Digital Commons Network^™

การทดสอบสมมติฐานเกี่ยวกับความเป็นอิสระของตัวแบบล็อกการิทึมเชิงเส้นที่มีการแจกแจงพหุนาม, ประกาศิต สิงคะตีระ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อเปรียบเทียบวิธีการทดสอบสมมติฐานเกี่ยวกับความเป็นอิสระของตัวแปรเชิงกลุ่ม 3 ตัวแปร ในตารางการณ์จร 3 ทาง ขนาด 2x2x2 และศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ที่จะนำวิธีการมอนติคาร์โลมาใช้แทนวิธีการทดสอบด้วยตัวสถิติอัตราส่วนภาวะน่าจะเป็น วิธีการทดสอบที่นำมาศึกษาเปรียบเทียบมี 3 วิธี ได้แก่ วิธีการทดสอบด้วยตัวสถิติอัตราส่วนภาวะน่าจะเป็น วิธีการทดสอบด้วยตัวสถิติของเซลเทอร์แมนและวิธีมอนติคาร์โล โดยวิธีการมอนติคาร์โลเป็นวิธีการทดสอบสมมติฐานที่ไม่อาศัยค่าวิกฤติของตัวสถิติทดสอบ แต่จะทำการเปรียบเทียบค่าสถิติที่คำนวณได้จากข้อมูลตัวอย่างที่ต้องการศึกษากับค่าสถิติที่คำนวณได้จากข้อมูลเทียมแต่ละชุดที่จำลองขึ้นโดยการสุ่มตัวอย่างซ้ำภายใต้ข้อกำหนดตามสมมติฐานว่าง เพื่อนำไปสู่การหาค่า P-value ผู้วิจัยได้ทำการศึกษาในแต่ละตัวแบบที่เป็นไปได้และเป็นตัวแบบที่มีรูปแบบปิดของค่าความถี่คาดหวัง เพื่อให้สามารถจำลองข้อมูลได้ถูกต้อง ซึ่งตัวแบบต่างๆ ประกอบด้วยตัวแบบที่เป็นอิสระอย่างสมบูรณ์ ตัวแบบความเป็นอิสระร่วม และตัวแบบความเป็นอิสระอย่างมีเงื่อนไข และได้กำหนดระดับความสัมพันธ์ให้กับตัวแปรร่วมที่มีความสัมพันธ์ร่วมกัน จากน้อยไปหามากคือ 0.25, 0.50 และ 0.75 ขนาดตัวอย่างที่ใช้คือ 40, 60, 80, 120, 160, 200 และ 240 และระดับนัยสำคัญที่ใช้คือ 0.05 และ 0.01 เกณฑ์ที่ใช้ในการเปรียบเทียบคือการพิจารณาความสามารถในการควบคุมความน่าจะเป็นของความผิดพลาดประเภทที่ 1 และ ค่าอำนาจการทดสอบ การวิจัยครั้งนี้ได้จำลองข้อมูลโดยกระทำซ้ำแบบเทคนิคมอนติคาร์โล (Monte Carlo simulation technique) จำนวน 500 ครั้ง ซึ่งในแต่ละครั้งจะกระทำซ้ำแบบมอนติคาร์โลอีก 500 ครั้ง เพื่อสร้างชุดข้อมูล 500 ชุด เพื่อคำนวณค่า P-value ของวิธีการทดสอบแบบมอนติคาร์โล ผลการวิจัยสามารถสรุปได้ดังนี้ วิธีการทดสอบทั้ง 3 วิธีสามารถควบคุมความน่าจะเป็นของความผิดพลาดประเภทที่ 1 ได้ในทุกสถานการณ์ วิธีการมอนติคาร์โลมีแนวโน้มที่จะให้ค่าอำนาจการทดสอบสูงที่สุด รองลงมาคือวิธีการทดสอบด้วยตัวสถิติอัตราส่วนภาวะน่าจะเป็น และวิธีการสอบด้วยตัวสถิติของเซลเทอร์แมน และโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในกรณีตัวอย่างขนาดเล็ก วิธีการมอนติคาร์โลจะมีค่าอำนาจการทดสอบสูงกว่าวิธีการอื่นอย่างชัดเจน ทั้งนี้เนื่องจากแนวคิดของวิธีการมอนติคาร์โลที่มีการจำลองข้อมูลเทียมหลายชุดภายใต้สมมติฐานว่างขึ้นมาพิจารณานั้นเสมือนเป็นการสร้างขอบเขตที่เป็นไปได้ของข้อมูลตามข้อกำหนดในสมมติฐานว่าง เพื่อเปรียบเทียบกับข้อมูลตัวอย่างที่ศึกษา จึงมีความถูกต้องมากกว่าการทดสอบสมมติฐานโดยทั่วไปซึ่งเป็นการเปรียบเทียบระหว่างค่าสถิติที่คำนวณได้กับค่าวิกฤติเพียงครั้งเดียว นอกจากนี้ยังพบว่าค่าอำนาจการทดสอบของวิธีการทดสอบทั้ง 3 วิธีแปรผันตามขนาดตัวอย่าง ระดับความสัมพันธ์ของตัวแปรร่วม และระดับนัยสำคัญ โดยสรุป ผู้วิจัยพบว่ามีความเป็นไปได้ที่จะนำเอาการทดสอบสมมติฐานด้วยวิธีการมอนติคาร์โลมาใช้ทดสอบสมมติฐานเกี่ยวกับความเป็นอิสระของตัวแบบล็อกการิทึมเชิงเส้น แทนการทดสอบทั้งสองวิธีดังกล่าวใน 3 ตัวแบบข้างต้นได้ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในกรณีตัวอย่างขนาดเล็ก

Bird Depredation, James F. Glahn, D. Tommy King

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

A survey of catfish producers by the United States Department of Agriculture, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (CEAH) in 1996 indicated that the two primary sources of catfish losses in commercial operations were disease (45%) and wildlife (37%) (CEAH 1997a). A variety of avian and mammalian predators are amracred to aquaculture facilities in the United States (Parkhurs: er al. 1992) because ponds and open raceways provide a constant and readily accessible food supply for these animals. However, the mere presence of these predators arcund aquaculture faciliries does not necessarily mean that significant depredation problems are occurring. At catfish farms, …

Functional Feeding Responses Of Coyotes, Canis Latrans, To Fl Uctuating Prey Abundance Inthe Curlew Valley, Utah, 1977–1993 , Rebecca A. Bartel, Frederick F. Knowlton

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We investigated interactions between coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and prey in the Curlew Valley, Utah, by comparing prey abundances with prey consumption rates. Previous studies reported a cyclic trend in black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus Gray, 1837) density with a period of 10 years and >150-fold amplitude, as well as short-term fl uctuations among some rodent species that exceeded an 8-fold difference in amplitude over 2 years. Our results suggest changes in coyote diets mainly refl ect the fl uctuations in jackrabbit abundance. Prey switching to rodents during periods of low jackrabbit abundance also was evident. We used the initial …

Seasonal Activity Areas Of Coyotes In The Bear River Mountains Of Utah And Idaho, Glen F. Gantz, Frederick F. Knowlton

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We studied the seasonal movement patterns and dispersal of coyotes (Canis latrans) in the Bear River Mountains of northern Utah and southern Idaho to determine whether coyotes in this montane region exhibit an altitudinal migration on a seasonal basis. We used 3 locational parameters to assess whether a seasonal altitudinal migration was evident, including overlap in seasonal activity areas, distance between harmonic mean centers of activity, and seasonal differences in mean elevations of locations. Winter and summer activity areas of every mature coyote overlapped, with mean distances between harmonic centers of seasonal activity of 1.5 km (range = 0.4–3.3 km). …

Pest Control: Rodents, Mark E. Tobin, Michael W. Fall

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Rodents are an important and ubiquitous group of mammals that occur as indigenous or introduced species throughout the world. The populations of a relatively few species that live in close association with humans sometimes cause economic damage or become threats to the health of humans or domestic animals. When rodent control efforts are contemplated, the type of problem and the objectives of these efforts should be carefully defined. Successful management of rodent problems depends upon correct identification of the rodent species involved and on obtaining information on the biology, ecology, and behavior of the species in the ecological setting where …

Coyote And Wolf Habitat Use In Northwestern Montana, Wendy M. Arjo, Daniel H. Peltscher

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Being a habitat generalist is an adaptation suategy that has allowed the coyote to expand its range. As wolves reestablish, or are reintroduced, resident populations of coyotes may change habitat use. We compared habitat use between coyotes and wolves in Glacier National Park after successful recolonization by wolves. Two wolf oacks and nine coyotes were monitored from June 1994 throueh June 1997 to determine habitat use in northwestern Montana. Wolves used habitat types within their home ranges in proportion to availability during the winter, but not the summer when more open areas and burned forests were used. Most coyotes used …

Trends In North American Vulture Populations, Michael L. Avery

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

In recent years, interactions between vultures and human activities have noticeably increased. These interactions include nuisance roosts, damage to homes and businesses, livestock depredation, and collisions with aircraft. One major factor contributing to the upsurge in vulture problems is higher numbers of these birds. Both turkey vultures and black vultures appear to be experiencing major population increases throughout much of their ranges in the United States. During 1990-2002, Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data revealed annual nationwide increases of 1.79% and 5.97% for turkey wltures and black vultures, respectively. Estimates *om Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data were 1.99% and 4.97% for …

Managing Wolf Depredation In The United States: Past, Present, And Future, Stewart W. Breck, Tom Meier

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

With the successful recolonization and reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupus) in parts of the western United States (Bangs and Fritts, 1996; Bangs et al., 1998) and the natural expansion of wolves in the upper Midwest (Fuller et al., 1992; Thiel, 2001), managing conflicts between wolves and livestock is a growing issue for livestock producers, resource professionals, and the general public (Mech, 1996). Unlike the coyote, (Canis latrans) where a great deal is known regarding the biology and ecology of depredation and methods for managing it (Knowlton et al., 1999), very little is known regarding patterns and processes of wolves preying …

Usda Wildlife Services Image Collection: Creating An Online Database Of Digital Images Using Contentdmtmso Rware, Diana L. Dwyer

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Photographic images are valuable assets in wildlife damage management research. Photographs are used in ~resentation.s ~.. u bublicationsw, ehsites. and wsters to illustrate dama-ge mblems. the mcies involved and management solutions. & - 'However, organizing phot&aphic &llecions is time consuming, requires special storage, and locating individual images becomes difficult as collections grow. This article demonstrates the USDA Wildlife Senices Image Collection Database and describes the steps taken in creatingthe database, scanning the images, developing a conwolled vocabulary and metadata, and Internet search screens. The database allows users to search by keyword, +lay search results, and download selected images hectly into …

Relationship Of Raccoon Road-Kill Data To High-Density Marine Turtle Nesting, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, William J.B. Miller

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Four ycars of data from a hiyh-density n~arine turtle nesting hcach at John D. MacArthur Beach Statc Park, Florida wcrc examined along with data on raccoon (Procyon lotor.) ruad-kills from adjaccnt roads, and data on park attendance (as an index of local traffic) to make infcrcnces about raccoon activity patterns relative to turtle ncsting. Raccoon road-kills were found Lo diminish subsiantially during turtle nesting, even though local traffic was constant or increasing. Opossums (Didelphis virginiana). the only other maminal consistcntly foluid as road-kills, did not show a decrease during ti~rtlen esting season, but they are not known as a primary …

Gopherus Berlandieri (Texas Tortoise). Mortality., Richard M. Engeman, Michael J. Pipas, Henry T. Smith

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Using Geographic Information System (Gis) Software To Predict Blackbird Roosting Locations In North Dakota, Ryan L. Wimberly, Tony A. Slowik, H. Jeffrey Homan, Linda B. Penry

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Cattail stands provide roosting and staging areas for large congregations of blackbirds in North Dakota in late summer and early fall. Since 1991, the U.S. Depamnent of Agriculture, Ammal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (WS) program has conducted a cattail management program in North Dakota to alleviate blackbird damage to ripening sunflower. To extend the capabilities of the program, a geographical mformation system (GIS) will be incorporated to help WS personnel find blackbird roosts more effectively. We will use the GIs to construct field maps showing the association between areas of moderate to hgh sunilower damage (>5%) …

Propane Exploders And Electronic Guards Were Ineffective At Reducing Deer Damage In Cornfields, Jason M. Gilsdorf, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Erin E. Blankenship, Richard M. Engeman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) cause millions of dollars of damage to agricultural crops annually. We tested the effectiveness of propane exploders and Electronic Guards (Pocatello Supply Depot, Pocatello, Id.) for reducing deer damage in cornfields during the silking–tasseling stage of growth. Track-count indices (F2,7=0.70, P=0.532), corn yields (F2,6=0.14, P=0.873), and estimated damage levels (F2,12=1.45 P=0.272) did not differ between experimental and control fields. The size (F2,11=0.08, P=0.924), location (F2,9=0.30, P=0.750), and percent overlap (F2,9=0.46, P=0.644) of use-areas of radiomarked female deer in the vicinity of experimental fields did not differ among before, during, and after 18-day treatment periods. In a …

Use Of Roadkill Data To Index And Relate Raccoon Activity At A Heavily Predated, High-Density Marine Turtle Nesting Beach, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, William J.B. Miller

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Four years of data from a high-density marine turtle nesting beach at John D. MacArthur Beach State Park, Florida were examined along with data on raccoon road-kills from adjacent roads, and data on park attendance (as an index of local traffic) to make inferences about raccoon activity patterns relative to turtle nesting. Raccoon road-klls were found to diminish substantially during turtle nesting, even though local traffic was constant or increasing. Opossums, the only other mammal consistently found as road-kills, did not show a decrease during turtle nesting season, but they are not known as a primary predator of turtle nests. …

Leiocephalus Carinatus Armouri (Northern Curlytailed Lizard), Henry T. Smith, Richard M. Engeman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Solutions Through Science: Protecting Sunflowers From Blackbirds

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

In late summer, large flocks of blackbirds gather in the northern Great Plains to prepare for their strenuous migration to southern wintering grounds in the United States and Mexico. The birds acquire energy for their trip by feasting on energy-rich seeds and berries. Unfortunately for farmers, many of those seeds come from agricultural crops. Red-winged blackbirds, common grackles, and yellow-headed blackbirds cause most of the damage to commercial crops. Sunflower producers in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota suffer millions of dollars’ worth of losses annually due to blackbirds.

Reducing blackbird damage to sunflower crops continues to be a challenge …

Ninebanded Armadillo (Dasypus Novemcinctus), Michael T. Mengak

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Scientists classify armadillos with anteaters and sloths. This tells us that they have poorly developed teeth and limited mobility. In fact, armadillos have small, peg-like teeth that are useful for grinding their food but of little value for capturing prey. No other mammal in Georgia has bony skin plates or a “shell”, which makes the armadillo easy to identify. Just like a turtle, the shell is called a carapace. Armadillos are common in central and southern Georgia and are moving northward. Only one species of armadillo lives in Georgia and the southeastern U.S. However, 20 recognized species are found throughout …

Allocation Of Exceptional Student Education Resources In A Large Public School District, Andrew C. Binns

Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive

In an era of shrinking operating budgets for public schools, it is important that resources are used efficiently and are allocated equitably. Exceptional Student Education (ESE) resources (disabled and gifted) encompass over 20% of school operating budgets with students in these programs being some of the most expensive to educate. In Florida, each individual school district allocates their ESE resources to school centers using an approach unique to their district. As the resources encompass so much of the district’s operating budget, it would be beneficial for districts to be able to identify commonalities in these allocations across other school districts. …

Development Of An Orientation Seminar For Displaced Workers Returning To The North Carolina Community Colleges With A Plan For Implementation And Evaluation, Kathryn Geisen

Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive

Central Carolina Community College at Lillington, North Carolina is a 2-year public community college. The problem is that Central Carolina Community College has had dislocated workers attending classes. Academic failure has resulted in 59% of these students withdrawing. High attrition has led to a loss of full-time equivalent students because the college is unable to meet their special needs.

In response, an orientation seminar was developed with a plan for implementation and evaluation. The primary methodology was development and secondary was evaluation.

In this project, 4 research questions prompted procedures that were needed. These research questions for this project required …

Development Of An Online Instructional Model For West Chester University Faculty With A Plan For Implementation And Evaluation, Tracy A. Clark

Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive

The purpose of this applied research dissertation was to develop an online instructional model for West Chester University faculty. In addition, structural, delivery, and evaluation criteria were identified for the purpose of implementing and evaluating the online instructional model. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods were utilized to developed a number of products which include an executive brief, online instructional resource handbook, and implementation and evaluation plans. Each product intention will catalyze instructional strategies that will increase learner performance.

All five-research questions were answered during this applied research dissertation. The researcher engaged in the following procedures to answer the …

Evaluating The Disparity Of Female Breast Cancer Mortality Among Racial Groups - A Spatiotemporal Analysis, Chiehwen E. Hsu, Holly Jacobson, Francisco Soto Mas

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background The literature suggests that the distribution of female breast cancer mortality demonstrates spatial concentration. There remains a lack of studies on how the mortality burden may impact racial groups across space and over time. The present study evaluated the geographic variations in breast cancer mortality in Texas females according to three predominant racial groups (non-Hispanic White, Black, and Hispanic females) over a twelve-year period. It sought to clarify whether the spatiotemporal trend might place an uneven burden on particular racial groups, and whether the excess trend has persisted into the current decade.

Methods The Spatial Scan Statistic was employed …

Detecting Spatiotemporal Clusters Of Accidental Poisoning Mortality Among Texas Counties, Us, 1980 – 2001, Ella T. Nkhoma, Chiehwen E. Hsu, Victoria I. Hunt, Ann M. Harris

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background Accidental poisoning is one of the leading causes of injury in the United States, second only to motor vehicle accidents. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rates of accidental poisoning mortality have been increasing in the past fourteen years nationally. In Texas, mortality rates from accidental poisoning have mirrored national trends, increasing linearly from 1981 to 2001. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are spatiotemporal clusters of accidental poisoning mortality among Texas counties, and if so, whether there are variations in clustering and risk according to gender and race/ethnicity. The Spatial …

Transport Of Pesticides Through Soil Columns From Al-Ain Area, United Arab Emirates, Huda Ateeq Al Hassani

Theses

Proper management of pesticides application in the UAE is greatly lacking, causing waste of resources and environmental concerns due to the excessive use of these chemicals. It has been reported that the rate of pesticides use in UAE reaches about 10 kg/hectare/yr, posing a potential threat to the quality of water in underlying aquifers. Little, however, is known about the mobility of applied pesticides in the UAE subsurface environment and the impact of these pesticides on soil and groundwater quality.

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the fate and mobility of pesticides in the UAE …

The Role Of The Solid Substrate On The Spreading Kinetics Of A Liquid Droplet, Bashar Jalal Sasa

Theses

Classic hydrodynamic wetting theory leads to a linear relationship between spreading speed and the capillary force, being determined only by the surface tension of the liquid and its viscosity.

The theory appears in good agreement with results generated from experiments conducted on the spreading of Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) on soda-lime glass substrate and fails to account for the behavior of other liquids. This thesis examines the role played by the solid substrate on the spreading kinetics of liquid droplets. The set of experiments whose results are presented below used different types of liquids with various properties of surface tension and viscosity …

Expert Knowledge And The Role Of Consultants In An Emerging Knowledge-Based Economy, Hans-Dieter Evers, Thomas Menkhoff

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In the emerging globalised knowledge society/economy, a group of professionals, namely experts and consultants gain in importance. The paper discusses the following issues: Who are these experts and consultants? Why is this group of knowledge workers strategically important and why is their importance - socially in terms of number of persons and economically in terms of output or turnover - growing? How can we explain the increasing professionalisation of consultants? How do they gain their expertise and which role does academic knowledge play in professional attainment? How do consultants package and apply expert knowledge? What are the challenges experts and …

The Police Power And The Takings Clause, D. Benjamin Barros

University of Miami Law Review

No abstract provided.

Partner To Plutocrat: The Separation Of Ownership From Management In Emerging Capital Markets - 19th Century Industrial America, Christian C. Day

University of Miami Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Flawed System Exposed: The Immigration Adjudicatory System And Asylum For Sexual Minorities, Robert C. Leitner

University of Miami Law Review

No abstract provided.

Trusset: Parallel Development Of Software And Construction Systems For Space-Truss Structures, Cory Clarke, Phillip Anzalone

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

2004-2005 Undergraduate Catalog, Morehead State University

Morehead State Catalog Archive

2004-2005 undergraduate catalog for Morehead State University.