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2006

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Study Of Reliable Data Communication In Wireless Sensor Networks, Ravilochan Shamanna Jan 2006

Study Of Reliable Data Communication In Wireless Sensor Networks, Ravilochan Shamanna

LSU Master's Theses

A distributed wireless sensor network consists of numerous tiny autonomous sensing nodes deployed across a wide geographical area. These sensor nodes self organize and establish radio communication links with the neighboring nodes to form multi-hop routing paths to the central base station. The dynamic and lossy nature of wireless communication poses several challenges in reliable transfer of data from the sensor nodes to the sink. There are several applications of sensor networks wherein the data collected by the sensors in the network are critical and hence have to be reliably transported to the sink. An example of such an application …

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Spatial Diversification, Dividend Policy, And Credit Scoring In Real Estate, Darren Keith Hayunga Jan 2006

Spatial Diversification, Dividend Policy, And Credit Scoring In Real Estate, Darren Keith Hayunga

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Built on the foundation of economic principles, real estate offers many pursuits of academic discovery within the realm of finance. This dissertation examines three areas of real estate finance. In the first chapter, I use the unique real estate characteristics of heterogeneity, immobility, and localized markets to examine the spatial aspects of large-scale commercial real estate portfolios. The results demonstrate a clear need for portfolio managers to diversify properties based upon distances between properties. The second chapter examines another large-scale real estate portfolio, the real estate investment trust, which is held by investors seeking dividend income. Despite the importance of …

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Integration Of Conceptual Mathematical Relationships Into Constant Time Delay Instruction, Bethany Ann Porter Jan 2006

Integration Of Conceptual Mathematical Relationships Into Constant Time Delay Instruction, Bethany Ann Porter

LSU Master's Theses

There is constant debate over mathematics education in the United States. One central controversy is whether or not the current methods used to teach students mathematics are effective. Some scholars believe that students are not getting enough practice and that they are not getting a good conceptual understanding of mathematics. It has been shown that mathematics equations are rich in patterns and inter-relationships and when children understand these relationships they have higher mathematic skill levels than their peers who do not. This study examined the effectiveness of using an empirically supported, fast paced mastery oriented teaching procedure that promotes automaticity …

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Reliability Of Determining Adults From Juvenile Ducks By Presence Or Absence Of Notched Tail Feathers In Various Species Of North American Ducks, Thomas Michael Siwarski Jan 2006

Reliability Of Determining Adults From Juvenile Ducks By Presence Or Absence Of Notched Tail Feathers In Various Species Of North American Ducks, Thomas Michael Siwarski

LSU Master's Theses

I estimated when juvenile tail molt occurs for several commonly harvested duck species, mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), northern pintails (A. acuta) (hereafter referred to as pintails), gadwalls (A. strepera), lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), and redheads (A. americana). Tests showed that aging mallards by notched tail feathers became unreliable the earliest (early September), followed closely by pintails (mid-late September), with gadwalls being the latest of the dabbling ducks to lose reliability in aging by notched tail feathers (late November). Lesser scaup and redheads retained their notched tail feathers throughout January and the completion of hunting season. Based on initial banding and band …

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Distribution Dynamics Of Complex Systems, Young-Pyo Jeon Jan 2006

Distribution Dynamics Of Complex Systems, Young-Pyo Jeon

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A complex system is defined as a system with many interdependent parts having emergent self-organization; analyzing and designing such complex systems is a new challenge. A common observable structure of many complex systems is the network, which is connections among nodes, and thus inherently difficult to describe. The goal of this research is to introduce an effective methodology to describe complex systems, and thus we will construct a population balance (distribution kinetics) model based on the association-dissociation process to describe the evolution of complex systems. Networks are commonly observed structures in complex systems with interdependent parts that self-organize. How networks …

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Using Life-History, Surplus Production, And Individual-Based Population Models For Stock Assessment Of Data-Poor Stocks: An Application To Small Pelagic Fisheries Of The Lingayen Gulf, Philippines, Ronald B. Lachica Jan 2006

Using Life-History, Surplus Production, And Individual-Based Population Models For Stock Assessment Of Data-Poor Stocks: An Application To Small Pelagic Fisheries Of The Lingayen Gulf, Philippines, Ronald B. Lachica

LSU Master's Theses

Stock assessment methods that quantify the status of fishery resources are critical to effective fisheries management. There is a need for stock assessment methods applicable for management of tropical species based on limited, un-aged catch data. I applied four stock assessment approaches to situation with limited life-history information and with short-term, un-aged catch data. The four approaches are: life-history invariants, length-based catch analysis, individual-based modeling, and surplus production modeling. All four approaches were applied to catch data from Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. The life-history invariant, length-based catch analysis, and individual-based modeling were applied to monthly length-frequency data of commercial catch for …

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Background Conglomerates In Alkan's Quasi-Faust, Op. 33, No. 2, Matthew James Steinbron Jan 2006

Background Conglomerates In Alkan's Quasi-Faust, Op. 33, No. 2, Matthew James Steinbron

LSU Master's Theses

Various approaches have been used over the past 50 years to describe and analyze works that exhibit tonality but have more than one tonic. This paper focuses solely on a subcategory of such works: those that begin in one key and end in another, the first key being permanently replaced by the second. The most prominent systems of terminology and analysis for such works include “progressive tonality,” “directional tonality,” “interlocking structures,” and “background conglomerates.” After examining these systems, “background conglomerates” is determined to best suit works that permanently change tonics. This approach, which was introduced by Harald Krebs, employs a …

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The Discursive Practices Of Chemical Discipline, Roger L. Pippin Jan 2006

The Discursive Practices Of Chemical Discipline, Roger L. Pippin

LSU Master's Theses

This project examines the history of science and its relationship to the popular, or lay, audience, a problem of rhetorical inquiry since Aristotle. This project also explores the implications of the emerging trend in lay literature on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to transform the causal mechanism underlying ADHD so that it is isomorphic in structure and parallel in content to the most contemporary and fetishized sciences of the human body. In other words, how ADHD was once a problem of brain chemistry, and is now a problem of genetics is not simply a matter of scientific practice on the …

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Robust Fault-Tolerant Control For Aircraft Systems, Phalguna Kumar Rachinayani Jan 2006

Robust Fault-Tolerant Control For Aircraft Systems, Phalguna Kumar Rachinayani

LSU Master's Theses

The need to design controllers that guarantee both stability and performance upon the occurrence of faults has been an active area of research. To address this problem, in this thesis we present different methodologies to design robust controllers that guarantee both stability and robustness for actuator faults and uncertainties. In the first part of this thesis, we introduce the classical uncertainty formulation using Linear Fractional Transformation (LFT) and describe LFT's special cases-norm bounded and convex polytopic uncertainty descriptions. Practical methods to formulate these uncertainty structures are described. In the same spirit, formulation of faults and their modeling for robust control …

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Optimal Binary Trees With Height Restrictions On Left And Right Branches, Song Ding Jan 2006

Optimal Binary Trees With Height Restrictions On Left And Right Branches, Song Ding

LSU Master's Theses

We begin with background definitions on binary trees. Then we review known algorithms for finding optimal binary search trees. Knuth's famous algorithm, presented in the second chapter, is the cornerstone for our work. It depends on two important results: the Quadrangle Lemma and the Monoticity Theorem. These enabled Knuth to achieve a time complexity of O(n2), while previous algorithms had been O(n3) (n = size of input). We present the known generalization of Knuth's algorithm to trees with a height restriction. Finally, we consider the previously unexamined case of trees with different restrictions on left and …

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Winter Diet, Seed Preferences And Foraging Behavior Of Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus Henslowii) In Southeastern Louisiana, Jennifer K. Dimiceli Jan 2006

Winter Diet, Seed Preferences And Foraging Behavior Of Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus Henslowii) In Southeastern Louisiana, Jennifer K. Dimiceli

LSU Master's Theses

Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is a grassland bird whose population is declining throughout its range, mainly due to habitat loss. The Longleaf Pine forest ecosystems in which Henslow's Sparrows spend their winters are reduced to 5% of their former range. The winter ecology of Henslow's Sparrow remains understudied, especially regarding important aspects of diet and foraging behavior. To determine winter diet, I collected fecal samples from Henslow's Sparrows during banding operations in southeastern Louisiana pine savannas from October 2003-March 2004 and October 2004-April 2005. I then analyzed the samples for presence of seeds and arthropod parts, identified them to the …

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Dendrochronological Analysis Of Productivity And Hydrology In Two Louisiana Swamps, John Blake Amos Jan 2006

Dendrochronological Analysis Of Productivity And Hydrology In Two Louisiana Swamps, John Blake Amos

LSU Master's Theses

Modified river flows and land subsidence have subjected many coastal swamp forests in the delta of the Mississippi River to greatly altered flooding, sediment, and nutrient regimes. These areas have become inundated to greater depth, duration, and frequency and either are connected to the river and receive drastically increased sediment and nutrients (riverine swamps) or have become disconnected from riverine flooding (stagnant swamps) and receive little or no sediment and nutrient input. To better understand how these changes are affecting ecosystems, dendrochronological techniques for baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich.) were used at three sites in each of two contrasting swamps …

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Em Algorithm For Multiple Wideband Source Localization, Kiran Kumar Mada Jan 2006

Em Algorithm For Multiple Wideband Source Localization, Kiran Kumar Mada

LSU Master's Theses

A computationally efficient algorithm using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for multiple wideband source localization in the near field of a sensor array/area is addressed in this thesis. Our idea is to decompose the observed sensor data, which is a superimposition of multiple sources, into the individual components in the frequency domain and then estimate the corresponding location parameters associated with each component separately. Instead of the conventional alternating projection (AP) method, we propose to adopt the EM algorithm in this work; our new method involves two steps, namely Expectation (E-step) and Maximization (M-step). In the E-step, the individual incident source …

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Theory Of Curvature-Dependent Disjoining Pressure And Its Application To Liquid Films, Jin Zhang Jan 2006

Theory Of Curvature-Dependent Disjoining Pressure And Its Application To Liquid Films, Jin Zhang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A liquid film of thickness h < 100 nm is subject to additional intermolecular forces, which are collectively called disjoining pressure Pi. Since Pi dominates at small film thicknesses, it determines the stability and wettability of thin films. Current theory for uniform films gives Pi = Pi(h). It becomes unbounded as h -> 0. We present a theory of curvature-dependent disjoining pressure. The new Pi depends on the curvature hxx, slope hx, and h. When this theory is implemented for Lennard-Jones liquid films, the new Pi is bounded as h -> 0. We show that this Pi captures three regimes of drop behavior (complete wetting, partial wetting, and pseudo partial wetting) without altering the signs of the long and short-range interactions. We also find that a drop with a uniform film is linearly stable, whereas a drop without a uniform film is unstable. Evaporating thin films is …

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Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Methylaluminoxane (Mao) Synthesis By Hydrolysis Of Trimethylaluminum, Lacramioara Negureanu Jan 2006

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Methylaluminoxane (Mao) Synthesis By Hydrolysis Of Trimethylaluminum, Lacramioara Negureanu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

MAO is the co-catalyst in the metallocene catalytic systems, which are widely used in single site olefin polymerization due to their high stereoselectivity. To date, the precise structure of MAO, the particular compound or compounds catalytically active in MAO, have eluded researchers. MAO, a white amorphous powder, is not a good sample for a direct spectroscopic characterization, and its NMR spectra are broad and almost featureless. Many structural models have been proposed but none are generally accepted. In the first part of this work the MAO formation mechanism was addressed. Molecular dynamics simulations at MP2 configuration interaction theory level have …

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An Inverse Homogenization Design Method For Stress Control In Composites, Michael Stuebner Jan 2006

An Inverse Homogenization Design Method For Stress Control In Composites, Michael Stuebner

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This thesis addresses the problem of optimal design of microstructure in composite materials. The work involves new developments in homogenization theory and numerical analysis. A computational design method for grading the microstructure in composite materials for the control of local stress in the vicinity of stress concentrations is developed. The method is based upon new rigorous multiscale stress criteria connecting the macroscopic or homogenized stress to local stress fluctuations at the scale of the microstructure. These methods are applied to three different types of design problems. The first treats the problem of optimal distribution of fibers with circular cross section …

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Application Of Short-Term Sediment Dynamics And Particle-Bound Phosphorus Fractionation Methods (Sedex) To Estimate The Benthic Nutrient Loading Potential In Upper Newport Estuary, California, Hilary Amanda Collis Jan 2006

Application Of Short-Term Sediment Dynamics And Particle-Bound Phosphorus Fractionation Methods (Sedex) To Estimate The Benthic Nutrient Loading Potential In Upper Newport Estuary, California, Hilary Amanda Collis

LSU Master's Theses

Estuaries act as sources, sinks, and biogeochemical transformation sites for natural and anthropogenically-derived nutrients. Sediment loading from watersheds provides an important source of particulate nutrients to estuaries often neglected when constructing nutrient budgets. Deposition and resuspension of these sediments are known to impact biogeochemical cycles in estuarine environments. Phosphorus (P) exists in many forms in aquatic environments, and increased P loading to coastal environments increases primary productivity potentially leading to eutrophication. Magnitude and variability of sediment deposition, resuspension, and sediment-bound P concentrations were evaluated in Upper Newport Bay (UNB), California. During 2004, seven push cores were collected from the intertidal …

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Effects Of Fire On Habitat Associations, Abundance, And Survival Of Wintering Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus Henslowii) In Southeastern Louisiana Longleaf Pine Savannas, Erik Ivan Johnson Jan 2006

Effects Of Fire On Habitat Associations, Abundance, And Survival Of Wintering Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus Henslowii) In Southeastern Louisiana Longleaf Pine Savannas, Erik Ivan Johnson

LSU Master's Theses

The Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is the fastest declining short-distance migrant and fastest declining grassland bird in North America. Declines in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannas, its primary wintering habitat, have exceeded 97%. Other than basic habitat requirements, very little is known about its wintering ecology. I examined habitat associations of wintering Henslow’s Sparrows resulting from fire in longleaf pine savannas in southeastern Louisiana during two winters. Because it is important to understand the relative importance of habitat parameters, which include structure, species composition, and food availability, I measured these to determine their relative importance to Henslow’s Sparrow densities. I …

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Fundamental Characterization Of Louisiana Hma Mixtures For The 2002 Mechanistic-Empirical Design Guide, Sandeep Obulareddy Jan 2006

Fundamental Characterization Of Louisiana Hma Mixtures For The 2002 Mechanistic-Empirical Design Guide, Sandeep Obulareddy

LSU Master's Theses

The main objective of this research was to develop a catalog for dynamic modulus values inputs in the 2002 Empirical and Mechanistic Guide for Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures (2002 M-E Design Guide) and to examine the permanent deformation characteristics of Louisiana hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures based on four laboratory tests, namely dynamic modulus |E*|, flow number, flow time and hamburg wheel tracker test. In addition, the sensitivity of rut prediction from the 2002 M-E Design Guide, using the dynamic modulus |E*| test results was evaluated and the Witczak and Hirsch models were also evaluated, for the …

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Investigation Into The Dirhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Of 1-Alkenes And Preparation Of A Novel Tetraphosphine Ligand, Alexandre R. Monteil Jan 2006

Investigation Into The Dirhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Of 1-Alkenes And Preparation Of A Novel Tetraphosphine Ligand, Alexandre R. Monteil

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The reaction of the tetraphosphine ligand rac-et,ph-P4 (et,ph-P4 = PEt2CH2CH2(Ph)PCH2P(Ph)CH2CH2PEt2) with 2 equiv. of [Rh(nbd)2]+ (nbd = norbornadiene) generates [rac-Rh2(nbd)2(et,ph-P4)]2+, which is the precursor to a highly active and regioselective hydroformylation catalyst system. The “key” catalyst species generated under H2/CO pressure has been proposed to be the dihydrido complex [rac-Rh2H2(ì-CO)2(et,ph-P4)]2+, and represents one of the most dramatic example of homobimetallic …

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Simulating Protein Evolution Via Thermodynamic Models, Yanlong Xu Jan 2006

Simulating Protein Evolution Via Thermodynamic Models, Yanlong Xu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Natural proteins are results of evolution and they need to maintain certain thermodynamic stabilities in order to carry out their biological functions. By simulating protein evolution based on thermodynamic rules, we could reconstruct the evolution trajectory and analyze the evolutionary dynamics of a protein population, and further understand the protein sequence-structure-function relationship. In this study, we have used both a simplified lattice model and a high-resolution atomic model to simulate protein evolution processes. With the lattice model, we have investigated general theoretical questions about how protein structural designability would affect protein evolution, particularly how it would affect protein recombination and …

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U.S. Demand For Certified Tropical Hardwood Products, Shadia Duery Jan 2006

U.S. Demand For Certified Tropical Hardwood Products, Shadia Duery

LSU Master's Theses

Tropical forests, which contain 50 percent of the planet's biodiversity, are threatened by deforestation and illegal logging. Forest certification was initiated initially as a s certification: forest management practices and chain of custody (CoC). The United States is the largest market for secondary, or value-added, tropical hardwood products (STHP) which influences forest management practices in supplier countries. In 2004, this study was conducted to measure the demand for certified products in the U.S. The objectives of the study were to identify characteristics of U.S. demand for secondary (value-added) tropical hardwood products and to understand market perceptions regarding certification of secondary …

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The Effects Of A Multistrategy Reading Comprehension Intervention On The Reading Skills Of University Athletes With Reading Deficits, Gerlinde Grandstaff-Beckers Jan 2006

The Effects Of A Multistrategy Reading Comprehension Intervention On The Reading Skills Of University Athletes With Reading Deficits, Gerlinde Grandstaff-Beckers

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A large number of entering college and university students are unable to derive meaning from print at age-expected levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR; Klingner, Vaughn, Dimino, Schumm, & Bryant, 2001) in improving the reading comprehension skills of underprepared college students. Sixteen (8 experimental and 8 control) first-time male college student athletes entering their freshman year at a research-intensive university in the southeastern United States participated in the study. An experimental design was implemented to address the following research question: What effects does a multistrategy reading comprehension intervention (i.e., CSR) …

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A Probabilistic Approach For Modeling And Real-Time Filtering Of Freeway Detector Data, Shourie Kondagari Jan 2006

A Probabilistic Approach For Modeling And Real-Time Filtering Of Freeway Detector Data, Shourie Kondagari

LSU Master's Theses

Traffic surveillance systems are a key component for providing information on traffic conditions and supporting traffic management functions. A large amount of data is currently collected from inductive loop detector systems in the form of three macroscopic traffic parameters (speed, volume and occupancy). Such information is vital to the successful implementation of transportation data warehouses and decision support systems. The quality of data is, however, affected by erroneous observations that result from malfunctioning or mis-calibration of detectors. The open literature shows that little effort has been made to establish procedures for screening traffic observations in real-time. This study presents a …

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Essays On The Bayesian Estimation Of Stochastic Cost Frontier, Xia Zhao Jan 2006

Essays On The Bayesian Estimation Of Stochastic Cost Frontier, Xia Zhao

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three essays that focus on a Bayesian estimation of stochastic cost frontiers for electric generation plants. This research gives insight into the changing development of the electric generation market and could serve to inform both private investment and public policy decisions. The main contributions to the growing literature on stochastic cost frontier analysis are to 1. Empirically estimate the possible efficiency gain of power plants due to deregulation. 2. Estimate the cost of electric power generating plants using coal as a fuel taking into account both regularity restrictions and sulfur dioxide emissions. 3. Compare costs of …

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Influence Of Surface Chemistry On The Aggregation Of Beta Amyloid Peptide, Mariah Joan Wooldridge Mcmasters Jan 2006

Influence Of Surface Chemistry On The Aggregation Of Beta Amyloid Peptide, Mariah Joan Wooldridge Mcmasters

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological ailment affecting 4.5 million aging Americans. The disease is characterized by the presence in the brain of self-assembled fibrils consisting of beta amyloid protein (Aβ). Soluble Aβ protein is present in normal human cerebrospinal fluid, but it is unclear what makes the protein aggregate into insoluble plaques. There is evidence that the Aβ fibril assembly is affected by interactions with biological surfaces, such as neuronal membranes. Here, surfaces consisting of self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers with different end groups were used to test the effect of surface chemistry on the structure and morphology of aggregates formed …

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Infrared Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Fundamental And Applications, Mark Little Jan 2006

Infrared Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Fundamental And Applications, Mark Little

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation on infrared laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry encompasses fundamental studies of the desorption/ionization process and direct-from-gel laser desorption/ionization applications. Understanding of the fundamentals behind desorption and ionization can lead to improvements in the technique and to new applications. Experiments aimed at advancing this goal are wavelength studies and two-laser infrared/ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization experiments. The direct-from-gel laser desorption/ionization application in which infrared laser desorption/ionization of analytes directly ionized after gel electrophoretic separation will also be presented. Protein and peptide standards were used as test analytes and the infrared lasers used were a 10.6 micrometers carbon-dioxide laser and a mid-IR …

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Characterization Of Beta-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation And Acceleration With Non-Fibrillar Forming Peptide-Based Mediators, Nadia J. Edwin Jan 2006

Characterization Of Beta-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation And Acceleration With Non-Fibrillar Forming Peptide-Based Mediators, Nadia J. Edwin

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Protein aggregation occurs under many circumstances, from the dynamic assembly of tubulin to form microtubules, the aggregation of actin into filaments, as well as plaque formation by amyloid precipitation. One important requirement in studying the mechanism of amyloid aggregation is the ability to monitor the growth kinetics over a wide range in size scales (10 nm to microns) with time that spans microseconds to seconds. Understanding the mechanisms of the aggregation may then lead to improved design of drugs to help control or suppress the aggregation process. In this dissertation, the physical characterization of the â-amyloid peptide and its interaction …

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Synthesis, Characterization And Properties Of Cooper(Ii) Beta-Diketonate Macrocycles, Sylvester Burton Jan 2006

Synthesis, Characterization And Properties Of Cooper(Ii) Beta-Diketonate Macrocycles, Sylvester Burton

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation deals with the synthesis and properties of multidentate β-diketone ligands and their transition-metal complexes. (1) We prepared two bis(β-diketones), C1BAH2 and p-XBAH2 (see sketch below), determined their crystal structures, and studied their reactions with copper(II). We envisioned that they would form macrocyclic complexes with 3-6 metal atoms. In both cases, although the initial products are soluble, as expected for the desired molecular products, we were unable to isolate well-behaved molecular solids. In the case of C1BAH2, this may be because the cyclic product requires an unusual combination of conformations of …

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Use Of Atomic Force Microscopy To Study A Molecular Micelle As An Anionic Polymer For Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Deposition On Polymeric Substrates, Angela Nakeeta Douglas Jan 2006

Use Of Atomic Force Microscopy To Study A Molecular Micelle As An Anionic Polymer For Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Deposition On Polymeric Substrates, Angela Nakeeta Douglas

LSU Master's Theses

Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) have been used as stationary phases for various chiral and achiral separations in open-tubular electrochromatagraphy (OT-CEC). However, the physical characteristics of PEMs are not well understood. The production of PEM coatings involves flowing alternating rinses of positive and negative charged polyelectrolytes onto a surface. Although PEMs are typically deposited on fused silica capillaries, there is growing interest to use this approach in conjunction with microchip devices to enhance separation characteristics. Since microchips are fabricated using polymeric substrates, the deposition of PEMs on these substrates needs to be examined. The study reported in this thesis uses atomic force …

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