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2005

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Percolation Quantum Phase Transitions In Diluted Magnets, Thomas Vojta, Jörg Schmalian Nov 2005

Percolation Quantum Phase Transitions In Diluted Magnets, Thomas Vojta, Jörg Schmalian

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We show that the interplay of geometric criticality and quantum fluctuations leads to a novel universality class for the percolation quantum phase transition in diluted magnets. All critical exponents involving dynamical correlations are different from the classical percolation values, but in two dimensions they can nonetheless be determined exactly. We develop a complete scaling theory of this transition, and we relate it to recent experiments in La2Cu1-p(Zn,Mg)pO4. Our results are also relevant for disordered interacting boson systems.

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Dynamics Of A Nanomechanical Resonator Coupled To A Superconducting Single-Electron Transistor, M. P. Blencowe, J. Imbers, A. D. Armour Nov 2005

Dynamics Of A Nanomechanical Resonator Coupled To A Superconducting Single-Electron Transistor, M. P. Blencowe, J. Imbers, A. D. Armour

Dartmouth Scholarship

We present an analysis of the dynamics of a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a superconducting single-electron transistor (SSET) in the vicinity of Josephson quasi-particle (JQP) and double Josephson quasi-particle (DJQP) resonances. For weak coupling and wide separation of dynamical timescales, we find that for either superconducting resonances the dynamics of the resonator are given by a Fokker–Planck equation, i.e. the SSET behaves effectively as an equilibrium heat bath, characterized by an effective temperature, which also damps the resonator and renormalizes its frequency. Depending on the gate and drain–source voltage bias points with respect to the superconducting resonance, the SSET can …

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Grand Valley Forum, Volume 030, Number 18, November 28, 2005, Grand Valley State University Nov 2005

Grand Valley Forum, Volume 030, Number 18, November 28, 2005, Grand Valley State University

2005-2006, Volume 30

Grand Valley Forum is Grand Valley State's faculty and staff newsletter, published from 1976 to the present.

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Optimal Feature Selection For Nearest Centroid Classifiers, With Applications To Gene Expression Microarrays, Alan R. Dabney, John D. Storey Nov 2005

Optimal Feature Selection For Nearest Centroid Classifiers, With Applications To Gene Expression Microarrays, Alan R. Dabney, John D. Storey

UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series

Nearest centroid classifiers have recently been successfully employed in high-dimensional applications. A necessary step when building a classifier for high-dimensional data is feature selection. Feature selection is typically carried out by computing univariate statistics for each feature individually, without consideration for how a subset of features performs as a whole. For subsets of a given size, we characterize the optimal choice of features, corresponding to those yielding the smallest misclassification rate. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm for estimating this optimal subset in practice. Finally, we investigate the applicability of shrinkage ideas to nearest centroid classifiers. We use gene-expression microarrays for …

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A New Approach To Intensity-Dependent Normalization Of Two-Channel Microarrays, Alan R. Dabney, John D. Storey Nov 2005

A New Approach To Intensity-Dependent Normalization Of Two-Channel Microarrays, Alan R. Dabney, John D. Storey

UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series

A two-channel microarray measures the relative expression levels of thousands of genes from a pair of biological samples. In order to reliably compare gene expression levels between and within arrays, it is necessary to remove systematic errors that distort the biological signal of interest. The standard for accomplishing this is smoothing "MA-plots" to remove intensity-dependent dye bias and array-specific effects. However, MA methods require strong assumptions. We review these assumptions and derive several practical scenarios in which they fail. The "dye-swap" normalization method has been much less frequently used because it requires two arrays per pair of samples. We show …

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Reversible Hysteresis Loop Tuning, Andreas Berger, Christian Binek, D. T. Margulies, A. Moser, E. E. Fullerton Nov 2005

Reversible Hysteresis Loop Tuning, Andreas Berger, Christian Binek, D. T. Margulies, A. Moser, E. E. Fullerton

Christian Binek Publications

We utilize antiferromagnetically coupled bilayer structures to magnetically tune hysteresis loop properties. Key element of this approach is the non-overlapping switching fi eld distribution of the two magnetic layers that make up the system: a hard magnetic CoPtCrB layer (HL) and a soft magnetic CoCr layer (SL). Both layers are coupled antiferromagnetically through an only 0.6-nm-thick Ru interlayer. The nonoverlapping switching fi eld distribution allows the measurement of magnetization reversal in the SL at low fi elds while keeping the magnetization state of the HL unperturbed. Applying an appropriate high fi eld or high fi eld sequence changes the magnetic …

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A Study Of Overcharge Characteristic Of Lithium-Ion Cells, Jing Pang, Shi-Gang Lu, Sha Liu Nov 2005

A Study Of Overcharge Characteristic Of Lithium-Ion Cells, Jing Pang, Shi-Gang Lu, Sha Liu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The overcharge characteristics and effect factors of lithium-ion cells containing LiMn2O4 cathodes were studied in detail. Overcharge testing of Lithium-ion cells with a systematic variation in the cell balance demonstrated that the overcharge characteristics of Lithium-ion cells was affected by the amount of cathode in the cells, which is independent of the amount of anode material. The rate of charge was found to be an important parameter, as electrolyte complete decomposition at low charge rates caused the end of overcharge testing, while high charge rates accelerated the rate of heat generation in the cells and the cell …

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The Deactivation Mechanism Of Metal Oxide Anodes Under Alternative Current Electrolysis Condition, Jun-Tao Wang, Yan Han, Guang-Zhang Chen, Wen-Fa Liu Nov 2005

The Deactivation Mechanism Of Metal Oxide Anodes Under Alternative Current Electrolysis Condition, Jun-Tao Wang, Yan Han, Guang-Zhang Chen, Wen-Fa Liu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The metal oxide anodes coated on titanium used in seawater electrolysis were prepared by thermal decomposition. Their morphologies, compositions and phase structures were determined by scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy dispersive X-ray detector(EDX) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The electrochemical properties of the anodes were characterized by accelerated life test, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. SEM, EDX and XRD showed that solid solution structures of (Ru, Ir, Ti)O2 and (Ir, Ti)O2 were formed after pyrolysis, the solid solution structures and active components were disappeared after the deactivation of the anodes. Electrochemical results indicated that the active area decreased and the …

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The Collegian (2005-11-28), José Borjón Nov 2005

The Collegian (2005-11-28), José Borjón

UTB/TSC Archives - The Collegian [Newspaper]

Vol. 58, No. 14

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University Of Northern Iowa Faculty Senate Meeting Agenda, November 28, 2005, University Of Northern Iowa. Faculty Senate. Nov 2005

University Of Northern Iowa Faculty Senate Meeting Agenda, November 28, 2005, University Of Northern Iowa. Faculty Senate.

Documents - Faculty Senate

Meeting agenda from the Faculty Senate of the University of Northern Iowa.

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Ferroelectric Switch For Spin Injection, Mikhail Y. Zhuravlev, Sitaram Jaswal, Evgeny Y. Tsymbal, Renat F. Sabirianov Nov 2005

Ferroelectric Switch For Spin Injection, Mikhail Y. Zhuravlev, Sitaram Jaswal, Evgeny Y. Tsymbal, Renat F. Sabirianov

Physics Faculty Publications

A method for the switching of the spin polarization of the electric current injected into a semiconductor is proposed, based on injecting spins from a diluted magnetic semiconductor through a ferroelectric tunnel barrier. We show that the reversal of the electric polarization of the ferroelectric results in a sizable change in the spin polarization of the injected current, thereby providing a two-state electrical control of this spintronic device. We also predict a possibility of switching of tunneling magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions with a ferroelectric barrier and coexistence of tunneling magnetoresistance and giant electroresistance effects in these multiferroic tunnel junctions.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-Materials And Prospects, Molenda Janina, Marzec Jacek Nov 2005

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-Materials And Prospects, Molenda Janina, Marzec Jacek

Journal of Electrochemistry

The paper summarizes and discusses the basic properties of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) components (electrode materials and electrolyte) from the point of view of their essential functional parameters suck as chemicalstability, transport, catalytic and thermomechanical properties under operational conditions in a SOFC. An interrela-tion between the defect structure of these materials related to oxygen nonstoichiometry and their electronic propertiesand catalytic activity was shown. Single-chamber fuel cell concept was also presented.

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The Optimal Sulfonation Conditions Of Self-Doped Polyaniline Obtained By Using Experimental Strategies, Wen-Yar Li, Chi-Chang Hu Nov 2005

The Optimal Sulfonation Conditions Of Self-Doped Polyaniline Obtained By Using Experimental Strategies, Wen-Yar Li, Chi-Chang Hu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The optimal sulfonation condition of self-doped sulfonated polyaniline (prepared from leucoemeraldinebase; denoted as LEB-SPANI) with a high electronic conductivity was obtained by experimental strategies, includingthe fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD). From the FFD experiment, the self-doped LEB-SPANI prepared at a lowtemperature (4℃), a short reaction time (1 h), and a small volume of fumingsulfuric acid (10 mL) showed a better conductivity (ca.127 mS/cm). In the CCD study coupled with a confirmationtest, the highest conductivity (ca.141 mS/cm) of the LEB-SPANI film was obtained under a sulfonation temperatureof 4℃, a sulfonation time of 75 minutes, and a volume …

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A Study Of Three Corrosion Inhibitors For Reinforcing Steel In Sps Solution By Electrochemical Methods, Bing Zhao, Rong-Gui Du, Chang-Jian Lin Nov 2005

A Study Of Three Corrosion Inhibitors For Reinforcing Steel In Sps Solution By Electrochemical Methods, Bing Zhao, Rong-Gui Du, Chang-Jian Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

Some electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization,electrochemical noise and EIS have been employedto study the inhibition behavior of N-lauroyl sarcosinate, β-sodium glycerophosphate and D-sodium gluconate for the reinforcing steel immersed in simulated concrete pore solution(SPS) with NaCl addition.The results show that D-sodium gluconatehas an obvious inhibitive effect for the reinforcing steelin containing Cl- SPS solution. It has been proposed that the corrosion inhibition of D-sodium gluconate is due to its competitive adsorption and precipitation on steel surface in the simulated concrete environment.

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An Investigation On Poly(Vinyl Chloride-Co-Isobutyl Vinyl Ether) Coatings Modified By Rutile Nano-Tio2 Pastes, Xiang Bin, Sheng-Tao Zhang, Yan Li, Bao-Rong Hou Nov 2005

An Investigation On Poly(Vinyl Chloride-Co-Isobutyl Vinyl Ether) Coatings Modified By Rutile Nano-Tio2 Pastes, Xiang Bin, Sheng-Tao Zhang, Yan Li, Bao-Rong Hou

Journal of Electrochemistry

The anti-corrosion coating of Poly(Vinyl Chloride-Co-Isobutyl Vinyl Ether) (PVCCIVE) was modified by rutile nano-TiO2. The influence of nano-TiO2 pastes on the coating's corrosion resistance was investigated through electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the addition of nano-TiO2 pastes does not have obvious effect on the coating's performance of adhesion, flexility, impact resistance, but improves the coating's UV resistance and the gloss.Meanwhile,with the proper addition of rutile nano-TiO2 pastes, the anti-corrosion behavior of the coating was advanced.

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Copper Electrodeposition Under The Perturbation Of Hard Particles, Zeng-Wei Zhu, Di Zhu Nov 2005

Copper Electrodeposition Under The Perturbation Of Hard Particles, Zeng-Wei Zhu, Di Zhu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Copper electrodepositon was carried out on the rotating cathode,with hard particles(such as ceramic beads) filling between the electrodes. The rotation of cathode led hard particles to polish and impact the surface of deposit during electrodeposition.Copper deposits with a mass of cuspidal nodules were produced in acid sulfate solutions while brittle deposits without nodules were produced in alkaline sulfate solutions. It was also found that brightening and smoothing deposit could be obtained from the alkaline solution, and the deposit was approximatively disordered orientation with granular morphology of about 100~300 nm. The results show that the polishing and impact of hard particles …

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Silicides And Composites Materials As Anodes For Lithium Ion Batteries, Jun-Mei Yan, Hui-Zhen Huang, Jing Zhang, Yong Yang Nov 2005

Silicides And Composites Materials As Anodes For Lithium Ion Batteries, Jun-Mei Yan, Hui-Zhen Huang, Jing Zhang, Yong Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The anode materials of Mg2Si and MnSi were synthesized by mechanically activated annealing(MAA) techniques in this work and the in electrochemical performances were also studied.A series of composite materials of Mg2Si and CNTs or CMS were prepared by ball-milling method respectively. The reversible capacities of the composites were higher than that of the pure Mg2Si and pure carbon materials.The cyclic performances have been improved greatly by ball-milling of the Mg2Si and carbon materials. Results show that ball-milling method is one kind of method to make alloy materials into practical use.

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Electrochemical Disinfection Method To Treat Wastewater From Hospitals, Zhi-Fu Li, Ya-Dong Tan, Ning Xu, Shao-Hong Ren, Yu Zhao Nov 2005

Electrochemical Disinfection Method To Treat Wastewater From Hospitals, Zhi-Fu Li, Ya-Dong Tan, Ning Xu, Shao-Hong Ren, Yu Zhao

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrochemical disinfection method was used to treat wastewater from hospitals. The mechanism of electrochemical disinfection was researched by using the different anode materials. The results showed that when the titanium coated with noble metal (Ru, Pt, Ir)oxide was used as an anode and stainless steel as a cathode, the current density was 6 mA/cm2, hydraulic retention time was 15 min,air flow rate was 40 L/h, the rate of anode effective area to the inner water volume was 1.0, the amount of total colibacillus was below 500 CFU/L after electrochemical disinfection,All these meet the first order of Effluent Discharge …

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A Continuous Operation For Electroreduction Of Oxalic Acid To Glyoxylic Acid, Xiao-Hui Hu, Xiang-Fei Yan, Yu-Zhong Su, Jun Li, Qing-Biao Li Nov 2005

A Continuous Operation For Electroreduction Of Oxalic Acid To Glyoxylic Acid, Xiao-Hui Hu, Xiang-Fei Yan, Yu-Zhong Su, Jun Li, Qing-Biao Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

A simulative-continuous-operation approach was proposed to study the continuous operation for electroreduction of oxalic acid to gloxylic acid using a packed bed reactor and a parallel reactor with cooled cathode in order to solve the low productivity problem in current state by using traditional reactor. The effects of the concentration of oxalic acid and temperature on this process were also studied. Results showed that,after 30min of the reaction(residence time), the mass fraction of the produced glyoxylic acid in the catholic solution could reach 3.76% and 3.66% with respect to a saturated oxalic acid method and a step-temperature decreasing method. From …

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The Mechanism Of Ethylenediamine On Electroless Ni-B Alloy Deposition, Sen-Lin Wang Nov 2005

The Mechanism Of Ethylenediamine On Electroless Ni-B Alloy Deposition, Sen-Lin Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The effects of ethylenediamine stabilizer on the deposition rate and on the stability of the plating bath for electroless deposition of Ni-B alloy were investigated. It was found that the addition of ethylenediamine greatly enhances the stability of the electroless plating bath. The electrochemical polarization including cathodic and anodic polarizations measurements were carried out to examine the effect of ethylenediamine on the deposition process. The results show that ethylenediamine affects both the cathodic and the anodic polarization processes. The oxidation current of the reducer and the reduction current of Ni-B alloy decrease greatly when ethylenediamine was added into the plating …

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Electrochemical Performance Of Li3.22Na0.569Mn5.78O12.0, Qing-Song Tong, Yong Yang, Jin-Ming Lian Nov 2005

Electrochemical Performance Of Li3.22Na0.569Mn5.78O12.0, Qing-Song Tong, Yong Yang, Jin-Ming Lian

Journal of Electrochemistry

By selecting LiOH·H2O and Mn(CH3COO)2·2H2O as starting-materials, the positive materials with the structure characterization of Li4Mn5O12 and composition of Li3.22Na0.569Mn5.78O12.0 were prepared by two-phase sintering method consisted of microwave and solid-state sintering processes. XRD patterns data showed that a pure Li4Mn5O12 phase was obtained by the fore-treatment of microwave sintering and the post-treatment of the solid-state sintering at 380℃. The charge-discharge tests showed that the newly prepared sample exhibited an initial capacity of 132 mAh·g …

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Electrochemical Controllable Preparation Of Hydroxyapatite Coating With Different Morphologies And Preliminary In Vitro Tests, Hai-Yan Shi, Ren Hu, Chang-Jian Lin Nov 2005

Electrochemical Controllable Preparation Of Hydroxyapatite Coating With Different Morphologies And Preliminary In Vitro Tests, Hai-Yan Shi, Ren Hu, Chang-Jian Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The Controllable electrochemical deposition has been developed to prepare the hydroxyapatite(HA) coatings on Ti substrate with different morphologies and structures. Three kinds of typical topography of HA coatings, i.e. standing-up, flower and ordered porous structures have been obtained. The XRD and FTIR results demonstrate high crystallinity of the coating and exclusion of other forms of calcium phosphates. In vitro tests reveal that the biological property is largely dependent on the structure and morphology of the HA coating. It has been found that all pure HA coating show good biocompatibilities, while only the HA coating with ordered porous structures exhibits best …

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Electrochemical Oxidation Of Organic Additives In Tin Plating Electrolytes, Yin-Mei Cheng, Lan-Kun Cai, Qiang Song Nov 2005

Electrochemical Oxidation Of Organic Additives In Tin Plating Electrolytes, Yin-Mei Cheng, Lan-Kun Cai, Qiang Song

Journal of Electrochemistry

Cyclic voltammetry(CV) was used to characterize the voltammetric behaviours of organic additives, e.g. PSA(phenolsulfonic acid) EN(ethoxylatedα-naphthol) and ENSA(ethoxylatedα-naphthol sulfonic acid), on the anode surface. In PSA solutions, an anodic peak was obtained and the peak potential was about 1.2V. In EN and ENSA solutions, two anodic peaks were obtained and the peak potentials were about(0.95V) and 1.3V. The products of galvanostatic electrolysis were separated by HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography) and analyzed by EI/MS(electron ionizing mass spectrometry). The mechnism of the electrochemical oxidation was also disussed.

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November 28, 2005 Aasu Faculty Meeting Minutes, Armstrong Atlantic State University Nov 2005

November 28, 2005 Aasu Faculty Meeting Minutes, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Armstrong Faculty Senate: Minutes (Archived)

November 28, 2005 Armstrong Atlantic State University Faculty Meeting Minutes

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Ipsative Score Distortion On Affinity 2.0, Alec J. Brown Nov 2005

Ipsative Score Distortion On Affinity 2.0, Alec J. Brown

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated distortion that occurs when raw scores are converted to ipsative scores on Affinity 2.0, a relatively new instrument for assessing sexual interest. Using a sample of 146 non-offending, heterosexual females, this study examined the characteristics of distorted ipsative score profiles and attempted to develop an algorithm to identify such distortions. A method was developed for defining distortion objectively. Of the 146 profiles,125 were found to contain some degree of distortion. Several hypotheses were formulated as to variables that might be related to distortion. These relationships were examined using Pearson Product Moment Correlations. Several statistically significant, but weak, …

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The High Temperature Corrosion Of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel With Nacl Deposit, Fu-Fu Peng, Chaur-Jeng Wang, Yu-Chang Lin Nov 2005

The High Temperature Corrosion Of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel With Nacl Deposit, Fu-Fu Peng, Chaur-Jeng Wang, Yu-Chang Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The objective of this study was to figure out the hot corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (2205 DSS) within the temperature ranges from 550 to 850℃ in the static air condition with 2 mg/cm2 NaCl deposit, and in the air atmosphere condition with a constant flow rate of 500 vppm NaCl(g), respectively. Experimental results show that the hot corrosion kinetics met the parabolic rate law and the corrosion rate increased constantly with increasing temperature. The scales formed included Fe2O3/Fe3O4/Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 …

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Optimized Parameters For Electrochemical Fabrication Of P-Type Silicon-Based Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals, Wan-Yun Zhang, Jia-Rong Ji, Xiao-Dong Yuan, Wei-Min Ye, Zhi-Hong Zhu Nov 2005

Optimized Parameters For Electrochemical Fabrication Of P-Type Silicon-Based Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals, Wan-Yun Zhang, Jia-Rong Ji, Xiao-Dong Yuan, Wei-Min Ye, Zhi-Hong Zhu

Journal of Electrochemistry

A two-dimensional photonic band structure based on macroporous silicon with a gap centered at 20 μm has been achieved for the first time. A medium doped p-type (100) silicon substrate was patterned by the standard photolithograpgy and alkaline efthing. And this pre-patterned sample was then etched 90 μm deep by electrochemical pore formation in the mixture of hydrofluoric-acid and dimethylformamide (DMF) to produce a quare lattice of circular air rods with a lattice constant of 3.8 μm and the very high aspect ratio up to 30. The optimized electrochemical parameters such as eletrolytical components and the current density were 5 …

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Effect Of Hco3- Concentration On Co2 Corrosion In Gas And Oil Fields, Guo-An Zhang, Min-Xu Lu, Yin-Shun Wu Nov 2005

Effect Of Hco3- Concentration On Co2 Corrosion In Gas And Oil Fields, Guo-An Zhang, Min-Xu Lu, Yin-Shun Wu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The effecs of HCO3- concentration on CO2 corrosion in gas and oil fields were investigated by carrying out potentiodynamic scans and weight loss tests.Potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that the cathodic current density decreased with cm increase of HCO3- concentration when HCO3- was lower than 0.042(mol/L). The cathodic reations were promoted by increasing HCO3- when it reached 0.126 mol/L, Anodic behavior was an active process at low er [HCO3-] concentration and the anodic current density decreased with the increase of [HCO3-] concentration. An evident active-passive behavior …

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An Electrochemical Study Of Electroless Copper Plating Using Glyoxylic Acid As Reducing Agent, Li-Qiong Wu, Fang-Zu Yang, Ling Hang, Shi-Gang Sun, Shao-Min Zhou Nov 2005

An Electrochemical Study Of Electroless Copper Plating Using Glyoxylic Acid As Reducing Agent, Li-Qiong Wu, Fang-Zu Yang, Ling Hang, Shi-Gang Sun, Shao-Min Zhou

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electroless copper plating using glyoxylic acid as a reducing agent,Na2EDTA as a chelating agent and K4FeCN6 and 2,2'-dipyridyl as additives was studied. The effect of chelating agent and addtives on the polangation behaviovs of copper reduction and glyoxylie acid oxidation were analyzed by linear sweep voltammetry. The results mainly demonstrated that the chelating agent hindered both the oxidation of glyoxylic acid and the reduction of copper complexing ions. It has revealed that K4FeCN6 and 2,2'-dipyridyl (with the content over than 20 mg/L) both played negative actions on the oxidation of glyoxylic …

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Electrochemical Properties Of Aloe Emodin In Aqueous And Nonaqueous Solvents, Li-Ying Huang, Zhong-Cheng Wang, Li-Min Lai, Xin-Hua Lin, Wei Chen Nov 2005

Electrochemical Properties Of Aloe Emodin In Aqueous And Nonaqueous Solvents, Li-Ying Huang, Zhong-Cheng Wang, Li-Min Lai, Xin-Hua Lin, Wei Chen

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrochemical properties of Aloe emodin in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents of DMSO were studied by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry at a platinum electode. A pairs of currents on the voltammogram may be attributed to a quasi-reversible-one-electron transfer in HAc-NaAc and DMSO, the peak potential in DMSO was found to move more negatively compared with that in HAc-NaAc. A new method for Aloe emodin determination is described. The peak current is proportional to the concentration of Aloe emodin over the ranges of 1.0×10-5~6.0×10-4 mol/L. The electrochemical properties of Aloe emodin were related to solvents.

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