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2007

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Managing Non-Native Wildlife In Florida: State Perspective, Policy And Practice, Scott Hardin Aug 2007

Managing Non-Native Wildlife In Florida: State Perspective, Policy And Practice, Scott Hardin

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Florida has more non-native wildlife species than any other state: 439 introduced species of fish, wildlife and marine organisms have been observed and at least 123 are established, i.e., highly unlikely to be extirpated without human intervention. Florida is an epicenter for non-native species with a long established pet industry, major tourist attractions, and major ports, primarily Miami. The large number of established species is due to climate match with that of popular tropical pets, habitat disturbance that facilitates invasion, and a depauperate vertebrate fauna in tropical and subtropical portions of Florida. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s approach …

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Custom Trucks, Radio Snake Jingles, And Temporary Tattoos: An Overview Of A Successful Public Awareness Campaign Related To Brown Treesnakes In The Commonwealth Of The Northern Mariana Islands, Nathaniel B. Hawley Aug 2007

Custom Trucks, Radio Snake Jingles, And Temporary Tattoos: An Overview Of A Successful Public Awareness Campaign Related To Brown Treesnakes In The Commonwealth Of The Northern Mariana Islands, Nathaniel B. Hawley

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) was introduced on Guam during post World War II cargo movements. Brown treesnakes (BTS) have now become exceptionally abundant on Guam and pose a direct, significant, and growing threat to other areas outside of their historic range, including the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), the State of Hawaii, the United States mainland and other sites regionally and internationally. The CNMI is at high risk for a BTS introduction due to its close proximity and the types and amount of cargo received. Limited BTS awareness efforts between 1986 and 2002 in the …

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Invasive Species Management And Research Using Gis, Tracy Holcombe, Thomas J. Stohlgren, Catherine Jarnevich Aug 2007

Invasive Species Management And Research Using Gis, Tracy Holcombe, Thomas J. Stohlgren, Catherine Jarnevich

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools in the field of invasive species management. GIS can be used to create potential distribution maps for all manner of taxa, including plants, animals, and diseases. GIS also performs well in the early detection and rapid assessment of invasive species. Here, we used GIS applications to investigate species richness and invasion patterns in fish in the United States (US) at the 6-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) level. We also created maps of potential spread of the cane toad (Bufo marinus) in the southeastern US at the 8-digit HUC level using regression …

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The Failed Regulatory System For Animal Imports Into The United States – And How To Fix It, Peter Jenkins Aug 2007

The Failed Regulatory System For Animal Imports Into The United States – And How To Fix It, Peter Jenkins

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

This paper provides a synopsis of the Defenders of Wildlife report entitled Broken Screens: The Regulation of Live Animal Imports in the United States, released in August 2007. That report assessed the complex federal system for regulating live wild animal imports as applied to the 2,241 non-native species that were identified in United States Fish and Wildlife Service records as being imported between 2000 and 2004, inclusive. The report describes the “coarse risk screening” conducted for those species by searching the scientific literature and United States and international databases. If one or more reliable sources indicated a species was …

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Probabilistic Bioenergetic/Toxicity Modeling Approach For Estimating Toxicant Induced Mortality To Target Invasive Species And Non-Target Wildlife, John Johnston, Randal S. Stahl, H. Jeffrey Homan, George M. Linz, Will C. Pitt Aug 2007

Probabilistic Bioenergetic/Toxicity Modeling Approach For Estimating Toxicant Induced Mortality To Target Invasive Species And Non-Target Wildlife, John Johnston, Randal S. Stahl, H. Jeffrey Homan, George M. Linz, Will C. Pitt

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Non-target species may be exposed to rodenticides via feeding on rodenticide baits or the carcasses of poisoned target species. As invasive species frequently negatively impact threatened or endangered (T and E) species, there is frequently spatial and temporal overlap of invasive species and T and E species. Risk assessments provide a means to estimate the probability of rodenticide associated adverse effects to non-target species (including T and E species). Quantification of risk provides critical information for decision-makers to weigh the benefits and risks of proposed rodenticide uses and to compare the risks of management with risks associated with no management …

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Using Pathway Analysis To Inform Prevention Strategies For Alien Reptiles And Amphibians, Fred Kraus Aug 2007

Using Pathway Analysis To Inform Prevention Strategies For Alien Reptiles And Amphibians, Fred Kraus

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Alien reptiles and amphibians are deserving of greater attention that has hitherto been bestowed upon them by managers and researchers. Eradication or control of established taxa will generally be infeasible, leaving prevention of introductions as the primary management tool for controlling herpetological invasions. I analyzed >5,700 introductions of alien reptiles and amphibians worldwide to obtain the pathway information necessary for design of informed prevention programs. Six pathways account for the large majority of introductions: accidental introductions via cargo and the nursery plant trade and intentional introductions for biocontrol, food use, the pet trade, and aesthetic purposes. Pathway importance varies taxonomically, …

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Global Harmonisation In The Field Of Invasive Species Management Product Development, Steven Lapidge, Simon Humphrys, David Dall Aug 2007

Global Harmonisation In The Field Of Invasive Species Management Product Development, Steven Lapidge, Simon Humphrys, David Dall

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Problems associated with managing vertebrate invasive species, defined as any exotic or native species that has spread beyond its natural range, are remarkably common around the world. Although the species may differ, the niches they fill and the damage they generally cause is often consistent. As such, a possibility exists for greater collaboration and harmonization in developing new tools to manage the impacts of invasive species. Moreover, the considerable expense of developing new products, the often onerous registration process, and the lack of return on investment leading to market failure has meant that progress within the field of invasive animal …

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European Starlings: A Review Of An Invasive Species With Far-Reaching Impacts, George M. Linz, H. Jeffrey Homan, Shannon M. Gaulker, Linda B. Penry, William J. Bleier Aug 2007

European Starlings: A Review Of An Invasive Species With Far-Reaching Impacts, George M. Linz, H. Jeffrey Homan, Shannon M. Gaulker, Linda B. Penry, William J. Bleier

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The introduction of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in New York City in 1890 and 1891 resulted in their permanent establishment in North America. The successful occupation of North America (and most other continents as well) has earned the starling a nomination in the Top 100 list of ‘Worlds Worst’ invaders. Pimentel et al. (2000) estimated that starling damage to agriculture crops in the United States was $800 million yearly, based on $5/ha damage. Starlings may spread infectious diseases that sicken humans and livestock, costing nearly $800 million in health treatment costs. Lastly, starlings perhaps have contributed to the …

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Research And Development Of A New Rodenticide For Nutria, Jeff J. Mach, Richard M. Poche Aug 2007

Research And Development Of A New Rodenticide For Nutria, Jeff J. Mach, Richard M. Poche

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a large semi-aquatic rodent, declared as one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group in 2000. Through USDA Small Business Innovative Research Phase I (Mach 2004) and Phase II (Mach 2006) funding, Genesis is developing a new nutria rodenticide as an alternative to the currently-registered zinc phosphide bait. Our course of research and development is described herein: live-trapping, laboratory non-toxic choice studies, laboratory toxicity bioassays, and field toxicity studies. Two active ingredients and two bait types proved to be successful, however, only cholecalciferol in …

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Prioritization Of Action On Non-Native Species – Progress In Great Britain, Niall Moore Aug 2007

Prioritization Of Action On Non-Native Species – Progress In Great Britain, Niall Moore

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

There is an increasing number of calls for action on a wide range of invasive non-native species, but only a limited resource to deal with them. It is clearly important for policy makers and others to be able to prioritize where these scarce resources are directed in order to maximize their conservation benefit. Coordination of effort, and knowledge sharing are clearly important as are risk assessment methods which attempt to quantify the risk posed by a range of species that are either present or are likely to invade. Great Britain, as an island, has advantages over continental landmasses in that …

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Developing Strategy And Tools For The Local Elimination Of Multiple Pest Species, Graham Nugent, David R. Morgan, Peter Sweetapple, Bruce Warburton Aug 2007

Developing Strategy And Tools For The Local Elimination Of Multiple Pest Species, Graham Nugent, David R. Morgan, Peter Sweetapple, Bruce Warburton

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Control of invasive vertebrate pests is likely to be needed in perpetuity unless their pest status changes or they are completely eradicated, both of which seem unlikely at present. This emphasizes the need for pest managers to adopt long-term strategies that are both ecologically sound and cost-effective. We suggest that a strategy for simultaneous management of multiple sympatric species of pests is preferable to a single-species approach. While present strategy involves periodic control over entire areas to achieve management aims, modelling suggests that a strategy of localised elimination followed by perimeter control offers significant cost-savings in the long term. We …

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An Evaluation Of Passive Thermal Fumigation For Brown Treesnake Control In Surface Transportation From Guam, Gad Perry, Daniel S. Vice Aug 2007

An Evaluation Of Passive Thermal Fumigation For Brown Treesnake Control In Surface Transportation From Guam, Gad Perry, Daniel S. Vice

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The brown treesnake (BTS) has been on Guam for about 50 years and in this period has caused extensive ecological, economic, and social damage. It has also repeatedly dispersed from Guam via the transportation network, arriving at numerous locations. However, the conditions snakes face in surface shipping are unknown, making assessment of the risk of snake survival impossible. To address this, we recorded thermal conditions in surface shipments leaving Guam and identified factors that determine these conditions. We monitored 16 shipments to locations in Micronesia and the United States mainland and conducted a series of intensive studies at the Naval …

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Environmental And Economic Costs Of Vertebrate Species Invasions Into The United States, David Pimental Aug 2007

Environmental And Economic Costs Of Vertebrate Species Invasions Into The United States, David Pimental

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The more than 50,000 species of plants, animals, and microbes introduced into the United States (US) cause more extinction of native species than most any other threat and cause more than $120 billion in damages and control costs each year. In particular, invasive mammals and birds cause major environmental and economic losses totaling about $46 billion per year in damage and control costs per year. Feral cats, rats, and hogs are especially serious pests. Pigeons and starlings are a major concern in cities and US agriculture. Prevention and management strategies will be discussed.

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Habitattitude™: Getting A Backbone About The Pet Release Pathway, Jamie K. Reaser, N. Marshall Meyers Aug 2007

Habitattitude™: Getting A Backbone About The Pet Release Pathway, Jamie K. Reaser, N. Marshall Meyers

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Many people would not consider their family complete without a pet. Unfortunately, for some pet owners, circumstances arise that prevent them from being able to properly care for their companions and pet abandonment has become one of the most common pathways of vertebrate species introduction. It is also one of the most challenging pathways to address once the animals become established, eradication and control programs face significant public scrutiny and are often challenged by “animal rights” groups. Prevention measures are thus the key to minimizing the size and impacts of the “pet release pathway.” Habitattitude™ is a proactive campaign designed …

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Population Ecology And Some Potential Impacts Of Emerging Populations Of Exotic Parrots, Douglas E. Runde, Will C. Pitt, J. T. Foster Aug 2007

Population Ecology And Some Potential Impacts Of Emerging Populations Of Exotic Parrots, Douglas E. Runde, Will C. Pitt, J. T. Foster

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Parrots have been transported around the world since the 1400s and about 44 species have established populations outside of their native ranges. At least 70% of these introduced species were identified as potential agricultural pests, compared to only 15% of all parrot species. At least 74 exotic psittacines have been reported in the wild in the United States, but only nine species were considered established. Since 1990, 24 psittacine species have been sighted in the wild in Hawai`i, about 21 species regularly occur on the main islands and at least five appear established. Past history of successful introduction, recent status …

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Early Detection And Eradication Of Invading Rats, James C. Russell, Mick N. Clout, David R. Towns Aug 2007

Early Detection And Eradication Of Invading Rats, James C. Russell, Mick N. Clout, David R. Towns

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Invasive rats continue to colonize rat-free islands around the world. To prevent rats from establishing on rat-free islands, especially following their eradication, biosecurity actions are required to enable early detection and elimination. Rats arrive at islands by both human transportation and by swimming. There are very little data on the rates of rat transportation by humans, although it is known that they are not negligible. There are better data on the distances rats can swim, allowing estimates to be made of the risk of reinvasion of islands close to source populations. Biosecurity prioritization must take place across all rat-free islands, …

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Dna Detection Of Foxes To Prevent Establishment In Tasmania, Stephen D. Sarre, Rachel Walsch, Niccy Aitken, Alison Foster, Nick Mooney Aug 2007

Dna Detection Of Foxes To Prevent Establishment In Tasmania, Stephen D. Sarre, Rachel Walsch, Niccy Aitken, Alison Foster, Nick Mooney

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has wreaked havoc on mainland Australia’s environment and agricultural production since its introduction in the 1870s. Over the same period, the southern Australian island State of Tasmania has remained virtually fox-free, allowing its unique biodiversity to remain relatively pristine. Recently, an unknown number of foxes were deliberately or accidentally introduced to Tasmania. Some of those animals and possibly their progeny now live in the wild in Tasmania. Finding foxes in a state the size of Tasmania presents special problems for wildlife managers, but is essential to prevent their establishment in this stronghold for …

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Flotation Materials For Aerial Delivery Of Acetaminophen Toxic Baits To Brown Treesnakes, Peter J. Savarie, Tom C. Mathies, Kathleen A. Fagerstone Aug 2007

Flotation Materials For Aerial Delivery Of Acetaminophen Toxic Baits To Brown Treesnakes, Peter J. Savarie, Tom C. Mathies, Kathleen A. Fagerstone

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes are effective bait stations for delivering dead neonatal mice (DNM) treated with the oral toxicant, 80 mg acetaminophen, to brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) in accessible jungle forest on Guam. However, PVC tubes are not practical for delivery of baits to remote areas of jungle or the forest canopy. Further, it is important that baits entangle in the canopy and not fall to the ground where they can be scavenged by non-target animals such as crabs. Data from helicopter aerial deployment of untreated DNM with radio transmitters that landed on the ground in areas of …

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International Perspective On Programs Of Invasive Vertebrate Species, Greg Sherley Aug 2007

International Perspective On Programs Of Invasive Vertebrate Species, Greg Sherley

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

An account of global initiatives in invasive alien species, including vertebrates, was presented based on the author’s experience and that of colleagues, mainly in the developing world. The account focused on those programs which highlight typical problems or best practice for design and which promised improvements in the future. Some of the characteristics of these programs were described and discussed. Techniques used in vertebrate control programs, especially in developing island states, were also described with a commentary on their efficacy and suitability for use. Finally, some future directions were recommended in terms of the design of in-country and regional programs …

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Coqui Frog Research And Management Efforts In Hawaii, Hans Sin, Adam Radford Aug 2007

Coqui Frog Research And Management Efforts In Hawaii, Hans Sin, Adam Radford

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

ī The coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is native to Puerto Rico and was accidentally introduced to the State of Hawai‘i through contaminated nursery products from the Caribbean. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, coqui have become widely dispersed and in some areas population densities have reached 55,000 frogs/ha. The coqui frog is a species of concern because individual frogs can produce sound levels of 80 decibels (at 0.5 m), which has caused sleep loss to residents and affected the quality of life in Hawai‘i. Economic concerns in infested areas include diminished property values and sales, impacts on …

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Pest Eradication Technology – The Critical Partner To Pest Exclusion Technology: The Maungatautari Experience, Cam Speedy, Tim Day, John Innes Aug 2007

Pest Eradication Technology – The Critical Partner To Pest Exclusion Technology: The Maungatautari Experience, Cam Speedy, Tim Day, John Innes

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Invasive pest eradication is an increasingly viable management option for conservation and wildlife managers all over the world. The list of successful rodent eradications from isolated islands continues to grow globally. Now, with the development of effective pest exclusion technologies, the opportunities for eradicating multiple species of vertebrate pests from progressively larger fragments of habitat in mainland situations are also increasing. Attempts at eradicating up to fifteen separate species of pest mammal from indigenous forest fragments protected by Xcluder™ pest proof fencing have been made on the main islands of New Zealand. These include various assemblages of multiple species of …

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The Brown Treesnake Rapid Response Team, James W. Stanford, Gordon H. Rodda Aug 2007

The Brown Treesnake Rapid Response Team, James W. Stanford, Gordon H. Rodda

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

In the 1940s the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally transported to Guam and became established. Brown treesnakes have caused and continue to cause major problems for the ecology, economy, and quality of life on Guam. As Guam’s snake densities increased in the late 1970s, extralimital encounters began to be reported on islands with transportation links to Guam. In 1993, a major effort was initiated to reduce the potential for brown treesnakes to accidentally enter Guam’s transportation system. In 2002, a multi-agency Rapid Response Team (RRT) was established to assist in detection and capture of brown treesnakes on …

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Monitoring The Sale And Trafficking Of Invasive Vertebrate Species Using Automated Internet Search And Surveillance Tools, Karl Suiter, Sanda Sferrazza Aug 2007

Monitoring The Sale And Trafficking Of Invasive Vertebrate Species Using Automated Internet Search And Surveillance Tools, Karl Suiter, Sanda Sferrazza

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The internet is often an unregulated pathway that can lead to the introduction of invasive species. Surveillance of internet-related sale or trade activities can reduce the movement of potentially invasive species and serve to lessen the risk of an introduction. The Invasive Species Internet Monitoring System automates the process of searching the internet for suspect sites (e.g., internet storefronts, chat rooms, etc.) involved in the sale or trade of targeted species. Additionally, this software system incorporates data management features that permit the archiving of suspect website content, assists subject matter experts in evaluating sites for risk, send informational emails to …

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Genetic Options For The Control Of Invasive Vertebrate Pests: Prospects And Constraints, Ronald E. Thresher Aug 2007

Genetic Options For The Control Of Invasive Vertebrate Pests: Prospects And Constraints, Ronald E. Thresher

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Conventional methods for the control of invasive pests are generally effective only on small-space scales or short-time frames. For most well established pest populations, longer-term efforts to manage the problem have been largely abandoned. I examine the potential of using “autocidal” genetic techniques to control terrestrial vertebrate pests, based on the inheritance through males of transgenes that either sterilize females or convert them into functional males (“daughterless”). Simulation analysis of two high profile pest species, the cane toad (Bufo marinus) in Australia and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an urban environment, using realistic parameters, suggests that …

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Developing A Decision Support System For Improving Possum Control Planning, Bruce Warburton, Jim Coleman, Mark Fuglestad, James Dietrich Aug 2007

Developing A Decision Support System For Improving Possum Control Planning, Bruce Warburton, Jim Coleman, Mark Fuglestad, James Dietrich

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

Brushtail possums are a major invasive pest in New Zealand. A decision support system (DSS) has been developed to enable those involved in operational planning or delivery of possum control to access available relevant knowledge when making operational decisions. The DSS comprises checklists that ensure users consider relevant constraints and issues, a database of best-practice information on possum control, and an “expert” system that recommends actions based on information provided by the user.

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Invasive Species: A National Perspective And The Need For A Coordinated Response, Lori Williams Aug 2007

Invasive Species: A National Perspective And The Need For A Coordinated Response, Lori Williams

Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species

The multiple economic, environmental, and animal and human health impacts of invasive species pose complex challenges in policy formation and governmental coordination. The National Invasive Species Council (NISC) was established by an Executive Order in 1999 to provide coordination, planning and facilitate cooperation among the diverse federal agencies and to take a more comprehensive approach to invasive species. NISC, assisted by the nonfederal Invasive Species Advisory Committee (ISAC) has developed several tools and enhanced capacities to address invasive species. Additionally, NISC has helped place greater emphasis on essential prevention, early detection and rapid response, research, public outreach, and international cooperation …

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U.S. Policy In The Horn Of Africa, James Swan Aug 2007

U.S. Policy In The Horn Of Africa, James Swan

International Conference on African Development Archives

No abstract provided.

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Fiscal Response To External Finance: The Case Of Sub-Saharan Africa, Dawit Senbet, Aberra Senbeta Aug 2007

Fiscal Response To External Finance: The Case Of Sub-Saharan Africa, Dawit Senbet, Aberra Senbeta

International Conference on African Development Archives

The importance of capital accumulation for economic growth and hence development was widely recognized long time ago. However, developing countries - especially Sub-Saharan African countries, are still trapped in ‘vicious circle of poverty’ and failed to finance desired level of investment from their own domestic savings. Earlier models of development argued that these countries would come out of stagnation only if they got assistance from the developed world (Rodan 1961, and Chenery and Strout 1966). The two-gap model of Chenery and Strout (1966) showed that these countries are constrained with little domestic savings and foreign exchange earnings. The model predicted …

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Aid, Growth And Poverty Alleviation In Ethiopia, Sintayehu Fissha Aug 2007

Aid, Growth And Poverty Alleviation In Ethiopia, Sintayehu Fissha

International Conference on African Development Archives

Ethiopia is one of the countries receiving large proportions of aid, especially since the introduction of the policy changes (1992) there is a substantial amount of aid flows. This lead to raise government expenditure on various productive activities, contribute either directly to the improvement of economic growth of the country (accelerator) and/or to the development of services (multiplier). In both ways I deem that the undergoing efforts made by the government using aid as an additional resource are contributing to the enhancement of the economic development of the country. But I still argue that the achievements made are not up …

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Governance And Productivity: Microeconomic Evidence From Ethiopia, Daniel Zerfu Aug 2007

Governance And Productivity: Microeconomic Evidence From Ethiopia, Daniel Zerfu

International Conference on African Development Archives

We used household survey data from the rural Ethiopia to investigate the importance of governance for agricultural productivity. We argued that the impact of governance is household specific and identified some governance indicators accordingly. Trust in government and government officials, strength of property rights and personal contact with local authorities are identified as governance indicators. A stochastic frontier production function is specified and estimated to capture the effects of governance on productivity or technical efficiency of households. Our results show that improvement in governance could reduce technical inefficiencies significantly and hence could considerably boost productivity.

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