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2005

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Relationships Among Pre-Admission Characteristics In Associate Degree Nursing Programs As Predictors Of Nclex-Rn Success., Gloria J. Wacks Jan 2005

Relationships Among Pre-Admission Characteristics In Associate Degree Nursing Programs As Predictors Of Nclex-Rn Success., Gloria J. Wacks

All ETDs from UAB

No abstract provided.


Women-Writing-Women: Three American Responses To The Woman Question, Theresa Defrancis Jan 2005

Women-Writing-Women: Three American Responses To The Woman Question, Theresa Defrancis

Open Access Dissertations

The Woman Question served as a catalyst in Kate Chopin's, Nella Larsen's, and Willa Cather's portrayal of the eroticized female body. The question evolved, in part, from Herbert Spencer's 1873 article "Psychology of the Sexes" and centered around Spencer's "theories" on woman's nature, her function, and her differences--biological, sexological, and sociological--from man. Chapter one historicizes the Woman Question by examining its influence in these three areas. The sciences, however, did not hold a monopoly on the debate. Rather, the question elicited reactions from many arenas--popular newspapers and magazines, literature, political cartoons, public policy--and in different forms--articles, music, caricatures, legislature. Throughout …


An Assessment Of The Habitat Quality And Nutritional Intake Of North Atlantic Right Whales In Cape Cod Bay, Amy Susanna Delorenzo Jan 2005

An Assessment Of The Habitat Quality And Nutritional Intake Of North Atlantic Right Whales In Cape Cod Bay, Amy Susanna Delorenzo

Open Access Dissertations

Cape Cod Bay is the only known winter feeding ground of the North Atlantic right whale, a seriously endangered species, and is thus a critical habitat for right whales. As with most coastal ecosystems, Cape Cod Bay is a dynamic system with a high degree of variability in both physical and biological parameters. However, the extent of these fluctuations and their effect on the suitability of the bay as a right whale feeding ground is not known. This study was conducted to address variability in the biological and physical environment of the bay on different temporal and spatial scales and …


Underway Profiling Of Photosynthesis And Dissolved Oxygen In Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, Donald Christopher Melrose Jan 2005

Underway Profiling Of Photosynthesis And Dissolved Oxygen In Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, Donald Christopher Melrose

Open Access Dissertations

Comparisons of primary productivity measured by 14C uptake and a fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) for samples taken from Massachusetts Bay and Narragansett Bay demonstrated a linear relationship between the two techniques. The slope of the regression for different phytoplankton samples varied by over a factor of 4 ranging between 0.23 and 1.04 with the 0.4-0.5 being the most common range. The r2 was usually high, with r2 greater than 0.9 in the best cases. The results indicated that the FRRF typically underestimated primary productivity relative to 14C. The variability. An additional comparison of 14C and the FRRF techniques was …


Nanoplankton Biodiversity In The Pettaquamscutt River Estuary, Rhode Island, Unites States, Sunshine Menezes Jan 2005

Nanoplankton Biodiversity In The Pettaquamscutt River Estuary, Rhode Island, Unites States, Sunshine Menezes

Open Access Dissertations

Biodiversity of the nanoplankton was investigated within the Pettaquamscutt River Estuary (PRE) in southern Rhode Island, U.S.A. through light and electron microscopy. Five stations were sampled along the salinity gradient of the estuary to determine spatial and temporal variation in the nanoplanktonic community. Salinity and nutrient data indicated that there were two distinct regions within the estuary, classified as the "lower river region" and the "upper river region". Nanoplankton always dominated the phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll a) in the upper river region, but not in the lower river. Live samples indicated that there is an abundant and diverse assemblage of …


The Representation Of Race In Composition Studies And Stories, Carole Eileen Center Jan 2005

The Representation Of Race In Composition Studies And Stories, Carole Eileen Center

Open Access Dissertations

Nonwhite students have limited access to and limited success in graduating from US institutions of higher education. First-year required composition courses and other writing requirements can act as barriers to college matriculation. Yet composition studies, which has as its focus writing students and student writing, has yet to commit to a thorough examination of all the factors that affect the experience of nonwhite students in composition classes. In order to engage in inquiry into the difference that race makes in students' classroom experiences, composition teacher-researchers must represent the race of those involved in classroom scenes because, as race studies (whiteness …


"What I Think Of As A Positive Experience, Is The Lack Of A Negative Experience": Exploring Female-To-Male Transgender And Transsexual Individuals' Interactions With Health Care Providers, Melynda Leigh Craig Jan 2005

"What I Think Of As A Positive Experience, Is The Lack Of A Negative Experience": Exploring Female-To-Male Transgender And Transsexual Individuals' Interactions With Health Care Providers, Melynda Leigh Craig

Open Access Dissertations

Using qualitative interviews, previous studies have examined gender identity among transgender and transsexual people (i.e., transpeople). However, these studies did not consider the perspectives of female-to-male (FTM) transpeople or situate transpeople's experiences in the larger sociocultural context. Specifically, these studies did not address the mundane challenges faced by transpeople, including the urgent problem of health care barriers. In contrast, other studies used focus groups and questionnaires to examine transpeople's experiences with health care, but did not interpret these experiences from a psychological perspective. In response to the methodological and conceptual deficiencies of previous research, the current study had two objectives. …


Problematic Interactions Between Parents And Their Children With Adhd: Role Of Attributions, Emotions, Discipline Practices, And Comorbid Odd, Danielle Alexandra Ruskin Jan 2005

Problematic Interactions Between Parents And Their Children With Adhd: Role Of Attributions, Emotions, Discipline Practices, And Comorbid Odd, Danielle Alexandra Ruskin

Open Access Dissertations

Two empirical studies are presented that specifically examine three parenting factors known to contribute to the problematic relationships observed between mothers and their children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Mothers causal attributions for, their emotional reactions to, and their discipline towards their children's misbehaviors. Parenting factors in both studies were elicited using a written scenario methodology. In the first study, mothers' attributions, emotional reactions, and discipline towards their children's inattentive-overactive (IO) and oppositional-defiant (OD) behaviors were compared in 41 mothers of children with ADHD, 44 mothers of children with ADHD and comorbid Conduct Problems (ADHD+CP), and 59 mothers of children without …


Synthesis And Nmr-Characterization Of Three Quinamide-Based Disaccharide Mimetics With Unusual Cyclohexane Twist-Conformation, Thuy Trang M. Nguyen, Paul H. Gross, Andreas H. Franz Jan 2005

Synthesis And Nmr-Characterization Of Three Quinamide-Based Disaccharide Mimetics With Unusual Cyclohexane Twist-Conformation, Thuy Trang M. Nguyen, Paul H. Gross, Andreas H. Franz

College of the Pacific Faculty Articles

The synthesis of amide-linked disaccharide mimetics has been explored starting with carbohydrate-based amines and a protected quinic acid lactone. Benzyl-2-amino-4,6-Obenzylidene-2-deoxy-α/β-D-glucopyranose (12) and D-glucamine (14) were successfully coupled to give the corresponding quinamides (13 and 15), while the quinoylation of Oacetylated L-fucopyranosyl methylamine (7) failed. The latter was prepared from per-O-acetylL-fucopyranose via the improved multigram scale synthesis of the corresponding per-O-acetylL-fucopyranosyl cyanide (3). Compound 3 was subsequently hydrogenated to yield a mixture of compound 7 and the per-O-acetylated bis-(fucopyranosylmethyl) amine (5). The vicinal coupling constants in the NMR spectra of all quinamide products revealed considerable flexibility of the cyclohexane ring in …


Global Gene Expression Profiling Of Cells Overexpressing Smc3., Giancarlo Ghiselli, Chang-Gong Liu Jan 2005

Global Gene Expression Profiling Of Cells Overexpressing Smc3., Giancarlo Ghiselli, Chang-Gong Liu

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: The Structural Maintenance of Chromosome 3 protein (SMC3) plays an essential role during the sister chromatid separation, is involved in DNA repair and recombination and participates in microtubule-mediated intracellular transport. SMC3 is frequently elevated in human colon carcinoma and overexpression of the protein transforms murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts. In order to gain insight into the mechanism of SMC3-mediated tumorigenesis a gene expression profiling was performed on human 293 cells line stably overexpressing SMC3. RESULTS: Biotinylated complementary RNA (cRNA) was used for hybridization of a cDNAmicroarray chip harboring 18,861 65-mer oligos derived from the published dEST sequences. After filtering, the hybridization …


Lo Family: Toubee Yang (Middle), Andrew Gelber Jan 2005

Lo Family: Toubee Yang (Middle), Andrew Gelber

Hmong American Stories

Toubee Yang is a Stockton citizen who traveled over the ocean from his birthplace to find a new home and culture that he now embraces. His life is memorable partly because of the experiences he has had traveling and learning about the culture of the United States. His story is about a family broken in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, of a child growing up in a nation that did not readily respect his heritage, and also as a refugee in a totally foreign environment…


Vimentin Overexpression Contributes To The Biological Properties Of Metastatic Head And Neck Cancer Cells, Rachel J. Paccione Jan 2005

Vimentin Overexpression Contributes To The Biological Properties Of Metastatic Head And Neck Cancer Cells, Rachel J. Paccione

Theses and Dissertations

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition occurs in the later stages of epithelial tumor progression, with cells expressing mesenchymal markers. Of these, the intermediate filament protein vimentin is frequently upregulated in metastatic carcinomas. Previously, microarray studies showed that the gene encoding vimentin is highly upregulated in metastatic HN12 cells compared to a related primary tumor cell line. In this study, we confirmed this difference using real-time quantitative PCR, western blot analysis, and immunostaining. Furthermore, EGF and TGF-β, growth factors that induce migration and invasion of HN12 cells, produced synergistic increases in vimentin expression. To assess the contribution of vimentin to the biological …


Addiction And Recovery Experiences Of African American Women: A Phenomenological Study, Patricia Diana Hill Jan 2005

Addiction And Recovery Experiences Of African American Women: A Phenomenological Study, Patricia Diana Hill

Theses and Dissertations

Historically, substance abuse research has for the most part excluded African American women. The small body of existing substance abuse research regarding African American women does not examine gender and socio-cultural issues from African American women's perspectives. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to develop a deeper, contextual understanding of the experiences and perspectives of this marginalized population of women. The major goal of the study is to examine the perspectives of African American women about their substance abuse, treatment and recovery. The knowledge gained from this research with African American women regarding their experiences and specific needs in …


Electromechanical Characterization Of Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane) Based Electroactive Polymers, Wrutu Deepak Parulkar Jan 2005

Electromechanical Characterization Of Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane) Based Electroactive Polymers, Wrutu Deepak Parulkar

Theses and Dissertations

The main objectives of this thesis are 1) to evaluate the effect of cross-linking polar cyano phenyl (CN) groups on poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and 2) to characterize the electromechanical properties of the resulting CN-PDMS blend as an electroactive actuator. Materials responding to an external stimulus are referred to as electroactive materials. There are several phenomena, which govern the mechanism in these materials, such as piezoelectricity, Maxwell's effect, ferroelectricity, electrostriction to name a few. These electroactive materials can be employed in several applications such as biomedical devices, robots, MEMs, aerospace vehicles, where the application is governed by the specific mechanism. …


Modulation Of Gene Expression By Tumor-Derived Mutant P53. Role Of Transactivation In Gain-Of-Function., Mariano J. Scian Jan 2005

Modulation Of Gene Expression By Tumor-Derived Mutant P53. Role Of Transactivation In Gain-Of-Function., Mariano J. Scian

Theses and Dissertations

It was hypothesized that the C-terminal sequences for mutant p53 would be required for oligomerization. and oligomerization may be critical for gain-of-function. An N-terminal deletion mutant of p53 that deletes amino acids 1-293 was used as a tool to perform hetero-oligomerization studies. This mutant retains the entire oligomerization domain but dispenses off the transactivation domain and a large portion of the sequence- specific DNA-binding domain. Co-transfection experiments show that p53 del. 1-293 forms hetero-oligomeric complexes with p53-D281G. Also. co-expression of p53 del. 1- 293 with p53-D281G inhibited p53-D28lG-mediated transactivation of the EGFR and MDRl promoters suggesting that hetero-oligomerization inactivates transcriptional …


Diet: Charina Bottae, T. J. Devitt, Ryan I. Hill, S. E. Cameron Jan 2005

Diet: Charina Bottae, T. J. Devitt, Ryan I. Hill, S. E. Cameron

College of the Pacific Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.


Association Between Coinfection Of Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans And Treponema Denticola And Periodontal Tissue Destruction In Chronic Periodontitis, L. L. Chen, Y. M. Wu, J. Yan, W. L. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, David M. Ojcius Jan 2005

Association Between Coinfection Of Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans And Treponema Denticola And Periodontal Tissue Destruction In Chronic Periodontitis, L. L. Chen, Y. M. Wu, J. Yan, W. L. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, David M. Ojcius

All Dugoni School of Dentistry Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.


Omnivory By The Small Cosmopolitan Hydromedusa Aglaura Hemistoma, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, William M. Graham, John Higgins Iii Jan 2005

Omnivory By The Small Cosmopolitan Hydromedusa Aglaura Hemistoma, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, William M. Graham, John Higgins Iii

Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications

We investigated the feeding of the small hydromedusa, Aglaura hemistoma (bell diameter < 4 mm), to determine if it occupies a trophic position similar to that of large medusae. Feeding was examined using gut-content analysis of preserved and unpreserved medusae and by analyzing prey-capture events using microvideographic techniques. Analysis of gut contents and prey-capture events revealed that A. hemistoma fed heavily on protistan prey and that it possessed a prey-capture mechanism, specifically a feeding current,that is effective at entraining and capturing protists with low motility. We suggest that many species of small hydromedusae possess prey-capture mechanisms adapted to capture small protistan prey and that many of these small hydromedusae feed omnivorously on microplanktonic prey. The trophic roles of small hydromedusae in different systems are not understood and more studies are needed. However, based on their often high abundances and the cosmopolitan nature, if small hydromedusae …


Flow Patterns Generated By Oblate Medusan Jellyfish: Field Measurements And Laboratory Analyses, John O. Dabiri, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, Morteza Gharib Jan 2005

Flow Patterns Generated By Oblate Medusan Jellyfish: Field Measurements And Laboratory Analyses, John O. Dabiri, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, Morteza Gharib

Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications

Flow patterns generated by medusan swimmers such as jellyfish are known to differ according the morphology of the various animal species. Oblate medusae have been previously observed to generate vortex ring structures during the propulsive cycle. Owing to the inherent physical coupling between locomotor and feeding structures in these animals, the dynamics of vortex ring formation must be robustly tuned to facilitate effective functioning of both systems. To understand how this is achieved, we employed dye visualization techniques on scyphomedusae (Aurelia aurita) observed swimming in their natural marine habitat. The flow created during each propulsive cycle consists of …


Prorocentrum Minimum(Clone Exuv) Is Nutritionally Insufficient, But Not Toxic To The Copepod Acartia Tonsa, Hans G. Dam, Sean Colin Jan 2005

Prorocentrum Minimum(Clone Exuv) Is Nutritionally Insufficient, But Not Toxic To The Copepod Acartia Tonsa, Hans G. Dam, Sean Colin

Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications

This study tested whether the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum is nutritionally insufficient or toxic to the copepod Acartia tonsa. Experiments were carried out with adult female A. tonsa and the P. minimum clone Exuv, both isolated from Long Island Sound. Initially, the functional and numerical responses of A. tonsa feeding on exponentially growing P. minimum cells were characterized. These experiments revealed that A. tonsa readily ingested P. minimum cells, up to the equivalent of 200% of body carbon day−1, but egg production was relatively low, with a maximum egg production rate of 22% of body carbon day …


A Fossil Reef From The Last Interglacial, Western Australia, Benjamin J. Greenstein, John M. Pandolfi, David R. Blakeway Jan 2005

A Fossil Reef From The Last Interglacial, Western Australia, Benjamin J. Greenstein, John M. Pandolfi, David R. Blakeway

Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications

We report an initial investigation of a Devils Point Event (DPE) style surface exposed approximately 1.5 m above present sea level in a spectacularly preserved reef sequence in southern Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia.


Does Parental Autonomy Require Equal Custody At Divorce?, Margaret F. Brinig Jan 2005

Does Parental Autonomy Require Equal Custody At Divorce?, Margaret F. Brinig

Journal Articles

This paper considers the affect of amendments to state divorce laws that strengthen their joint custody preference. It does so in the context of suits by noncustodial parents challenging substantive custody standards not requiring equal custody at divorce. The complaint is that most custody laws, by using a best interests standard rather than equally dividing custodial time, violate substantive due process. Further, two states, Iowa and Maine, have recently amended their custody legislation to strongly presume joint physical custody.

After setting out the constitutional problem and describing the legislation in some detail, this paper tests the effects of the change …


Query Engine Of Novelty In Video Streams, James Kang Jan 2005

Query Engine Of Novelty In Video Streams, James Kang

Theses

Prior research on novelty detection has primarily focused on algorithms to "detect" novelty for a given application domain. Effective storage, indexing and retrieval of novel events (beyond detection) are largely ignored as a problem in itself. In light of the recent advances in counter-terrorism efforts and link discovery initiatives, the need for effective data management of novel events assumes apparent importance. Automatically detecting novel events in video data streams is an extremely challenging task. The aim of this thesis is to provide evidence to the fact that the notion of novelty in video as perceived by a human is extremely …


Long-Term Cardioprotection With Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Role Of Nitric Oxide., Vladimir Paul Daoud Jan 2005

Long-Term Cardioprotection With Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Role Of Nitric Oxide., Vladimir Paul Daoud

Theses and Dissertations

Recent studies have shown that the potent phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, sildenafil citrate, induces a powerful cardioprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbit and mouse hearts. However, the effect of this drug in inducing long-term protection against I/R injury remains unknown. The goal of this study was to identify the duration of the protective window of sildenafil citrate as well as vardenafil, a more potent PDE-5 inhibitor. Rabbits were treated with sildenafil (0.7 mg/kg, iv), vardenafil (0.143 mg/kg), or an equivalent volume of saline. After 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 96 hrs, or 7 days of sildenafil treatment, the hearts were …


Interleukin-10 Induces Apoptosis In Developing Mast Cells Via A Mitochondrial, Stat3-Dependent Pathway, Daniel Paul Bailey Jan 2005

Interleukin-10 Induces Apoptosis In Developing Mast Cells Via A Mitochondrial, Stat3-Dependent Pathway, Daniel Paul Bailey

Theses and Dissertations

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of interleukin-10 on mast cell development from bone marrow progenitors.Materials and Methods. Unseparated mouse bone marrow cells were cultured in IL-3+SCF, giving rise to mast cells and monocytes/macrophages. The addition of IL-10, and the use of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)3-deficient bone marrow cells were employed to measure the effects of IL-10 and STAT3 expression on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Bax-deficient and Bcl-2 transgenic bone marrow cells were used to determine the importance of the mitochondria in IL-10-mediated effects.Overview. Mast cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells …


Characterization Of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers From Bradyrhizobium Strain Btai 1, Isaac P. Forquer Jan 2005

Characterization Of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers From Bradyrhizobium Strain Btai 1, Isaac P. Forquer

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Photosynthetic rhizobia have been studied for about 15 years now. They are now considered to be metabolically aligned with a relatively recently discovered group of bacteria, the anoxygenic aerobic phototrophs (AAP’s).Rhizobia form symbiotic relationships with plants from the Fabaceae family. Photosynthetic rhizobia not only nodulate the roots, as most other rhizobia do, but they also form nodules on the stems of certain leguminous plants. The plant provides carbon to the bacteria and the bacteria provides the plant with soluble nitrogen fixed from the biologically inert but abundant atmospheric N2. A key question regarding photosynthetic rhizobia and other AAP’s derives from …


Bismuth Triflate Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Acylations Of Sydnones, Jennifer Ann Fisher Jan 2005

Bismuth Triflate Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Acylations Of Sydnones, Jennifer Ann Fisher

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

In the present work, suitably functionalized arylsydnones were used to synthesize a variety of 4-acylsydnones and diacyl sydnones, both as potential precursors to novel sydnoquinolines.The approach to the diacyl species is based on the discovery that activated sydnonesbrominate in both the 4 position of the sydnone ring and on the phenyl ring. Thus, it seemed likely that Friedel-Crafts reactions on an activated sydnone would give diacylated species for McMurray coupling to sydnoquinolines. Friedel-Crafts acylations on the 4 position of the sydnone ring have been achieved in high yields using 4 equivalents of various alkyl anhydrides, 25 mol % of bismuth …


Nano-Coatings On Carbon Structures For Interfacial Modification, Rajasekhar Venkata Pulikollu Jan 2005

Nano-Coatings On Carbon Structures For Interfacial Modification, Rajasekhar Venkata Pulikollu

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Surface modification of materials is a rapidly growing field as structures become smaller, more integrated and complex. It opens up the possibility of combining the optimum bulk properties of a material with optimized surface properties such as enhanced bonding, corrosion resistance, reactivity, stress transfer, and thermal, optical or electrical behavior. Therefore, surface functionalization or modification can be an enabling step in a wide variety of modern applications. In this dissertation several surface modification approaches on carbon foam and carbon nano-fibers will be discussed. These are recently developed sp 2 graphitic carbon based structures that have significant potential in aerospace, automotive …


Calcareous Nannoplankton Response To Late Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d In The Western North Atlantic, David K. Watkins, Matthew J. Cooper, Paul A. Wilson Jan 2005

Calcareous Nannoplankton Response To Late Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d In The Western North Atlantic, David K. Watkins, Matthew J. Cooper, Paul A. Wilson

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

Well-preserved nannofossil and stable isotope records from the mid-Cretaceous of Ocean Drilling Project Leg 171B (western North Atlantic) indicate cyclical, productivity-based variations in surface water characteristics, suggesting orbitally paced changes in upwelling intensity and the strength of deep mixing associated with oceanic anoxic event (OAE)1d. Paleontologic and isotopic evidence suggest that collapse of upper water column stratification associated with OAE1d was preceded by approximately 1 m.y. of progressively decreasing water column stability and increasing surface water fertility. Thirteen species went extinct during a short (ca. 200 k.y.) interval associated with OAE1d. Nine of these have morphological characters suggesting adaptation to …


Navigating Dangerous Constitutional Straits: A Prolegomenon On The Federal Marriage Amendment And The Disenfranchisement Of Sexual Minorities, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr., E. Gary Spitko Jan 2005

Navigating Dangerous Constitutional Straits: A Prolegomenon On The Federal Marriage Amendment And The Disenfranchisement Of Sexual Minorities, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr., E. Gary Spitko

Articles

Navigating Dangerous Constitutional Straits A Prolegomenon on the Federal Marriage Amendment and the Disenfranchisement of Sexual Minorities considers the nature of the constitutional amendment process and the Supreme Courts historical approach to incorporating new amendments into the existing constitutional text Professors Krotoszynski and Spitko argue that given the Supreme Courts consistent narrow reading of new amendments to preserve preexisting constitutional rights the Federal Marriage Amendment must be broadly written to override expressly due process and equal protection guarantees against not only sexual orientation discrimination but also gender discrimination In our view however if a proposed Federal Marriage Amendment were sufficiently …