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2005

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A Neural Network Based Optimal Wide Area Control Scheme For A Power System, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Swakshar Ray Jan 2005

A Neural Network Based Optimal Wide Area Control Scheme For A Power System, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Swakshar Ray

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

With deregulation of the power industry, many tie lines between control areas are driven to operate near their maximum capacity, especially those serving heavy load centers. Wide area control systems (WACSs) using wide-area or global signals can provide remote auxiliary control signals to local controllers such as automatic voltage regulators, power system stabilizers, etc to damp out inter-area oscillations. This paper presents the design and the DSP implementation of a nonlinear optimal wide area controller based on adaptive critic designs and neural networks for a power system on the real-time digital simulator (RTDS©). The performance of the WACS as a …


A New Microsensor System For Plant Root Zone Monitoring, Chang-Soo Kim, Sandeep Sathyan, D. M. Porterfield Jan 2005

A New Microsensor System For Plant Root Zone Monitoring, Chang-Soo Kim, Sandeep Sathyan, D. M. Porterfield

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The objective of this work is to develop a new microsensor system that can monitor dissolved oxygen and hydration environment at the plant root zone. A miniaturized plant growth system is prepared including the root zone layer, either a porous ceramic tube or porous ceramic wafer on which the plant is grown, and an underlying fluidic channel to deliver nutrients and water to the root zone. We demonstrate the feasibility of using a flexible microsensor array for dissolved oxygen detection, and a four-electrode impedance microelectrode for wetness detection on the surface of a porous tube nutrient delivery system. The unique …


Adaptive Critic Designs For Optimal Control Of Power Systems, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 2005

Adaptive Critic Designs For Optimal Control Of Power Systems, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The increasing complexity of the modern power grid highlights the need for advanced modeling and control techniques for effective control of excitation, turbine and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). The crucial factors affecting the modern power systems today is voltage and load flow control. Simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment and realtime laboratory experimental studies carried out are described and the results show the successful control of the power system elements and the entire power system with adaptive and optimal neurocontrol schemes. Performances of the neurocontrollers are compared with the conventional PI controllers for damping under different operating conditions for …


An Adaptive Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Based Controller For A Static Compensator In A Multimachine Power System, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 2005

An Adaptive Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Based Controller For A Static Compensator In A Multimachine Power System, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An adaptive Mamdani based fuzzy logic controller has been designed for controlling a static compensator (STATCOM) in a multimachine power system. Such a controller does not need any prior knowledge of the plant to be controlled and can efficiently control a STATCOM during different disturbances in the network. A model free approach using the controller output error is applied for training purposes that adaptively changes the controller output parameters based on a gradient descent method. Moreover, shrinking span membership functions are used for a more stable and accurate control performance. Simulation results show that the proposed controller outperforms the conventional …


Analytical Model For The Rectangular Power-Ground Structure Including Radiation Loss, Ji Chen, Todd H. Hubing, Weimin Shi, R. L. Chen Jan 2005

Analytical Model For The Rectangular Power-Ground Structure Including Radiation Loss, Ji Chen, Todd H. Hubing, Weimin Shi, R. L. Chen

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An accurate analytical model to predict via coupling within rectangular power-return plane structures is developed. Loss mechanisms, including radiation loss, dielectric loss, and conductor loss, are considered in this model. The radiation loss is incorporated into a complex propagating wavenumber as an artificial loss mechanism. The quality factors associated with three loss mechanisms are calculated and compared. The effects of radiation loss on input impedances and reflection coefficients are investigated for both high-dielectric-loss and low-dielectric-loss printed circuit boards. Measurements are performed to validate the effectiveness of this model.


A Comparison Of Pso And Backpropagation For Training Rbf Neural Networks For Identification Of A Power System With Statcom, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Yamille Del Valle, Ronald G. Harley Jan 2005

A Comparison Of Pso And Backpropagation For Training Rbf Neural Networks For Identification Of A Power System With Statcom, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Yamille Del Valle, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Backpropagation algorithm is the most commonly used algorithm for training artificial neural networks. While being a straightforward procedure, it suffers from extensive computations, relatively slow convergence speed and possible divergence for certain conditions. The efficiency of this method as the training algorithm of a radial basis function neural network (RBFN) is compared with that of particle swarm optimization, for neural network based identification of a small power system with a static compensator. The comparison of the two methods is based on the convergence speed and robustness of each method.


A Microphone Array System For Multimedia Applications With Near-Field Signal Targets, Y. Rosa Zheng, M. El-Tanany, R. A. Goubran, Hongchi Shi Jan 2005

A Microphone Array System For Multimedia Applications With Near-Field Signal Targets, Y. Rosa Zheng, M. El-Tanany, R. A. Goubran, Hongchi Shi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A microphone array beamforming system is proposed for multimedia communication applications using four sets of small planar arrays mounted on a computer monitor. A new virtual array approach is employed such that the original signals received by the array elements are weighted and delayed to synthesize a large, nonuniformly spaced, harmonically nested virtual array covering the frequency band [50, 7000] Hz of the wideband telephony. Subband multirate processing and near-field beamforming techniques are then used jointly by the nested virtual array to improve the performances in reverberant environments. A new beamforming algorithm is also proposed using a broadband near-field spherically …


A New Test Setup And Method For The Calibration Of Current Clamps, David Pommerenke, Ramachandran Chundru, Sunitha Chandra Jan 2005

A New Test Setup And Method For The Calibration Of Current Clamps, David Pommerenke, Ramachandran Chundru, Sunitha Chandra

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Current probes are widely used to measure the common mode currents in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications. Often, it is necessary to characterize the ratio of measured voltage to the common mode currents up to gigahertz (GHz) frequencies. Existing calibration methods for current probes suffer from the problem of not directly measuring the current within the current clamp. Instead they either reconstruct the current from measurements at other locations or they use assumptions regarding the geometry which allows them to use a current that is measured at a different location without applying a mathematical correction. For example, by maintaining a 50-Ω …


A Novel Method Based On Neural Networks To Distinguish Between Load Harmonics And Source Harmonics In A Power System, Joy Mazumdar, Frank C. Lambert, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 2005

A Novel Method Based On Neural Networks To Distinguish Between Load Harmonics And Source Harmonics In A Power System, Joy Mazumdar, Frank C. Lambert, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.


A Robust Controller For The Manipulation Of Micro Scale Objects, Qinmin Yang, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2005

A Robust Controller For The Manipulation Of Micro Scale Objects, Qinmin Yang, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A suite of novel robust controllers is presented for the manipulation and handling of micro-scale objects in a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) where adhesive, surface tension, friction and van der Waals forces are dominant. Moreover, these forces are typically unknown. The robust controller overcomes the unknown system dynamics and ensures the performance in the presence of actuator constraints by assuming that the upper bounds on these forces are known. On the other hand, for the robust adaptive controller, the unknown forces are estimated online. Using the Lyapunov approach, the uniformly ultimate boundedness (UUB) of the closed-loop manipulation error is shown for …


Flow Distribution Characteristics Of A Gas-Liquid Monolith Reactor Using Computed Tomography, Shaibal Roy, Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan Jan 2005

Flow Distribution Characteristics Of A Gas-Liquid Monolith Reactor Using Computed Tomography, Shaibal Roy, Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Flow Distribution Characteristics Were Investigated and Quantified in a 0.05 M Diameter Monolith Reactor, Operated Co-Current Downward in the Taylor Flow Regime, using Gamma Ray Computed Tomography (CT). the Flow Conditions Were Selected to Operate the Reactor in the Taylor Flow Regime and to Bracket Some Commercially Viable Operating Conditions for Such Reactors. Various Operating Parameters Were Evaluated for their Effect on the Degree of Flow Non-Uniformity in the Monolith Crosssection. the Results Show that within the Range of Gas and Liquid Superficial Velocities Investigated, There Exists a Window of Operating Conditions (Intermediate Gas and Liquid Velocities) Which Corresponds to …


Phase Distribution In A High Pressure Slurry Bubble Column Via A Single Source Computed Tomography, Novica Rados, Ashfaq Shaikh, Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan Jan 2005

Phase Distribution In A High Pressure Slurry Bubble Column Via A Single Source Computed Tomography, Novica Rados, Ashfaq Shaikh, Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Due to their Numerous Advantages, Slurry Bubble Column Reactors (SBCR) Are Gaining Wide Importance in the Petroleum, Petrochemical, Chemical, and Biochemical Industries. Most Previous Literature Studies on the Fluid Dynamics and the Phase Holdup Distribution in SBCR Are Limited to Low Superficial Gas Velocity, Low Solids Loading, and the Atmospheric Pressure. Moreover, the Presence of a Solids Phase Poses Difficulties in Probe Measurement Techniques Such as Pitot Tube and Optical Probe and See through Measurement Techniques Such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). Single Source Γ-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) Has Been Used to Measure Cross-Sectional Phase Holdup …


A General Recurrent Neural Network Approach To Model Genetic Regulatory Networks, Xiao Hu, Anne M. Maglia, Donald C. Wunsch Jan 2005

A General Recurrent Neural Network Approach To Model Genetic Regulatory Networks, Xiao Hu, Anne M. Maglia, Donald C. Wunsch

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

There is an urgent need for tools to unravel the complex interactions and functionalities of genes. As such, there has been much interest in reverse-engineering genetic regulatory networks from time series gene expression data. We use an artificial neural network to model the dynamics of complicated gene networks and to learn their parameters. The positive and negative regulations of genes are defined by a weight matrix, and different genes are allowed to have different decaying time constants. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by recreating the SOS DNA Repair network of Escherichia coli bacterium, previously discovered through experimental data.


Law And Letters: A Detailed Examination Of David Hoffman's Life And Career, Bill Sleeman Jan 2005

Law And Letters: A Detailed Examination Of David Hoffman's Life And Career, Bill Sleeman

Faculty Scholarship

David Hoffman (1784-1854) has been cast as America's first legal ethicist and as the founder of one of the nation’s first original methods of legal instruction. While these interpretations of his life are certainly true, Hoffman’s life and career encompassed so much more than that. With few exceptions researchers have focused on Hoffman’s legal career and have left historians to wonder about his other pursuits. This article will review, in individual sections, the many facets of Hoffman's life and career in an effort to provide a more complete picture than has previously existed.


An Exploration Into The Impact Of Drama And Theatre On Policy, Mary Moynihan Jan 2005

An Exploration Into The Impact Of Drama And Theatre On Policy, Mary Moynihan

Books/Book Chapters

An Exploration into the Impact of Drama and Theatre on Policy aims to determine the influence, if any, that drama and theatre can have on policy for example in relation to social policy and issues such as marginalization, disadvantage, poverty and social exclusion. The booklet explores national and international models of drama and theatre practice for influencing policy including work from Smashing Times Theatre Company.


Outlook Club Of Rock Hill Records - Accession 210, Book Club Of Rock Hill, Outlook Jan 2005

Outlook Club Of Rock Hill Records - Accession 210, Book Club Of Rock Hill, Outlook

Manuscript Collection

Organized in 1904 as the Monday Afternoon Club and later the Monday Club, it became the Outlook Club in 1916. The original purpose of the book club (later the interests of the club were literary, social, and philanthropic) was to affect a better relationship between the wives of the Winthrop College faculty, and the women of Rock Hill, SC. The club was federated by the South Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs in 1907 and the General Federation of Women’s Clubs in 1933. Minutes, reports, correspondence, financial records, program notes, newspaper clippings, membership records, publications, constitutions and bylaws, historical data, yearbooks, …


The Architecture Of Dublin's Neo-Classical Roman Catholic Temples 1803-62, Brendan Grimes Jan 2005

The Architecture Of Dublin's Neo-Classical Roman Catholic Temples 1803-62, Brendan Grimes

Other resources

This thesis examines the architecture of Dublin’s 19th century neo-classical Catholic churches. The period under examination starts in 1803 with the campaign to build a new church in the Archbishop’s parish for the Catholic inhabitants of the city. This church, which later became known as the Pro-Cathedral, was opened for worship in 1825, and completed 1841 with the building of its Greek Doric temple front. During this period work started on several more neo-classical churches.The first, after the Pro-Cathedral, was the Church of the Carmelite friary, Whitefriar Street, started in 1825. The series continued with Saint Nicholas of Myra, Francis …


The Translation Of Radical Ideas Into Radical Action: The American Revolution And Revolutionary Philadelphia, Angela Skeggs Jan 2005

The Translation Of Radical Ideas Into Radical Action: The American Revolution And Revolutionary Philadelphia, Angela Skeggs

Constructing the Past

This paper seeks to analyze the role of Philadelphia as a hotbed of revolutionary activity directly preceding and during the American Revolution. By exploring primary documents, Skeggs attempts to piece together the path to the radical changes in government structure and civil liberties in Pennslyvania. By doing so, she shows that both ideology and action played integral roles in shaping the transformation of Philadelphia from a conservative area to a center of radicalism.


Adaptive Replication And Access Control Of Multimedia Data In A P2p Environment, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Sanjeev Agarwal Jan 2005

Adaptive Replication And Access Control Of Multimedia Data In A P2p Environment, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Sanjeev Agarwal

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper explores some of the ideas and solutions related to replication and access control of multimedia data in a hierarchical P2P environment. We provided overview of the techniques to generate multiresolution of multimedia data and explored error recovery and access control issues.


Modeling And Control Of Re-Entry Heat Transfer Problem Using Neural Networks, Katie Grantham, Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan, Dwight C. Look Jan 2005

Modeling And Control Of Re-Entry Heat Transfer Problem Using Neural Networks, Katie Grantham, Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan, Dwight C. Look

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A nonlinear optimal re-entry temperature control problem is solved using single network adaptive critic (SNAC) technique. The nonlinear model developed and used accounts for conduction, convection and radiation at high temperature, represents the dynamics of heat transfer in a cooling fin for an object re-entering the earth's atmosphere. Simulation results demonstrate that the control synthesis technique presented is very effective in obtaining a desired temperature profile over a wide envelope of initial temperature distribution.


Fabrication Of Inverted Opal Zno Photonic Crystals By Atomic Layer Deposition, Michael Scharrer, Xiaohua Wu, Alexey Yamilov, Hui Cao, Robert P. H. Chang Jan 2005

Fabrication Of Inverted Opal Zno Photonic Crystals By Atomic Layer Deposition, Michael Scharrer, Xiaohua Wu, Alexey Yamilov, Hui Cao, Robert P. H. Chang

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We have fabricated three-dimensional optically active ZnO photonic crystals by infiltrating polystyrene opal templates using a low-temperature atomic layer deposition process. The polystyrene is removed by firing the samples at elevated temperatures, and reactive ion etching is used to remove the top layer of ZnO and expose the (111) photonic crystal surface. The resulting structures have high filling fractions, possess photonic band gaps in the near-UV to visible spectrum, and exhibit efficient photoluminescence.


Method Of Metallurgically Bonding Articles And Article Therefor, L. G. Hector Jr, Hai-Lung Tsai, P.-C. Wang Jan 2005

Method Of Metallurgically Bonding Articles And Article Therefor, L. G. Hector Jr, Hai-Lung Tsai, P.-C. Wang

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An article suitable for laser-welded metallurgical bonding, the article having a first part having a lower surface, and a second part having an upper surface is disclosed. The lower surface of the first part is disposed at the upper surface of the second part to provide for a faying surface thereat. The faying surface has a plurality of channels with a depth equal to or greater than about 1 micron and equal to or less than about 1000 microns. The article is suitable for laser-welded metallurgical bonding at the faying surface. The plurality of channels has a repetitive pattern of …


Distorted Wave Born And Three-Body Distorted Wave Born Approximation Calculations Of The Fully Differential Cross Section For Electron-Impact Ionization Of Nitrogen Molecules, Junfang Gao, Don H. Madison, Jerry Peacher Jan 2005

Distorted Wave Born And Three-Body Distorted Wave Born Approximation Calculations Of The Fully Differential Cross Section For Electron-Impact Ionization Of Nitrogen Molecules, Junfang Gao, Don H. Madison, Jerry Peacher

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Currently there are no reliable theoretical approaches for calculating fully differential cross sections (FDCSs) for low-energy electron-impact ionization of large molecules. We have recently proposed the orientation-averaged molecular orbital (OAMO) for calculating cross sections averaged over molecular orientations. In this paper, we use the OAMO to calculate distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and molecular three-body distorted wave (M3DW) Born approximation FDCS for electron-impact ionization of the nitrogen molecule. Both coplanar symmetric and asymmetric FDCSs are investigated in the energy range of 35.6-400 eV. by comparing with the experimental data, we found that the M3DW is reasonably accurate in this energy …


Field And Intensity Correlations In Amplifying Random Media, Alexey Yamilov, Shih-Hui Chang, Alexander Burin, Allen Taflove, Hui Cao Jan 2005

Field And Intensity Correlations In Amplifying Random Media, Alexey Yamilov, Shih-Hui Chang, Alexander Burin, Allen Taflove, Hui Cao

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We study local and nonlocal correlations of light transmitted through active random media. The conventional approach results in divergence of ensemble-averaged correlation functions due to the existence of lasing realizations. We introduce a conditional average for correlation functions by omitting the divergent realizations. Our numerical simulation reveals that amplification does not affect local spatial correlation. The nonlocal intensity correlations are strongly magnified due to selective enhancement of the contributions from long propagation paths. We also show that by increasing gain, the average mode linewidth can be made comparable to the average mode spacing. This implies that light transport through a …


How Generic Scale Invariance Influences Quantum And Classical Phase Transitions, D. Belitz, T. Kirkpatrick, Thomas Vojta Jan 2005

How Generic Scale Invariance Influences Quantum And Classical Phase Transitions, D. Belitz, T. Kirkpatrick, Thomas Vojta

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

This review discusses a paradigm that has become of increasing importance in the theory of quantum phase transitions, namely, the coupling of the order-parameter fluctuations to other soft modes and the resulting impossibility of constructing a simple Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson theory in terms of the order parameter only. The soft modes in question are manifestations of generic scale invariance, i.e., the appearance of long-range order in whole regions in the phase diagram. The concept of generic scale invariance and its influence on critical behavior is explained using various examples, both classical and quantum mechanical. The peculiarities of quantum phase transitions are discussed, …


Photonic Band Structure Of Zno Photonic Crystal Slab Laser, Alexey Yamilov, X. Wu, Hui Cao Jan 2005

Photonic Band Structure Of Zno Photonic Crystal Slab Laser, Alexey Yamilov, X. Wu, Hui Cao

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We recently reported on the realization of ultraviolet photonic crystal laser based on zinc oxide [Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3657 (2004)]. Here we present the details of structural design and its optimization. We develop a computational supercell technique that allows a straightforward calculation of the photonic band structure of ZnO photonic crystal slab on sapphire substrate. We find that despite the small index contrast between the substrate and the photonic layer, the low-order eigenmodes have predominantly transverse-electric (TE) or transverse-magnetic polarization. Because emission from ZnO thin film shows a strong TE preference, we are able to limit our consideration to …


Energy-Efficient Rate Adaptation Mac Protocol For Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2005

Energy-Efficient Rate Adaptation Mac Protocol For Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Resource constraints in ad hoc wireless networks require that they are energy efficient during both transmission and rate adaptation. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient rate adaptation protocol that selects modulation schemes online to maximize throughput based on channel state while saving energy. This protocol uses the distributed power control (DPC) algorithm (M. Zawodniok et al., 2004) to accurately determine the necessary transmission power and to reduce the energy consumption. Additionally, the transmission rate is altered using energy efficiency as a constraint to meet the required throughput, which is estimated with queue fill ratio. Moreover, back-off scheme is …


Esd Susceptibility Characterization Of An Eut By Using 3d Esd Scanning System, Kai Wang, Jayong Koo, Giorgi Muchaidze, David Pommerenke Jan 2005

Esd Susceptibility Characterization Of An Eut By Using 3d Esd Scanning System, Kai Wang, Jayong Koo, Giorgi Muchaidze, David Pommerenke

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Electrostatic discharges (ESD) can lead to soft-errors (e.g., bit-errors, wrong resets etc.) in digital electronics. The use of lower threshold voltages and faster I/O increases the sensitivity. In the analysis of ESD problems, an exact knowledge of the affected pins and nets is essential for an optimal solution. In this paper, a three dimensional ESD scanning system which has been developed to record the ESD susceptibility map for printed circuit board is presented and the mechanisms that the ESD event couples into the digital devices is studied. The ESD susceptibility of a fast CMOS EUT is characterized by generating the …


Evolving Combinational Logic Circuits Using A Hybrid Quantum Evolution And Particle Swarm Inspired Algorithm, Phillip W. Moore, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy Jan 2005

Evolving Combinational Logic Circuits Using A Hybrid Quantum Evolution And Particle Swarm Inspired Algorithm, Phillip W. Moore, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, an algorithm inspired from quantum evolution and particle swarm to evolve combinational logic circuits is presented. This algorithm uses the framework of the local version of particle swarm optimization with quantum evolutionary algorithms, and integer encoding. A multi-objective fitness function is used to evolve the combinational logic circuits in order obtain feasible circuits with minimal number of gates in the design. A comparative study indicates the superior performance of the hybrid quantum evolution-particle swarm inspired algorithm over the particle swarm and other evolutionary algorithms (such as genetic algorithms) independently.


Genetic Algorithms Based Economic Dispatch With Application To Coordination Of Nigerian Thermal Power Plants, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, G. A. Bakare, U. O. Aliyu, Y. K. Shu'aibu Jan 2005

Genetic Algorithms Based Economic Dispatch With Application To Coordination Of Nigerian Thermal Power Plants, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, G. A. Bakare, U. O. Aliyu, Y. K. Shu'aibu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The main focus of this paper is on the application of genetic algorithm (GA) to search for an optimal solution to a realistically formulated economic dispatch (ED) problem. GA is a global search technique based on principles inspired from the genetic and evolution mechanism observed in natural biological systems. A major drawback of the conventional GA (CGA) approach is that it can be time consuming. The micro-GA (µGA) approach has been proposed as a better time efficient alternative for some engineering problems. The effectiveness of CGA and µGA. to solving ED problem is initially verified on an IEEE 3-generating unit, …