Issues Among Hispanics/Latinos: Studying The Utilization Of Hospice Services By The Hispanic/Latino Community, Iraida V. Carrión
End Of Life Issues Among Hispanics/Latinos: Studying The Utilization Of Hospice Services By The Hispanic/Latino Community, Iraida V. Carrión
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study focuses on how terminal diagnoses impact individuals and families within the Hispanic/Latino community. Hispanic/Latino hospice caregivers, Hispanic/Latino non-hospice caregivers and physicians participated in the study, which explores the utilization of hospice by Hispanic/Latino terminally ill individuals. The data collected from 30 semi-structured interviews, ethnographic participant observations, and archival data were analyzed using structured and statistical analysis. Verbatim transcripts were examined through a combination of ethnographic and content analysis. Barriers related to language and culture, as well as immigration, are critical themes that impact access to healthcare. The physicians' discourses relate patients' responses to terminal diagnoses, including the Hispanic/Latino …
New And Old Mosquito Records For Extreme Southern Florida (Diptera: Culicidae), Lawrence J. Hribar
New And Old Mosquito Records For Extreme Southern Florida (Diptera: Culicidae), Lawrence J. Hribar
Insecta Mundi
New locality records for Culiseta inornata (Williston) are reported from Big Pine Key, Grassy Key, and No Name Key in Monroe County, Florida. Five specimens were collected in dry ice-baited light traps. An old, previously unrecognized record for Anopheles grabhamii Theobald from Miami, Dade County, Florida, is reported based on specimens found in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods.
The Fundamentals Of Health Savings Accounts And High-Deductible Health Plans, Beth Fuchs, Lisa Potetz
The Fundamentals Of Health Savings Accounts And High-Deductible Health Plans, Beth Fuchs, Lisa Potetz
National Health Policy Forum
This background paper updates and expands on a previous NHPF document that looked at the fundamentals of health savings accounts (HSAs) and high-deductible health plans (HDHPs), their intellectual and legislative origins, and the ways they work. In addition to updating information on the HDHP/HSA marketplace, this paper presents a description of how the HDHP combined with the HSA works for enrollees. Using a question and-answer format, it then addresses some of the more complicated details of these arrangements, looking first at the HDHPs and then the HSAs. This closer examination suggests some potential policy challenges for lawmakers, the focus of …
Direct And Indirect Costs Of Rabies Exposure: A Retrospective Study In Southern California (1998–2002), Stephanie A. Shwiff, Ray T. Sterner, Michele T. Jay, Shefali Parikh, Amy Bellomy, Martin I. Meltzer, Charles E. Rupprecht, Dennis Slate
Direct And Indirect Costs Of Rabies Exposure: A Retrospective Study In Southern California (1998–2002), Stephanie A. Shwiff, Ray T. Sterner, Michele T. Jay, Shefali Parikh, Amy Bellomy, Martin I. Meltzer, Charles E. Rupprecht, Dennis Slate
United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The direct and indirect costs of suspected human rabies exposure were estimated for San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties, California, USA. Clinic, hospital, and county public health records (1998–2002) were examined to determine direct costs for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), and 55 (41%) former patients were contacted to voluntarily provide estimates of their indirect costs associated with receiving PEP. Additional costs due to public health and animal control personnel responses to rabid animals were collected, including diagnostic testing and wages. The mean total cost of a suspected human rabies exposure was $3,688, the direct costs per case were $2,564, and …
The Successful Eradication Of Introduced Roof Rats (Rattus Rattus) From Buck Island Using Diphacinone, Followed By An Irruption Of House Mice (Mus Musculus), Gary W. Witmer, Frank Boyd, Zandy Hillis-Starr
The Successful Eradication Of Introduced Roof Rats (Rattus Rattus) From Buck Island Using Diphacinone, Followed By An Irruption Of House Mice (Mus Musculus), Gary W. Witmer, Frank Boyd, Zandy Hillis-Starr
United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The United States National Park Service and the United States Wildlife Services made a planned and sustained effort to eradicate the introduced roof rats (Rattus rattus) from Buck Island Reef National Monument in the Caribbean Sea during 1998–2000. The rats were causing substantial damage to a variety of the 80-ha island’s floral and faunal resources. An island-wide grid of elevated bait stations containing anticoagulant (0.005% diphacinone; 50 ppm) rodenticide bait blocks were used to eradicate the rats. The bait stations were modified several times to assure ready access by rats while minimizing access by non-target animals, especially crabs …
Active Learning – Teaching Immunizations, Teresa Bigler Ms, Pa-C, Karen Stephenson Ms, Pa-C
Active Learning – Teaching Immunizations, Teresa Bigler Ms, Pa-C, Karen Stephenson Ms, Pa-C
Advances in Teaching and Learning Day Abstracts
Introduction or Statement of Problem: It is often challenging to get students in a large classroom setting actively involved in a classroom discussion. In order to help students appreciate the effects of low immunization rates, a classroom activity was developed using active learning techniques. This allowed the students to identify and appreciate the complexity of the issues concerning childhood immunizations. [See PDF for complete abstract]
The Etiology Of Music: Frederic Chopin And The Consumptive Ideal, Shirali Patel
The Etiology Of Music: Frederic Chopin And The Consumptive Ideal, Shirali Patel
Music Honors Theses
Although disease, in many ways, helped shape the life of Polish pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849), its social implications have rarely been examined in biographical studies on the composer’s life. In this study, the medical literature on tuberculosis disease (formerly known as consumption) from the 19th century was examined for its significance in influencing public perceptions of the innovative musician during his lifetime. It was found that Chopin’s 19th-century profile as a effeminate pianist and composer may have been at least partially established through his embodiment of the 19th-century consumptive ideal.
Smallpox Subunit Vaccine Produced In Planta Confers Protection In Mice, Maxim Golovkin, Sergei Spitsin, Vyacheslav Andrianov, Yuriy Smirnov, Yuhong Xiao, Natalia Pogrebnyak, Karen Markley, Robert Brodzik, Yuri Gleba, Stuart N Isaacs, Hilary Koprowski
Smallpox Subunit Vaccine Produced In Planta Confers Protection In Mice, Maxim Golovkin, Sergei Spitsin, Vyacheslav Andrianov, Yuriy Smirnov, Yuhong Xiao, Natalia Pogrebnyak, Karen Markley, Robert Brodzik, Yuri Gleba, Stuart N Isaacs, Hilary Koprowski
Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers
We report here the in planta production of the recombinant vaccinia virus B5 antigenic domain (pB5), an attractive component of a subunit vaccine against smallpox. The antigenic domain was expressed by using efficient transient and constitutive plant expression systems and tested by various immunization routes in two animal models. Whereas oral administration in mice or the minipig with collard-derived insoluble pB5 did not generate an anti-B5 immune response, intranasal administration of soluble pB5 led to a rise of B5-specific immunoglobulins, and parenteral immunization led to a strong anti-B5 immune response in both mice and the minipig. Mice immunized i.m. with …
Register For Summer Scholars, University Relations
Register For Summer Scholars, University Relations
Campus News Archive
For 22 years UMM has offered high school students an opportunity to attend "summer college” through the Summer Scholars program. UMM's two-week Summer Scholars program offers students a chance to earn two college credits and experience college life.
Bard Free Press, Vol. 8, No. 7 (April 16, 2007), Bard College
Bard Free Press, Vol. 8, No. 7 (April 16, 2007), Bard College
Bard Free Press - All Issues (2000-2018)
No abstract provided.
April 16, 2007 Reporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham
April 16, 2007 Reporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham
eReporter (campus newsletter)
No abstract provided.
The Pulse Of Humanitarian Assistance, Kevin M. Cahill, M.D.
The Pulse Of Humanitarian Assistance, Kevin M. Cahill, M.D.
Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs
Understanding the complex nature of international humanitarian action—particularly following natural disasters or armed conflicts—has been the mission of this unique series. This book explores the cutting-edge concerns that will affect how assistance is offered in the future.
Featuring twelve original essays by leading practitioners, policymakers, and scholars, the book is a state of the field report on problems, threats, and opportunities facing relief efforts in today’s world.
With contributions from such authorities as Bernard Kouchner, founder of Doctors Without Borders, Charles McCormick, CEO of Save the Children, and physicians, military leaders, field workers, and others, the essays confront the most …
Mustang Daily, April 13, 2007
Cal Poly Student Newspaper
Student newspaper of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA.
"Climate Change And Public Health" At Unh Manchester April 24: Concurrent Exhibit Shows "Milestones In Public Health", Beth Potier
"Climate Change And Public Health" At Unh Manchester April 24: Concurrent Exhibit Shows "Milestones In Public Health", Beth Potier
Media Relations
No abstract provided.
Covariate Adjustment In Randomized Trials With Binary Outcomes: Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Kelly L. Moore, Mark J. Van Der Laan
Covariate Adjustment In Randomized Trials With Binary Outcomes: Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Kelly L. Moore, Mark J. Van Der Laan
U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series
Covariate adjustment using linear models for continuous outcomes in randomized trials has been shown to increase efficiency and power over the unadjusted method in estimating the marginal effect of treatment. However, for binary outcomes, investigators generally rely on the unadjusted estimate as the literature indicates that covariate-adjusted estimates based on logistic regression models are less efficient. The crucial step that has been missing when adjusting for covariates is that one must integrate/average the adjusted estimate over those covariates in order to obtain the marginal effect. We apply the method of targeted maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), as presented in van der …
Advocacy Paper Of Health, Ageing, And Development In Africa, Chinelo N. Enwonwu
Advocacy Paper Of Health, Ageing, And Development In Africa, Chinelo N. Enwonwu
Research ShowCASE
Study of aging, disease, and health promotion in Nigeria.
Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Enzootic Raccoon Rabies Adjusted For Multiple Covariates, Sergio Recuenco, Millicent Eidson, Martin Kulldorff, Glen Johnson, Bryan Cherry
Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Enzootic Raccoon Rabies Adjusted For Multiple Covariates, Sergio Recuenco, Millicent Eidson, Martin Kulldorff, Glen Johnson, Bryan Cherry
Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications
Background: With the objective of identifying spatial and temporal patterns of enzootic raccoon variant rabies, a spatial scan statistic was utilized to search for significant terrestrial rabies clusters by year in New York State in 1997–2003. Cluster analyses were unadjusted for other factors, adjusted for covariates, and adjusted for covariates and large scale geographic variation (LSGV). Adjustments were intended to identify the unusual aggregations of cases given the expected distribution based on the observed locations. Results: Statistically significant clusters were identified particularly in the Albany, Finger Lakes, and South Hudson areas. The clusters were generally persistent in the Albany area, …
Haplotype Association Between Haptoglobin (Hp2) And Hp Promoter Snp (A-61c) May Explain Previous Controversy Of Haptoglobin And Malaria Protection, Sharon E. Cox, Conor Doherty, Sarah H. Atkinson, Chidi V. Nweneka, Anthony J.C. Fulford, Hala Ghattas Ph.D., Kirk A. Rockett, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, Andrew M. Prentice
Haplotype Association Between Haptoglobin (Hp2) And Hp Promoter Snp (A-61c) May Explain Previous Controversy Of Haptoglobin And Malaria Protection, Sharon E. Cox, Conor Doherty, Sarah H. Atkinson, Chidi V. Nweneka, Anthony J.C. Fulford, Hala Ghattas Ph.D., Kirk A. Rockett, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, Andrew M. Prentice
Faculty Publications
Background.
Malaria is one of the strongest recent selective pressures on the human genome, as evidenced by the high levels of varying haemoglobinopathies in human populations-despite the increased risk of mortality in the homozygous states. Previously, functional polymorphisms of Hp, coded by the co-dominant alleles Hp1 and Hp2, have been variously associated with several infectious diseases, including malaria susceptibility.
Methodology/Principal Findings.
Risk of a clinical malarial episode over the course of a malarial transmission season was assessed using active surveillance in a cohort of Gambian children aged 10-72 months. We report for the first time that the major haplotype for …
Haplotype Association Between Haptoglobin (Hp2) And Hp Promoter Snp (A-61c) May Explain Previous Controversy Of Haptoglobin And Malaria Protection, Sharon E. Cox, Conor Doherty, Sarah H. Atkinson, Chidi V. Nweneka, Anthony J.C. Fulford, Hala Ghattas Ph.D., Kirk A. Rockett, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, Andrew M. Prentice
Haplotype Association Between Haptoglobin (Hp2) And Hp Promoter Snp (A-61c) May Explain Previous Controversy Of Haptoglobin And Malaria Protection, Sharon E. Cox, Conor Doherty, Sarah H. Atkinson, Chidi V. Nweneka, Anthony J.C. Fulford, Hala Ghattas Ph.D., Kirk A. Rockett, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, Andrew M. Prentice
Faculty Publications
Background
Malaria is one of the strongest recent selective pressures on the human genome, as evidenced by the high levels of varying haemoglobinopathies in human populations–despite the increased risk of mortality in the homozygous states. Previously, functional polymorphisms of Hp, coded by the co-dominant alleles Hp1 and Hp2, have been variously associated with several infectious diseases, including malaria susceptibility.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Risk of a clinical malarial episode over the course of a malarial transmission season was assessed using active surveillance in a cohort of Gambian children aged 10–72 months. We report for the first time that the major haplotype for …
Rodenticide Restrictions: The Precautionary Principle In Action, Thomas Schmit
Rodenticide Restrictions: The Precautionary Principle In Action, Thomas Schmit
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
In the Environmental Protection Agency's proposed mitigation measures (published 1/17/07, Federal Register), we can see the precautionary principle in action: "When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically" (Ashford 1998). EPA's proposed measures would classify all second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides as "restricted use," so that they cannot be sold to the general public. This proposed restriction will diminish the ability of consumers to control rodents in their own residence, and will disproportionately affect minority and low-income citizens in the …
Overview Of The First Use Of Gps 1991/Gis 1992 During A Wyoming Skunk Rabies Epizootic, Craig A. Ramey, Kenneth H. Mills, Marshall Robin
Overview Of The First Use Of Gps 1991/Gis 1992 During A Wyoming Skunk Rabies Epizootic, Craig A. Ramey, Kenneth H. Mills, Marshall Robin
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are one of the most important reservoirs of wildlife rabies on the Great Plains of North America. During a skunk rabies epizootic in a previously rabies-free area of northwestern Wyoming, we studied the spread of rabies from the index case occurring in 1988 until the Shoshone River epizootic ended in 1993. All specimens were sent to the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory for Fluorescent Antibody Testing for rabies. The goal of federal, state, county, and local agencies was to address the public's fear about the health and safety of humans and animals. Following several rabid …
Avian Influenza In Wild Birds: Environmental Sampling For The Rapid Detection Of Avian Influenza Viruses, Robert G. Mclean, Jeffrey S. Hall, Alan B. Franklin, Heather Sullivan, Kaci Vandalen, Susan Shriner, Matthew Farnsworth, Paul Oesterle, Ginger Young, Jenny Carlson, Kacy Cobble, Stacey Elmore, Ted Anderson, Sean Hauser, Kevin Bentler, Nicole Mooers, Kathryn P. Huyvaert, Tom Deliberto, Seth Swafford
Avian Influenza In Wild Birds: Environmental Sampling For The Rapid Detection Of Avian Influenza Viruses, Robert G. Mclean, Jeffrey S. Hall, Alan B. Franklin, Heather Sullivan, Kaci Vandalen, Susan Shriner, Matthew Farnsworth, Paul Oesterle, Ginger Young, Jenny Carlson, Kacy Cobble, Stacey Elmore, Ted Anderson, Sean Hauser, Kevin Bentler, Nicole Mooers, Kathryn P. Huyvaert, Tom Deliberto, Seth Swafford
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
All subtypes of influenza Type A viruses infect wild birds, especially waterfowl and shorebirds, but rarely cause disease or mortality in these aquatic species. Aquatic birds are the natural reservoirs for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) that are distributed globally. However, some AI subtypes can be virulent in other animals and humans and some highly pathogenic AI viruses (HPAI) have caused major outbreaks in poultry and even pandemics in the human population. The emergence of a HPAl H5N1 subtype in southeast Asian poultry in 1997 subsequently involved migratory waterfowl in 2005 and has since spread westward throughout the Asian, …