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2005

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A Multi-Forest Comparison Of Dietary Preferences And Seed Dispersal By Ateles Spp., Sabrina E. Russo, Christina J. Campbell, J. Lawrence Dew, Pablo R. Stevenson, Scott A. Suarez Oct 2005

A Multi-Forest Comparison Of Dietary Preferences And Seed Dispersal By Ateles Spp., Sabrina E. Russo, Christina J. Campbell, J. Lawrence Dew, Pablo R. Stevenson, Scott A. Suarez

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Investigations of coevolutionary relationships between plants and the animals that disperse their seeds suggest that disperser-plant interactions are likely shaped by diffuse, rather than species-to-species, coevolution. We studied the role of dietary plasticity in shaping the potential for diffuse coevolution by comparing dietary fruit preferences and seed dispersal by 3 species of spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) in 4 moist forests in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Surinam. In all forests, spider monkeys were highly frugivorous and preyed upon seeds of few species. We estimated dietary use of fruiting taxa based on absolute consumption and preference, which accounts for resource availability. …

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The Symmetry Of Longevity, Lawrence G. Harshman, Hans-Georg Müller, Xueli Liu, Yue Wang, James R. Carey Oct 2005

The Symmetry Of Longevity, Lawrence G. Harshman, Hans-Georg Müller, Xueli Liu, Yue Wang, James R. Carey

Lawrence G. Harshman Publications

We tested the hypothesis that relatively symmetrical flies live longer. Vein measurements on the left and right wings from the same individual were used to characterize bilateral symmetry in relationship to age-specific survival in defined cohorts. A longitudinal cohort study supported the hypothesis of a correlation between bilateral symmetry and longevity. For another type of experiment, wings were removed from females and males at approximately the beginning of adult life. Thus, there would be no effect of wings per se on adult survival. These wings were measured to characterize bilateral asymmetry, and the day of death of each dewinged individual …

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The Criteria And Analysis Of Good Multiple Choice Questions In A Health Professional Setting, Ahmad A. Abdel-Hameed, Eiad A. Al-Faris, Ibrahim A. Alorainy, Mohammed O. Al-Rukban Oct 2005

The Criteria And Analysis Of Good Multiple Choice Questions In A Health Professional Setting, Ahmad A. Abdel-Hameed, Eiad A. Al-Faris, Ibrahim A. Alorainy, Mohammed O. Al-Rukban

Saudi Medical Journal

Assessment of health workers as students and professionals has a profound impact on their learning and is an essential safety valve before certification. It is used for their training, their placement, their certification, and their promotion. The multiple choice question MCQ type of tests represents one of the most important examination tools that is commonly used in this assessment. The MCQs can be reliable, valid, and cost-effective in assessing medical knowledge. This paper portrays the different purposes of assessment in the medical field. The paper discusses in detail the criteria of a good assessment tool. Interpretation of MCQ test results …

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Molecular Hematology. Qualitative To Quantitative Techniques, Salem H. Khalil Oct 2005

Molecular Hematology. Qualitative To Quantitative Techniques, Salem H. Khalil

Saudi Medical Journal

Over the last decade molecular diagnostics technology has developed dramatically from the most laborious, time- consuming southern blot methodology through the revolution of polymerase chain reaction PCR technology to the most reliable, fast, and contamination free molecular analyzer, the real-time quantitative-PCR. The Section of Hematology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center has shared this experience during the last 10 years with more than 6,546 samples submitted for the analysis of different gene rearrangements, fusion gene transcripts and gene mutations including Ig heavy chain gene rearrangement for B-cell malignancies, T-cell receptor gamma chain …

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The Effect Of Age And Gender On The Anatomic Structure Of Caucasian Healthy Eyelids, Ibrahim Erbagci, Hulya Erbagci, Nese Kizilkan, Erdem Gumusburun, Necdet Bekir Oct 2005

The Effect Of Age And Gender On The Anatomic Structure Of Caucasian Healthy Eyelids, Ibrahim Erbagci, Hulya Erbagci, Nese Kizilkan, Erdem Gumusburun, Necdet Bekir

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal values of the eyelid parameters in Caucasians and to describe the effects of age and gender on eyelid and eyebrow anatomy. METHODS: We evaluated the effects of age and gender on eyelid structures in 100 Caucasian volunteers in the Ophthalmology and Anatomy Departments, University of Gaziantep Medical School, Turkey between 2003 and 2004. Forty-five females with mean age of 36 years (5-80 years) and 55 males with mean age of 39 years (3-68 years) participated in the study. We divided subjects into 6 groups according to decades. We measured the palpebral fissure length (PFL), the …

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Partial Laser Arytenoidectomy In The Management Of Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility. A Modification Based On Functional Anatomical Study Of The Cricoarytenoid Joint, Hesham A. Al-Fattah, Ashraf H. Hamza, Alaa H. Gaafar, Ahmed A. Tantawy Oct 2005

Partial Laser Arytenoidectomy In The Management Of Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility. A Modification Based On Functional Anatomical Study Of The Cricoarytenoid Joint, Hesham A. Al-Fattah, Ashraf H. Hamza, Alaa H. Gaafar, Ahmed A. Tantawy

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To establish the anatomical relationships of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages and apply these findings to design an arytenoidectomy based on a sound anatomical basis. METHODS: We prospectively conducted this study between 1996 and 2002 at the Main University Hospital of Alexandria, Egypt. In 50 patients, we endoscopically measured the length of the vocal process and the distance between the vocal process tip and upper border of the cricoid cartilage. We sagittally and axially sectioned 25 total laryngectomy specimens to verify the position of the arytenoids and their relation to the cricoid. The anatomical findings led to the design …

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Unusual Causes Of Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction, Nawaf J. Shatnawi, Kamal E. Bani-Hani Oct 2005

Unusual Causes Of Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction, Nawaf J. Shatnawi, Kamal E. Bani-Hani

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: We herein report our experience regarding unusual causes of bowel obstruction to increase the awareness of surgeons regarding this disease. METHODS: From 1991 to 2003, we had experience at the University affiliated hospitals, northern Jordan with 24 patients with small bowel obstruction resulting from unusual causes. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of these patients with regards to the mode of presentation, cause of obstruction, radiological and operative findings, management and outcome. RESULTS: We recorded 15 patients who underwent previous abdominal surgery. Preoperative diagnosis was correct in only one patient with an internal hernia, but the abdominal CT scan …

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Serosurvey Of Measles, Mumps And Rubella Antibodies In Saudi Children, Yagob Y. Al-Mazrou, Mohamed K. Khalil, Annedore Tischer, Mohamed H. Al-Jeffri, Yasser S. Al-Ghamdi, Mohamed M. Bakhsh, Ameen A. Mishkas, Sirag A. Elgizouli Oct 2005

Serosurvey Of Measles, Mumps And Rubella Antibodies In Saudi Children, Yagob Y. Al-Mazrou, Mohamed K. Khalil, Annedore Tischer, Mohamed H. Al-Jeffri, Yasser S. Al-Ghamdi, Mohamed M. Bakhsh, Ameen A. Mishkas, Sirag A. Elgizouli

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: A serosurvey study to evaluate the proportion of children with antibodies against diseases targeted by the Expanded Program of Immunization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Using multistage sampling techniques, we collected samples and sent them for laboratory assay from the following age groups; 100 samples at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 6 years, 13 years, and 17 years. We conducted the study from September 2001 to February 2002. We assayed sera for measles, rubella, and mumps antibodies in the measles-mumps-rubella reference laboratory in Germany, using enzyme immunoassay and plaque neutralization (PN) as a backup test for …

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Human Brucellosis In Northern Saudi Arabia, Samira M. Fallatah, Adekunle J. Oduloju, Saad N. Al-Dusari, Yisa M. Fakunle Oct 2005

Human Brucellosis In Northern Saudi Arabia, Samira M. Fallatah, Adekunle J. Oduloju, Saad N. Al-Dusari, Yisa M. Fakunle

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the clinical features, laboratory findings, treatment given and complications seen in brucellosis patients at the Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: We retrieved and reviewed the record charts of all patients from January 1995 to December 2001 with a clinical diagnosis of brucellosis whose brucella agglutination titre was 1:160 or greater from the Medical Records Department of Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, Hafr Al-Batin. We extracted from the files the information on age, gender, occupation, history of raw milk or milk products ingestion, presenting symptoms and physical signs. We also noted …

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Prevalence Of Isolated Minor Congenital Anomalies In A Regional Hospital In Oman, Kiran P. Sawardekar Oct 2005

Prevalence Of Isolated Minor Congenital Anomalies In A Regional Hospital In Oman, Kiran P. Sawardekar

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of isolated minor congenital anomalies in a regional hospital in Oman. METHODS: We determined the prevalence of isolated minor congenital anomalies in 21988 births during a 10-year period from January 1993 through December 2002 by using data from the hospital-based congenital anomaly register at Nizwa Hospital, Oman. RESULTS: The total prevalence of congenital anomalies was 37 per 1000 births and that of minor anomalies 12.4 per 1000 births. Hypospadias, talipes deformity and polydactyly were the most common minor anomalies. A nurse or the house resident detected most of the minor anomalies soon after birth during …

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Impact Of Fasting In Ramadan In Patients With Cardiac Disease, Jassim Al Suwaidi, Mohammad Zubaid, Wael A. Al-Mahmeed, Ibrahim Al-Rashdan, Haitham Amin, Abdulbari Bener, Hadi R. Hadi, Ashraf Helmy, Mohammed Hanifah, Hajar A. Al-Binali Oct 2005

Impact Of Fasting In Ramadan In Patients With Cardiac Disease, Jassim Al Suwaidi, Mohammad Zubaid, Wael A. Al-Mahmeed, Ibrahim Al-Rashdan, Haitham Amin, Abdulbari Bener, Hadi R. Hadi, Ashraf Helmy, Mohammed Hanifah, Hajar A. Al-Binali

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether Ramadan fasting has any effect on patients with heart disease. METHODS: We prospectively studied 465 outpatients with heart disease who were fasting during the month of Ramadan from October 24 to November 24, 2003. These studied subjects were from various medical centers in the Gulf region; State of Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain. We performed detailed clinical assessments one month before Ramadan, during Ramadan and one month after Ramadan and analyzed predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Overall, the mean age was 55.9±11.3 years (age range 32-72). Of the 465 patients treated, 363 (78.1%) were males …

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The Role Of Ketoconazole In The Prevention Of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome In Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome During Assisted Reproductive Technology Cycles, Monir Owj, Ensieh S. Tehrani-Nejad, Elham Amirchaghmaghi, Ahamd R. Baghestani, Jila Ahmadi Oct 2005

The Role Of Ketoconazole In The Prevention Of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome In Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome During Assisted Reproductive Technology Cycles, Monir Owj, Ensieh S. Tehrani-Nejad, Elham Amirchaghmaghi, Ahamd R. Baghestani, Jila Ahmadi

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical efficacy of ketoconazole (KCZ) as an inhibitory enzyme on ovarian steroidogenesis, in prevention of ovarian hyper- stimulation syndrome (OHSS) during assisted reproductive technology (ART) in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: We included 58 PCOS patients, enrolled for in-vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a randomized clinical trial between November 2000 and October 2001 in the Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran. Twenty-eight patients received KCZ during the stimulation phase and 30 patients were controls. We compared serum E2 levels, number of lead follicles, number of retrieved oocytes, fertilization rate, occurrence of OHSS and cancellation …

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High Frequency Of Suboptimal Serum Vitamin B12 Level In Adults In Jordan, Mahmoud A. Fora, Mukhallad A. Mohammad Oct 2005

High Frequency Of Suboptimal Serum Vitamin B12 Level In Adults In Jordan, Mahmoud A. Fora, Mukhallad A. Mohammad

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of functional vitamin B12 deficiency status in an adult Jordanian seemingly healthy population. METHODS: We carried out this study in the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordanian University of Science and Technology, Jordan from September 2004 to January 2005. We included a randomly selected sample of 216 healthy adult volunteers (male 124, female 92, aged 19-50 years) from north Jordan. We carried out the measurement of hematological variables by Micros 60-OT Analyzer. We measured the serum vitamin B12 by microparticle enzyme immunoassay and serum folate by ion-capture assay on an AxSYM Analyzer. RESULTS: We …

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Pattern Of Skin Diseases In Eastern Saudi Arabia, Omar M. Alakloby Oct 2005

Pattern Of Skin Diseases In Eastern Saudi Arabia, Omar M. Alakloby

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern of skin disease in the Eastern Province and compare it with similar studies carried out in other regions of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: All new dermatology cases reporting at King Fahd Hospital of the University in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, seen between August 2002 to July 2003 were reviewed. RESULTS: One thousand and seventy-six new patients within the period of the study were seen. Dermatitis/ eczema was the most frequent dermatosis (19.6%) with atopic dermatitis forming 35.9% among eczemas, followed by acne (13.8%), viral infection (13.5%), of which 11.9% had viral warts; pigmentary disorders (9.7%) with vitiligo …

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Assessment And Evaluation Of The Nutritional Status Of The Elderly Using 2 Different Instruments, Ozge Kucukerdonmez, Eda Koksal, Neslisah Rakicioglu, Gulden Pekcan Oct 2005

Assessment And Evaluation Of The Nutritional Status Of The Elderly Using 2 Different Instruments, Ozge Kucukerdonmez, Eda Koksal, Neslisah Rakicioglu, Gulden Pekcan

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The elderly population continues to increase in most countries and inadequate nutrition is a common problem affecting their functional and physical status. Therefore, we should periodically assess the nutritional status of the elderly using practical methods. Our study objectives are to assess the nutritional status of the elderly using 2 different methods: Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and Nutritional Screening Initiative Checklist (NSIC), and to evaluate the consistency of the methods. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study between February 2003 and March 2004. We included a total of 1,564 elderly volunteers living in Ankara, Turkey, with median (± inter …

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Socioeconomic Determinants Of Inequality And Self-Reported Morbidity Among Adolescents In A Developing Country, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Gustavo Ramirez-Valverde, Miguel A. Martinez-Damian, Aurelio Cruz-Valdez, Maria J. Santiago-Cruz, Carlo E. Medina-Solis Oct 2005

Socioeconomic Determinants Of Inequality And Self-Reported Morbidity Among Adolescents In A Developing Country, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Gustavo Ramirez-Valverde, Miguel A. Martinez-Damian, Aurelio Cruz-Valdez, Maria J. Santiago-Cruz, Carlo E. Medina-Solis

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Studies about health inequalities among adolescents have been conducted principally in developed countries. Although adolescents represent 15% of the Mexican population, no studies are available in this specific age group on health inequalities. In this study, we assess differences in the perception of morbidity severity among adolescent students, as well as their association with selected socioeconomic characteristics. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study (base-line of a longitudinal study of adolescent9s health) in 1999. Participants were Mexican adolescents (n=12769) aged 12-19 years, attending to public schools selected through of multistage sampling method. We measured the health status through a …

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Acute Small Bowel Obstruction Due To Bilharziasis, Rahman Gul, Kamran Khalid, Mohammad F. Al-Rajhi, Hayan A. Bismar Oct 2005

Acute Small Bowel Obstruction Due To Bilharziasis, Rahman Gul, Kamran Khalid, Mohammad F. Al-Rajhi, Hayan A. Bismar

Saudi Medical Journal

Schistosomiasis remains a major world health problem. The disease presents with protean manifestations in the endemic areas. Small bowel schistosomiasis leading to acute intestinal obstruction is an extremely rare clinical presentation. The disease may mimic peritoneal tuberculosis or carcinomatosis intra-operatively. Small bowel bilharziasis leading to obstruction has not been reported in the recent indexed English literature. This report describes a 50-year-old Yemeni male presenting with acute small bowel obstruction due to schistosomiasis. We review the pathological changes in the intestine following schistosomal infection and discuss diagnosis and treatment. We emphasize the importance of histopathology on all surgical specimens.

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Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure In A Premature Infant, Sameer Y. Al-Abdi, Nalini Singhal Oct 2005

Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure In A Premature Infant, Sameer Y. Al-Abdi, Nalini Singhal

Saudi Medical Journal

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema PIE is a recognized sequel of high pressure mechanical ventilation. Nevertheless, with the improvement in perinatal medical care, PIE started to be seen in spontaneously breathing infants. We present a 29-week-old girl who developed PIE on the first day of life, while she was on nasal continuous positive airway pressure, and was successfully managed with high frequency oscillatory ventilation. There is a paucity of these cases in the literature. We report on the occurrence of this entity, early reorganization, and the possible associated or causation factors.

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Dicephalus Dibrachius With Anencephaly, Amal A. Hassani, Amarjit K. Sandhu, Mangala S. Sundari Oct 2005

Dicephalus Dibrachius With Anencephaly, Amal A. Hassani, Amarjit K. Sandhu, Mangala S. Sundari

Saudi Medical Journal

We present a case of inferior conjunction in a rare type of conjoined twins, dicephalus in a male fetus. The male fetus was born to a 24-year-old, gravida 2, and para 0, who had medical abortion at 15 weeks of gestation due to anencephaly with meningoencephalocele revealed by ultrasound examination. The fetus was born with 2 anencephalic heads with a bifurcation of the vertebral column and presence of 2 spinal cords. The other viscera and limbs were normal in number and location as for a male singleton. This case illustrates the relationship between conjoined twining, and neural tube defect more …

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Hemifacial Spasm Resulting From Vertebral Artery Dolichoectasia, Dirk Deleu, Boulenouar Mesraoua Oct 2005

Hemifacial Spasm Resulting From Vertebral Artery Dolichoectasia, Dirk Deleu, Boulenouar Mesraoua

Saudi Medical Journal

A 32-year-old man presented with left hemifacial spasm. Neurophysiological findings revealed an absent ipsilateral R1 on blink reflex. An MRI showed a dolichoectatic left vertebral artery impinging on the root exit zone of the left facial nerve. Botulinum toxin infections relieved the manifestations of hemifacial spasm. This case demonstrates that MRI/MRA is an essential part of the work-up for hemifacial spasm, and shows that in accordance with the literature, vertebral dolichoectasia is an uncommon cause of hemifacial spasm.

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Analysis Of Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigenemia In Saudi Drug Users, Alhusain J. Alzahrani Oct 2005

Analysis Of Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigenemia In Saudi Drug Users, Alhusain J. Alzahrani

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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A Pharmacoepidemiological Study Of Prescription Pattern For Upper Respiratory Infections In A Tertiary Health Care Center, Yacoub M Irshaid, Mohammed A. Al-Homrany, Anwar A. Hamdi Oct 2005

A Pharmacoepidemiological Study Of Prescription Pattern For Upper Respiratory Infections In A Tertiary Health Care Center, Yacoub M Irshaid, Mohammed A. Al-Homrany, Anwar A. Hamdi

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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Outcomes Of Penicillin Toxicities On Dna In Rats, Vahdettin Bayazit, Ali Cimbiz Oct 2005

Outcomes Of Penicillin Toxicities On Dna In Rats, Vahdettin Bayazit, Ali Cimbiz

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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Bronchiectasis Following Repair Of Esophageal Atresia And Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula, Hanaa Banjar Oct 2005

Bronchiectasis Following Repair Of Esophageal Atresia And Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula, Hanaa Banjar

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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Osteoporosis In Men, Waad-Allah S. Mula-Abed, Rafat Faraawi Oct 2005

Osteoporosis In Men, Waad-Allah S. Mula-Abed, Rafat Faraawi

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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Three Rarely Reported Digeneans Inhabiting Amphibians From Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, David Zamparo, Daniel R. Brooks Oct 2005

Three Rarely Reported Digeneans Inhabiting Amphibians From Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, David Zamparo, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Three rarely reported species of digeneans were collected in amphibian hosts from Diversion Reservoir, Sooke, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, The endangered anuran Rana aurora hosted Glypthelmins californiensis, Gorgoderina multilobata, and Megalodiscus microphagus. In addition, the anuran Pseudacris regilia and the caudatan Taricha granulosa hosted Megalodiscus microphagus. Gorgoderina multilobata has been reported only once since 1936 and has never been reported outside of California. We note several characters not previously reported for Gorgoderina multilobata and G. aurora.

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Introduction, J. Patrick Murphy C.M., Ph.D. Oct 2005

Introduction, J. Patrick Murphy C.M., Ph.D.

Vincentian Studies

This brief outline of the Hay-Vincentian Leadership Project defines its goal as the discovery of “the leadership principles and values of Vincent as they are alive and well in today’s organizations.”

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The Role Of Women And The Vincentian Culturescape, Betty Ann Mcneil D.C. Oct 2005

The Role Of Women And The Vincentian Culturescape, Betty Ann Mcneil D.C.

Vincentian Studies

Betty Ann McNeil “considers examples of the primary strategies and resources that Vincentian leaders have used to empower others to commit themselves to mission and to communicate the founding charism across boundaries of time and cultures.” Her focus is on the contributions that women have made to the Vincentian culturescape. Daughters of Charity and Sisters of Charity who have had major roles in passing the charism down through their communities are profiled. McNeil writes that one way the charism is successfully handed on is through stories of individuals who lived it. In particular, Elizabeth Seton’s introduction of the charism to …

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We Want The Best, J. Patrick Murphy C.M., Ph.D. Oct 2005

We Want The Best, J. Patrick Murphy C.M., Ph.D.

Vincentian Studies

J. Patrick Murphy argues that for Vincentian educational institutions to fulfill their mission, their leadership must model Vincentian values. It is also essential to hire faculty who will put those values and mission into practice. It is better to employ people whose personal principles match those of the Vincentians than it is to hire candidates who look the best qualified on paper, but who do not connect with the mission. The greatest results come from asking people to do their best and providing a work environment in which they can do that. Once hiring is done, leaders must continually educate …

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An Analysis Of The Effects On Parties' Unionization Decisions Of The Choice Of Union Representation Procedure: The Strategic Dynamic Certification Model, Sara Slinn Oct 2005

An Analysis Of The Effects On Parties' Unionization Decisions Of The Choice Of Union Representation Procedure: The Strategic Dynamic Certification Model, Sara Slinn

Osgoode Hall Law Journal

This article proposes a new theoretical framework-the strategic dynamic certification model-to explain how union certification processes operate. Statutory certification procedures are not neutral. Instead, they produce particular incentives, disincentives, and opportunities for employers, unions, and employees, and these affect the outcomes of the procedure. Empirical evidence confirms this model's ability to analyze the certification process and the outcomes of unionization attempts. In particular, this model explains why the change from a card-check to a mandatory representation vote encourages unlawful employer conduct, enhances the effectiveness of union avoidance activities, and deters employee participation in the unionization decision. The article concludes that, …

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