Digital Commons Network^™

Do Reverse Payment Settlements Violate The Antitrust Laws, Christopher M. Holman

Faculty Works

The term "reverse payment" has been used as shorthand to characterize a variety of diverse agreements between patent owners and alleged infringers that involve a transfer of consideration from the patent owner to the alleged infringer. Reverse payment settlements are particularly associated with drug patent challenges mounted by generic drug companies under the Hatch-Waxman Act. Many, including the Federal Trade Commission, would characterize these agreements as antitrust violations. However, courts have generally declined to find these agreements in violation of the antitrust laws based solely on the presence of a reverse payment.

This article begins in Section II with an …

Unique Property: A Supplemental Annotated Bibliography, Nancy Levit

Faculty Works

This bibliography covers law review articles and supplemental A.L.R. entries published after 2002. For literature published from 1997-2002, see Nancy Levit & Robert RM. Verchick, Unique Property: An Annotated Bibliography, 18 J. Am. Acad. Matrim. Law. 589 (2004). A.L.R. entries, the titles of which are usually self-explanatory, are cited, but not annotated. Similarly, articles that concern only a single case or a single state are cited, but not annotated.

Re-Thinking Alimony: The Aaml's Considerations For Calculating Alimony, Spousal Support Or Maintenance, Mary Kay Kisthardt

Faculty Works

The mission of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers is "to encourage the study, improve the practice, elevate the standards and advance the cause of matrimonial law, to the end that the welfare of the family and society be protected." The AAML Comission was charged to analyze, critically review and make recommendations consistent with the mission of the Academy. After considering all available sources of information the Commission concluded that there are two significant and related problems associated with the setting of spousal support. The first is a lack of consistency resulting in a perception of unfairness. From this flows …

Massive Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage: Setting Up Standards Of Care, Lumaan Sheikh, Nadeem F. Zuberi, Rubab Riaz, Javed H. Rizvi

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Objective: To review practice of massive primary postpartum haemorrhage management and develop a protocol.
Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi between January 1, 2003 and July 31, 2004. Women with primary postpartum haemorrhage and had blood loss >1000ml were included in the study. Medical record files of these women were reviewed for maternal mortality and morbidities which included mode of delivery, possible cause of postpartum haemorrhage, supportive, medical and surgical interventions.
Results: Approximately 3% (140/4881) of women had primary postpartum haemorrhage. 'Near miss' cases with blood loss …

Characterization Of Hard2, A Processed Hard1 Gene Duplicate, Encoding A Human Protein N-Alpha-Acetyltransferase., Thomas Arnesen, Matthew J Betts, Frédéric Pendino, David A Liberles, Dave Anderson, Jaime Caro, Xianguo Kong, Jan E Varhaug, Johan R Lillehaug

Department of Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Protein acetylation is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism regulating a variety of cellular functions. Several human protein acetyltransferases have been characterized, most of them catalyzing epsilon-acetylation of histones and transcription factors. We recently described the human protein acetyltransferase hARD1 (human Arrest Defective 1). hARD1 interacts with NATH (N-Acetyl Transferase Human) forming a complex expressing protein N-terminal alpha-acetylation activity. RESULTS: We here describe a human protein, hARD2, with 81 % sequence identity to hARD1. The gene encoding hARD2 most likely originates from a eutherian mammal specific retrotransposition event. hARD2 mRNA and protein are expressed in several human cell lines. …

Death Bed, Deborah W. Denno

Faculty Scholarship

Lethal injection is this country's primary method of execution, adopted for use by all but one of the thirty-seven death penalty states, as well as the federal government. It is predictable, then, that questions would arise the moment such a widely accepted form of punishment becomes especially vulnerable to an Eighth Amendment attack, as recent cases have shown. This article discusses this author's involvement as an expert in one of these cases, Baze v. Rees, which concerned a 2005 challenge to the constitutionality of lethal injection in Kentucky. While the Baze court upheld the constitutionality of Kentucky's lethal injection procedure, …

Where Do We Go From Here? : Internal Medicine In The 21st Century, Medical Professionalism And Basic Concepts In Residency Training, Mi̇ne Durusu Tanriöver, Serhat Ünal

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

USU TANRIÖVER, Serhat ÜNAL Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara - Turkey

Common Cytochrome P4503a (Cyp3a4 And Cyp3a5) And Thiopurine S-Methyl Transferase (Tpmt) Polymorphisms In Turkish Population, Müge Aydin Sayi̇toğlu, İnci̇ Yildiz, Özden Hatirnaz, Uğur Özbek

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Polymorphisms in the genes encoding cytochrome p450 (CYP) and thiopurine S-methyl transferase (TPMT) enzymes catalyze the metabolic reactions of several drugs. These polymorphisms might be responsible for adverse drug reactions. Turkish population data for these genes still needs to be elucidated. We aimed to detect the allele frequencies of thiopurine S-methyl transferase (TPMT), cytochrome p4503A4*1B (CYP3A4*1B) and cytochrome p4503A4*3 (CYP3A5*3) gene variants in the Turkish population. We examined the TPMT (*1, *2, *3A, *3C), CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 variant allele frequencies in a group of healthy Turkish Caucasian blood donors by using PCR-RFLP, allele-specific PCR and direct sequencing techniques. The frequencies …

Problems Encountered In The Diagnosis Of Encapsulated Follicular Variant Of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma And The Morphological Diagnostic Criteria, Reşi̇t Doğan Köseoğlu, Nurper Onuk Fi̇li̇z, İbrahi̇m Aladağ, Ahmet Eyi̇bi̇len, Mehmet Güven

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma constitutes the most common source of consultation material in thyroid pathology. We present our five consecutive cases to illustrate this issue. The diagnosis of the encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is considerably controversial. These tumors are encapsulated neoplasms and have the nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Although the criteria were described for the diagnosis, a considerable subjectivity is present among the pathologists. Therefore, the categories of "well differentiated carcinoma" and "well differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential" were included in the diagnostic spectrum of these neoplasms. Five consecutive cases …

Cerebrovascular Risk Factors And Stroke Subtypes In Different Age Groups: A Hospital-Based Study, Göksel Somay, Pinar Topaloğlu, Hakan Somay, Özlem Araal, Güli̇stan Uşak Halaç, Murat Bulkan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

We prospectively studied the characteristics of 401 patients with first-ever-in-a lifetime stroke who have been admitted consecutively into stroke care unit. During the evaluation of distribution according to age, patients were divided into 7 age groups with 10-year intervals. It was determined that ischemic stroke was mostly seen in the age group 71-80 (32.2%) and the age group 61-70(28.2%). The major risk factor of ischemic stroke was hypertension, followed by diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, smoking and hypercholesterolemia. The three most frequent etiologic categories were small-vessel disease, atherosclerotic large vessel disease and cardioembolism. The anatomical distribution of ischemic stroke were …

What Are The Predictors Of Health Services Utilization By Women In A City Center Located In The Eastern Part Of Turkey ?: A Cross Sectional Study, Di̇lek Aslan, Hi̇lal Özcebe, Nazmi̇ Bi̇li̇r, Songül Vai̇zoğlu, Nükhet Subaşi

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The aim of this study is to evaluate factors influencing utilization of health services by women aged 15 years and older having any health symptoms within the previous 15 days in a city center located in the eastern part of Turkey. In this cross-sectional study, subjects (1,000 households) were sampled from the "city-information-system" based on household satellite photographs of the city. Nine hundred and thirty-five households out of 1,000 were included in the study (response rate: 93.5%), and 1,613 subjects were interviewed. Seven hundred and eighteen women out of 1,613 participants reported at least one health symptom (44.5%), and of …

Malignant Meningioma Of Scalp, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Canan Atalay, Umran Yildirim, Mustafa Atasoy

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

umlu AYDIN^1, Canan ATALAY^2, Umran YILDIRIM^3, Mustafa ATASOY^4 ^1Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum - Turkey ^2Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum - Turkey ^3Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum - Turkey ^4Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum - Turkey

Can Modified Dukes' Classification Be Used In Gastric Cancer Staging?, Hali̇l Özgüç, Ersi̇n Öztürk, Türkay Kirdak, Ömer Yerci̇, Yalçin Sönmez, Erol Bağcivan, Nusret Korun

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: Dukes' staging system is a simple system used widely in the staging of colorectal cancer. This study was designed to analyze the applicability of the modified Dukes' classification system in gastric cancer cases. Methods: The prognostic factors affecting survival in 139 gastric cancer cases who had had at least 15 lymph nodes removed were analyzed. Modified Dukes' and TNM classifications were investigated to correlate statistically significant prognostic factors. The investigated prognostic factors were age, tumor size, histological type, differentiation, localization and number of the lymph nodes removed, and the ratio of number of metastatic lymph nodes to the number …

Computer Assisted Image Analysis Of Peroxidase Stained Endometrial Tissue, Ahmet Bariş Toprak, Seda Vatansever, Kemal Özbi̇lgi̇n

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: In immunohistochemistry, antibodies are used to detect and localize antigens in cellular compartments in sections taken from frozen or paraffin blocks. Currently, computerized image processing techniques are widely available to analyze immunohistochemically stained tissues; however, the image analysis programs are generally highly specific and expensive. We aimed to show the feasibility of computer assisted image analysis (CAIA) by using two computer programs currently in widespread use. Methods: Two available computer programs, Adobe Photoshop CS and ImageJ, were used to separate areas in the same tissue sections stained with NOS antibody and labeled with peroxidase in human endometrial tissue. CAIA …

The Prevalence Of Pleural Effusion In Pregnant Women: A Pilot Study, Ebru Di̇kensoy, Özcan Balat, Öner Di̇kensoy

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Pleural effusions are very common in general population. There are more than 50 reasons for the etiology. There is limited data on the prevalence of pleural effusions in a population of pregnant women. We prospectively screened 45 pregnant women between May and October 2006. All the pregnant women underwent thoracic ultrasonography during their routine check. Five out of 45 subjects (11%) had minimal and bilateral pleural effusion. None of the subjects was symptomatic. All of the effusions regressed without any intervention. In conclusion, the prevalence of pleural effusions is not rare during pregnancy and physicians should be aware of the …

Aphasia In Hemiplegic Patients, Asuman Doğan, Müni̇re Mengüllüoğlu, Nermi̇n Altiok, Bülent Gündüz, Serpi̇l Alluşoğlu, Neşe Özgi̇rgi̇n

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: The aim of this study was to define aphasia frequency and its clinical types together with the relationship between the clinical types and age, gender, hemiplegic side, etiology and educational level of the hemiplegic patients. Methods: All hemiplegic patients who admitted to Ankara Physical Therapy Training and Research Hospital (APTTRH) from January 2002 to January 2003 were included in this study. During this period, 478 hemiplegic patients were hospitalized for rehabilitation. One hundred and five of these patients were identified to have speech disorders; seven patients were excluded from the study. The Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson chi-square test …

In Vitro Effects Of Some Antibiotic Drugs On Bovine Lactoperoxidase Enzyme, Murat Çankaya, Melda Şi̇şeci̇oğlu, Özgür Yörük, Hasan Özdemi̇r

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: Owing to the widespread use of antibiotic drugs in both human and animals, we thought it would be important to determine the effect of these on lactoperoxidase (LPO; E.C. 1.11.1.7) activity during lactation. The in vitro effects of gentamicin sulfate and ampicillin sodium drugs on bovine LPO enzyme activity in breast-milk were investigated. Materials and Methods: LPO was purified with Amberlite CG 50 resin, CM Sephadex C-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography from skimmed bovine milk. Rz(A412/A280) value for the purified LPO was found to be 0.8. Inhibition or activation effects of the drugs on LPO …

Carriage Of Mobilizable Plasmid-Mediated \Beta-Lactamase Gene In Ampicillin-Resistant Escherichia Coli Strains With Origin Of Normal Fecal Flora, Osman Bi̇rol Özgümüş, İlknur Tosun, Faruk Aydi̇n, Ali̇ Osman Kiliç, Murat Ertürk

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the carriage of b-lactamase genes in ampicillin-resistant (Amp^r) Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from human normal fecal flora. Methods: Ten Amp^r E. coli strains isolated from the stool samples of 21 healthy persons with no antibiotic use during at least three months were screened for TEM-, SHV-, or OXA-type \beta-lactamase genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The susceptibility of the strains to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin to the strains was determined by agar dilution method. Plasmid transfer assays were performed by …

Hepatic Failure As A Result Of Ovarian Cysts In A Newborn, Aşkin Güra, Güngör Karagüzel, Meti̇n Çubuk, Ni̇hal Oygur

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

RA^1 Güngör KARAGÜZEL^2 Metin ÇUBUK^3 Nihal OYGUR^1 ^1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya - TURKEY ^2Department of Pediatric Surgery, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya - TURKEY ^3Department of Radiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya - TURKEY Absract: The ovarian cyst is the most common intra-abdominal cystic lesion in the female neonate. Several authors have reported complications caused by compression of cysts on other viscera. We present a neonate with acute transient hepatic failure due to the compression of ovarian cysts on the liver.

A Case Report Of Ecstasy-Induced Acute Hepatic Failure, Zeli̇ha Koçak Tufan, Cemal Bulut, Sami̇ Kinikli, Hasan Irmak, Gül R. Yilmaz, Ali̇ Pekcan Demi̇röz

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as "ecstasy", is a synthetic, psychoactive drug chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. It can cause cognitive, physical, psychological and neurological side effects. Ecstasy-induced acute renal failure, liver damage and brain edema are reported in the literature. We report an MDMA-induced toxic hepatitis case which was thought to have viral origin.

Alterations Of Myostatin And Follistatin Gene Expression Profiles In Response To In Ovo Rhigf-1 During Quail (Coturnix Coturnix) Embryonic Development, Hakan Kocamiş, Nurhayat Gülmez, Şahi̇n Aslan, Mümtaz Nazli, Scott A. Gahr, Turgut Kirmizibayrak, Mustafa Saatci

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Myostatin, along with its binding protein follistatin, have been demonstrated to inhibit skeletal muscle development during embryonic and postnatal development, whereas IGF-1 has been reported to stimulate skeletal muscle development and overall growth. The objectives of the current study were to determine the expression profiles of myostatin and follistatin genes, and to evaluate the impact of in ovo administration of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) on these gene expression patterns during quail embryogenesis, with an emphasis on skeletal muscle development. Quail eggs were injected once with 100 ng rhIGF-1 in 10 mM acetic acid, 0.1% BSA per embryo on …

Influence Of Feeding Frequency On Feed Intake, Growth Performance And Nutrient Utilization In European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Fed Pelleted Or Extruded Diets, Derya Güroy, Emrah Deveci̇ler, Betül Kut Güroy, Ahmet Adem Teki̇nay

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In an 83-day-nutrition trial, effects of feed production technique and feeding frequency on feed intake, growth and nutrient utilization were determined in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Three thousand six hundred fish (170 ± 2.6 g) were randomly allocated to experimental sea cages (approx. 5800 l) according to a 2 x 2 experimental plan [2 processing techniques: steam pelleted diet (P) vs. extruded diet (E); 2 feeding frequencies: twice (2) vs. 3 times (3)]. The P3 group consumed significantly (P < 0.05) more feed than the fish fed extruded diets, irrespective of feeding frequency. Growth rates of all groups did not display any significant difference (P > 0.05) in terms of final weight (FW) or specific growth rate (SGR), although there was a decreasing trend in final …

By-Catch In A 40 Mm Pe Demersal Trawl Codend, Yeli̇z Doğanyilmaz Özbi̇lgi̇n, Zafer Tosunoğlu, Hüseyi̇n Özbi̇lgi̇n

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Demersal trawling in Turkish waters yields a considerable amount of by-catch and discard. Data presented in this study were collected during a demersal trawl codend selectivity trial carried out on board the RV Egesüf (27 m, 500 HP) between August 9 and September 4, 2002, in İzmir Bay. In total, 52 species of fish and invertebrate from 40 mm nominal mesh size commercially used PE codend and 24 mm cover were identified, separately weighed, and classified as commercial and non-commercial. In addition, for red mullet (Mullus barbatus), hake (Merluccius merluccius), common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus), axillary sea bream (Pagellus acarne), annular …

The Effect Of Dietary Vitamin E On The Arginase Activity In The Females Of Freshwater Crayfish (Astacus Leptodactylus, Esch. 1823), Mi̇ne Eri̇şi̇r, Özden Barim, Mehtap Özçeli̇k, Muzaffer Mustafa Harlioğlu

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The effects of different levels of dietary vitamin E on the arginase activity of the hepatopancreas, gills and muscle of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) were investigated. The control diet contained approximately 37.41% crude protein on a dry-weight basis and 3.25 kcal g^{-1} gross energy. The diet ingredients contributed 65.83 mg kg^{-1} vitamin E to the control diet. Levels of 34.17 mg kg^{-1}, 84.17 mg kg^{-1} and 134.17 mg kg^{-1} vitamin E (DL-a-tocopherol acetate) were added to the control diet to supply 100 mg kg^{-1} in diet 1, 150 mg kg^{-1} in diet 2 and 200 mg kg^{-1} in diet 3, …

Detection Of Slime Factor Production And Antibiotic Resistance In Staphylococcus Strains Isolated From Various Animal Clinical Samples, Süheyla Türkyilmaz, Seza Eski̇i̇zmi̇rli̇ler

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, the production of slime factor in 180 Staphylococcus spp. (90 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) and 90 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS)) isolated from various animal clinical specimens was investigated with Congo Red Agar (CRA), Microplate (MP), and Standard Tube (ST) tests and the results were compared to each other. The rate of production of slime factor in all of the Staphylococcus spp. investigated with CRA, MP, and ST tests were 61.1%, 55.5%, and 50.5%, respectively. The existence of Staphylococcus spp. resistance against various antibiotics was also determined by the agar disk diffusion method. The percentage of resistance against penicillin, methicillin, …

The Effectiveness Of Cosynch Protocol In Dairy Heifers And Multiparous Cows, Orkun Demi̇ral, Mustafa Ün, Murat Abay, Tayfur Bekyürek, Ahmet Öztürk

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Cosynch protocol on some reproductive parameters in Holstein multiparous cows (MC) (n = 54) and heifers (n = 53). Follicular development, presence of corpus luteum (CL) at different stages of Cosynch protocol, ovulation time and pregnancy rates were evaluated by ultrasonography in MCs and heifers. Pregnancy rates (PR) in MCs and heifers were found as 41% and 51% (P: 0.29, Z: -1.06). At the time of first Gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) (GnRH1), Prostaglandin F_{2a} (PGF_{2a}) and final GnRH (GnRH2) injections, PRs in heifers and MCs which had CL on …

Plasma Ascorbic Acid Levels In Lambs With Coccidiosis, Şi̇ma Şahi̇nduran, Kenan Sezer, Tülay Büyükoğlu, Bayram Ali̇ Yukari, Meti̇n Koray Albay

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study evaluated 30 lambs, 20 naturally infected with coccidia oocysts (infected group) and 10 healthy lambs (control group). Blood samples were collected from both groups for evaluation of ascorbic acid values in plasma and blood cells analysis. Mean plasma ascorbic acid values in the infected group were lower than those in the control group (0.76 ± 0.19 and 2.00 ± 0.58 mg/dl, respectively). A decrease in erythrocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit values and an increase in leukocyte values were determined.

Investigation Of The Coagulation Profile In Calves With Neonatal Diarrhoea, Gürbüz Gökçe, Hali̇l İbrahi̇m Gökce, Hi̇dayet Meti̇n Erdoğan, Vehbi̇ Güneş, Mehmet Çi̇ti̇l

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, 20 neonatal diarrhoeic and 10 clinically healthy neonatal calves were used. Venous blood samples were collected from each animal to determine platelet numbers, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO_{2}), partial pressure of oxygen (pO_{2}), saturated oxygen (O_{2}SAT), content of carbon dioxide (ctCO_{2}), actual bicarbonate (HCO_{3}act), standard bicarbonate (HCO_{3}std), and actual base excess (actBE) of plasma. Plasma samples were collected from each animal for the measurement of prothrombin time (PT), thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and the concentrations of fibrinogen and cross-linked fibrinogen degradation products (D-dimer). Blood pH, HCO_{3}act, HCO_{3}std, actBE, ctCO_{2}, and O_{2}SAT values were …

Comparison Of Polymerase Chain Reaction And Conventional Methods For The Diagnosis Of Listeria Monocytogenes In Stuffed Mussels, Ergün Ö. Göksoy, Şükrü Kirkan, Osman Kaya

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of stuffed mussel as a source of Listeria monocytogenes. Polymerase chain reaction is a rapid procedure with both sensitivity and specificity for quick detection and identification of L. monocytogenes. A total of 50 mussel samples were investigated for L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was not identified by the conventional method. However, PCR amplification products demonstrated that 5 out of 50 samples showed positive reactions with L. monocytogenes. The PCR positive samples showed specific amplification at approximately 343 bp for L. monocytogenes.

Effects Of Feeding Acidified Milk Replacer On The Growth, Health And Behavioural Characteristics Of Holstein Friesian Calves, Mete Yanar, Olcay Güler, Bahri̇ Bayram, Jale Meti̇n

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The objective of this study was to compare the performances of calves fed acidified milk replacer (AMR) or sweet (regular) milk replacer (SMR) at 8% of birth weight. Twenty-one calves (10 males, 11 females) were offered replacers reconstituted to 12% of dry matter over 5 weeks. In the group fed AMR, daily body weight gains of calves at the different stages of growth were comparable to those for calves fed SMR. In the preweaning period, calves offered AMR had similar dry matter intakes from starter, milk replacer and dry hay as well as total intake as those fed SMR. In …