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Churches And Bars : A Glimpse Of Small-Town North Dakota, Heather Tysse
Churches And Bars : A Glimpse Of Small-Town North Dakota, Heather Tysse
Undergraduate Theses and Senior Projects
No abstract provided.
Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski
Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski
LSU Master's Theses
Waterfowl managers in Minnesota and other states are concerned that increased kill rates associated with the use of spinning-wing decoys (SWDs) may negatively affect local breeding populations of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). I conducted 219 experimental hunts to evaluate hunting vulnerability of mallards to SWDs during the 2002 duck-hunting season in Minnesota. Following experimental hunts, I asked volunteer hunters to complete post-hunt questionnaires to document their hunting experience, and their use and opinions of SWDs. Finally, I used stable isotope methodology to determine natal origins of HY mallards killed during experimental hunts. I found that mallard flocks (≥1 duck) were 2.91 …
Mystery, Wonder, And Awe : The True Nature Of Science, Katie E. Rau
Mystery, Wonder, And Awe : The True Nature Of Science, Katie E. Rau
Undergraduate Theses and Senior Projects
No abstract provided.
The Way Words Feel : A Collection Of Short Stories, Casey Gordon
The Way Words Feel : A Collection Of Short Stories, Casey Gordon
Undergraduate Theses and Senior Projects
No abstract provided.
The California Hospital Lien Act And "Balance Billing": Protecting Innocent Patients' Right To Limit A Medical Care Provider's Recovery By Statutory Lien, Darien J. Covelens
The California Hospital Lien Act And "Balance Billing": Protecting Innocent Patients' Right To Limit A Medical Care Provider's Recovery By Statutory Lien, Darien J. Covelens
UC Law Journal
The California Courts of Appeal are currently split over the issue of whether the California Hospital Lien Act allows "balance billing." The First District allows medical care providers to recover the difference between their customary rates and the negotiated discount rates paid by a patient's health insurance carrier. The Second District has held balance billing is prohibited by California law. This Note explains the conflict that exists within the California Appellate Courts and analyzes the effects of applying each District's interpretation of the Hospital Lien Act. The legislative history to the Hospital Lien Act, similar federal statutes, and public policy …
Developmentally Appropriate Practice: A Case Study Of Mentoring For Teacher Change, Judi Martin Mccaslin
Developmentally Appropriate Practice: A Case Study Of Mentoring For Teacher Change, Judi Martin Mccaslin
LSU Master's Theses
This project was a qualitative case study that recorded and analyzed the professional development of one certified elementary teacher as she studied developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) and pursued her Pre-K and Kindergarten add-on certification. It focused on the changes in her classroom practice from mostly developmentally inappropriate practice (DIP) at the beginning of the project towards mostly DAP at the end of the project. The project recorded her acquisition of concrete knowledge about DAP, and her beliefs regarding DAP as she taught young children over the course of one year, June 2003 through May 2004. It included study of the …
Isolation Of Aflatoxin-Free Lutein From Aflatoxin-Contaminated Corn, Evdokia Menelaou
Isolation Of Aflatoxin-Free Lutein From Aflatoxin-Contaminated Corn, Evdokia Menelaou
LSU Master's Theses
Lutein (3,3’-dihydroxy-alpha-carotene) has been identified by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) of the National Institute of Health (NIH) as a dietary compound with the ability to delay the onset and/or progression of age-related and/or diabetes-related vision loss. Lutein can also be useful in the prevention of other angiogenic diseases such as breast and colon cancer. Although marigold (Tagetes erecta) flowers are an excellent source of lutein, corn (Zea mays) has been identified as a very economical source of lutein because more value-added products, such as lutein, oil, and zein (known for its anti-microbial and anti-hypertensive activities) can be isolated …
Evaluation Of The Usda Shafter Cotton (Gossypium Spp.) Collection For Agronomic And Fiber Traits, Jimmy Xavier Zumba
Evaluation Of The Usda Shafter Cotton (Gossypium Spp.) Collection For Agronomic And Fiber Traits, Jimmy Xavier Zumba
LSU Master's Theses
Many recent additions to the US Cotton Germplasm collection are uncharacterized for common germplasm descriptors. Our objective was to evaluate a subset of this germplasm for their potential to contribute to future plant improvement efforts. One hundred fifty four cotton germplasm lines from the former USDA cotton breeding program at Shafter, California were evaluated in the field (LSU AgCenter Northeast Research Station, Saint Joseph, LA) in 2003 along with three modern commercial varieties (Delta and Pine Land �Deltapearl�, �Fibermax 958�, and �Phytogen 355�). Due to limited seed availability, an unreplicated modified augmented statistical design-2 was used, with single row plots …
Soils Of Regeneration: Exploring Conceptualizations Of The Natural World As A Context For An Ecologically-Sensitive Curriculum, Emily A. Demoor
Soils Of Regeneration: Exploring Conceptualizations Of The Natural World As A Context For An Ecologically-Sensitive Curriculum, Emily A. Demoor
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
David Orr (1994) asserts that the ecological crisis is a crisis of education. This study explores the relationship between the ecological crisis and education by examining the role that language plays in shaping perceptions of the natural world. Toward this end it analyzes narratives of science, literature and other disciplines that conceptualize the natural world as object and as subject. It evaluates how particular metaphors used in reference to the natural world enhance or impede ecological understanding and the cultivation of responsibility and stewardship and considers ways in which these conceptualizations might be used as a basis for new curriculum …
American Verismo?: Insights Into The Padrone, And Opera By George Whitefield Chadwick (13 November 1854 - 4 April 1931), Jon Steffen Truitt
American Verismo?: Insights Into The Padrone, And Opera By George Whitefield Chadwick (13 November 1854 - 4 April 1931), Jon Steffen Truitt
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The contribution of George Whitefield Chadwick (13 November 1854 – 4 April 1931) to American music comes in many forms: composer, teacher, conductor, pianist and organist. A leading figure of the Second School of New England composers, Chadwick was also largely responsible for the effective reorganization of the New England Conservatory. He was arguably one of the most influential teachers in American music in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. This study deals with Chadwick’s last opera intended for professional production, The Padrone. The opera, an American example of Italian verismo, is …
Activity-Based Anorexia: The Effects Of Resistant Starch, Holly M. Nguyen
Activity-Based Anorexia: The Effects Of Resistant Starch, Holly M. Nguyen
LSU Master's Theses
Anorexia nervosa is the third most common illness among adolescent females. Approximately one half the cases of anorexia nervosa have been suggested to be activity-induced. Various animal studies have been used to study human anorexia, particularly the activity-based anorexia model (ABA). The ABA paradigm consists of diet restriction and liberal access to activity, which ultimately results in a rapid decrease in both body weight and food intake paradoxical to the significant increase in activity. Because resistant starch (RS) has been shown to initiate a lower rise and a steady level of post-prandial blood glucose, it was hypothesized that a diet …
Migmatization Of Archean Aluminous Metasediments From The Eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana, U.S.A., Andrew T. Maas
Migmatization Of Archean Aluminous Metasediments From The Eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana, U.S.A., Andrew T. Maas
LSU Master's Theses
Geothermobarometry, mineral compositions and textures, and thermodynamic models suggest biotite dehydration melting occurred in the peraluminous rocks of the eastern Beartooth Mountains. These Archean metapelitic migmatites are metatexites and diatexites, and have typical metamorphic assemblages of Qtz + Pl + Kfs + Bt + Sil +/- Grt +/- Crd. The subsequent in situ crystallization of the magma derived from the biotite dehydration created migmatitic leucosomes in the rocks. These leucosomes are primarily composed of quartz, plagioclase and potassium feldspar. Water derived from the dehydration of biotite was dissolved in the melted phase. Crystallization of the magma reintroduced this water to …
An Investigation Of The 150-Hour Requirement In Developing Personal Competencies In Accounting Education, Laura Davis Delaune
An Investigation Of The 150-Hour Requirement In Developing Personal Competencies In Accounting Education, Laura Davis Delaune
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This study investigated if accounting graduates from Louisiana State University, a public institution, perceived that their accounting curriculum enhanced the development of their personal competencies of professional demeanor, problem solving/decision making, interaction, leadership, and communication. A survey mailed to accounting graduates who graduated from Fall 1999 to Spring 2002 was used to gather the data for the study. Responses from graduates with different curricular paths were compared to determine if significant differences existed in their perceptions of the development of their personal competencies. Results revealed that no significant difference exists in the perception of the development of personal competencies among …
Being Otherworldly In The World: Michael Oakeshott On Religion, Aesthetics And Politics, Elizabeth Campbell Corey
Being Otherworldly In The World: Michael Oakeshott On Religion, Aesthetics And Politics, Elizabeth Campbell Corey
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation is a study of the thought of Michael Oakeshott with particular emphasis on his writings about the character of religion and aesthetics. The dissertation as a whole makes the case that a certain moral vision-one informed by religious and aesthetic considerations-lies at the center of Oakeshott's thought and informs his political philosophy. The dissertation begins as an examination of Oakeshott's debts to St. Augustine and to British Idealist thinkers such as F. H. Bradley, and moves to a study of Oakeshott's own views on religion and aesthetics. It turns next to a consideration of Oakeshott's two essays entitled …
A National Set Of Competencies For Paraprofessionals In Residential College Or Living/Learning Programs, Debora Elise Baker
A National Set Of Competencies For Paraprofessionals In Residential College Or Living/Learning Programs, Debora Elise Baker
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A competency model, for supporting student learning, was developed for the paraprofessional position (R.A., Community Assistant, etc.) in residential college or living/learning programs. The researcher developed the model through a two-stage process. In the first stage, the critical incident technique was applied utilizing the experiences of paraprofessionals at 15 different universities to develop an initial set of competencies and related tasks. In the second stage, the Delphi Technique was used to allow faculty and staff from 17 universities to refine and validate the competencies and related tasks. The final competency model includes twelve competencies related to linking hall community programs …
Stepping Out Of Her Place: A New Look At Women's Roles During Selected Wars In U.S. History, Nicole Lynn Bowen
Stepping Out Of Her Place: A New Look At Women's Roles During Selected Wars In U.S. History, Nicole Lynn Bowen
LSU Master's Theses
Women are not included in high school history text books in a meaningful way, thus students are only learning about half of the experiences that shaped our nation. The ways in which history is represented as part of the social studies curriculum in secondary schools must be reconsidered. A history text that does not represent the experiences of women in a meaningful way does not provide a means for young women to "locate themselves in time," or meet many of the other standards of the National Council for the Social Studies. If young women and men are going to develop …
Modeling The Hydrologic And Particulate Loadings From Paved Urban Surfaces, Chad Michael Cristina
Modeling The Hydrologic And Particulate Loadings From Paved Urban Surfaces, Chad Michael Cristina
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation details the results of recent investigations concerning non-colloidal particulate matter found in urban rainfall-runoff and urban snowmelt. Three forms of the power law model (PLM) were used to model particle number density. It was found that significant model error could be introduced into PLMs when the median diameter particle was used to estimate the number of particles per interval, but the SSE of continuous PLMs could be significantly reduced through the use of correction factors when the sieve interval was large (P<0.05). Additionally, a multiple PLM analysis may be more appropriate than a single PLM analysis when changes in particle population occur within a single gradation. PLMs were also used to model the relationship between cumulative granulometric mass and cumulative particulate-bound metal mass. The use of such calibrated PLMs provided considerable cost reduction when compared to conventional direct measurements of particulate-bound metal mass. A first flush analysis indicated that only events with average volumetric flow rates approaching 1 L/min/m of drainage width exhibit a rapid depletion of particulate matter consistent with the concentration-based definition of the first flush. An analysis of particle separation mechanisms indicated that 90% of these particles, by mass, could be removed from the discharge with detention times of 30 min and 120 min for snowmelt and rainfall-runoff, respectively, in a typical roadside drainage system. It was also found that the kinematic wave model could accurately model significant aspects of rainfall-runoff events in traffic-impacted watersheds provided that abstractions were incorporated into the modeling process. For this watershed the source of abstraction was attributable to vehicular traffic. For high-intensity events with more than 10 vehicles per runoff volume (VPV) the runoff coefficient varied between 0.6 and 0.9 while for low-intensity events with fewer than 10 VPV the coefficient ranged between 0.2 and 0.4.
The Effect Of Beta-Carotene Vitamin E, And Vitamin C Supplementation Upon Work Capacity During A Protocol Of Arm Curl Exercise Using The Biodex Dyanamometer, Ivan Kenyon Guillory
The Effect Of Beta-Carotene Vitamin E, And Vitamin C Supplementation Upon Work Capacity During A Protocol Of Arm Curl Exercise Using The Biodex Dyanamometer, Ivan Kenyon Guillory
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The effect of acute and chronic supplementation upon work capacity in trained and untrained subjects was examined using 10 normal healthy subjects (ages 19-23). The subjects were tested using a double-blind crossover design. During the two supplemental stages subjects ingested either the placebo or antioxidant mixture capsules (beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E). There was a 28 day washout period between the two supplemental stages. Subjects were tested during each stage for an acute effect (one day of supplementation) and chronic effect (twenty-eight days of supplementation). Testing consisted of seven sets of arm curl exercises with a 60-second rest period between …
Evaluation Of New Methods For Processing Drilling Data To Determine The Cause Of Changes In Bit Performance, Jaime Solano
Evaluation Of New Methods For Processing Drilling Data To Determine The Cause Of Changes In Bit Performance, Jaime Solano
LSU Master's Theses
Drilling operations represent the major cost in finding and developing new petroleum reserves. Poor drilling performance when drilling deep shale and strong rocks, as evidenced by slow rate of penetration (ROP), has a significant detrimental impact on drilling costs. Also, it has been concluded that bit balling is the main cause of low ROP when drilling deep, clay-rich shale with water-based mud. In addition, it is estimated that a potential saving in drilling cost of hundreds of millions of dollars a year can be obtained if bit balling is mitigated and ROP is improved. Several methods have been developed in …
An Examination Of The Relationship Between Psychological Conditions And The Incidence Of Athletic Injury, Gregory A. Penczek
An Examination Of The Relationship Between Psychological Conditions And The Incidence Of Athletic Injury, Gregory A. Penczek
LSU Master's Theses
The purpose if this investigation was to examine injury rates among college athletes with a diagnosed psychological condition/mental disorder. Participants were drawn from a pool of 440 male and female intercollegiate athletes (ages 18-26 years). All subjects with a psychological disorder were then identified (n=38) and placed in the diagnosis group. A second group was then selected, which consisted of matched pairs of athletes without a psychological diagnosis. Twelve sports were represented in the sample population with an equal number of male (n=26) and female (n=12) participants in each group. The athletic training database was examined via query to identify …
Somatic Cell Interspecies Nuclear Transfer, Marina Julia Sansinena
Somatic Cell Interspecies Nuclear Transfer, Marina Julia Sansinena
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The low efficiency of the nuclear transfer (NT) procedure requires large number of oocytes to produce embryos and live offspring. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of the bovine cytoplast to reprogram nuclei from horses and llamas. In a preliminary study, equine oocytes from small (<20mm diameter) follicles were either pretreated with roscovitine or placed in maturation (IVM only) prior to NT. Roscovitine pretreatment did not improve nuclear maturation rates (roscovitine pretreatment 57% vs. IVM only 66%) and no fusion was obtained from roscovitine-pretreated oocytes after NT. Another preliminary study was conducted with the objective to produce llama NT embryos and to compare their development in two in vitro culture conditions (G1.2® vs. CR1aa). No difference was found in the number of embryos cleaved after 2 d of culture. This resulted in the first scientific report of somatic cell NT, in vitro culture and transfer of NT embryos in the llama. In the next experiment, adult horse and llama fibroblasts were injected into enucleated cow oocytes. The results showed the cow cytoplasm is capable of partially reprogramming nuclei from other species and support mitotic divisions. However, this study also showed a consistent embryonic developmental arrest at the 8- to 16- cell stage when horse or llama donor cells were used as donor nuclei. When a more closely related species of donor cell (banteng) and recipient oocyte (domestic cattle) were used for NT, no embryonic developmental arrest was found. Embryos progressed to achieve high blastocyst rates (banteng male cell line 28% vs. banteng female cell line 15%). Two banteng interspecies NT pregnancies were established and subsequently lost from the banteng male cell line. In the final study, the effect of a mixed mitochondrial population (heteroplasmy) on early embryonic development was investigated. Ooplasmic transfer performed in combination with NT procedure indicated presence of foreign mitochondria clustered in a small portion of the cytoplasm in early stages of embryo development. When goat ooplasm was transferred into interspecies (cow oocyte-goat donor cell) NT embryos, fusion and cleave rates were reduced suggesting an increased level of heteroplasmy or nuclear-ooplasmic incompatibilities.
A Comparison Of Administrator And Faculty Self-Report And Knowledge Of Distance Education, Related Intellectual Property Laws And Policy, And Tenets Of Academic Freedom, Mary Irene Pogue
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Distance education is an emerging force in higher education that is creating new opportunities and added challenges. The purpose of this study was to identify and compare what university administrators and faculty know about issues that surround a debate about ownership of intellectual products created for distance education including technologies used in distance education and the law, university policies, and tenets of academic freedom that are supposed to stimulate intellectual creativity. An Internet-based survey was used to gather data from university faculty and administrators at four southeastern research universities in the United States. Results indicated that respondents were almost universally …
What Do Tin-Enameled Ceramics Tell Us?: Explorations Of Socio-Economic Status Through The Archaeological Record In Eighteenth-Century Louisiana: 1700-1790, Jason A. Emery
LSU Master's Theses
This thesis examines the presence and distribution of tin-enameled earthenwares in what was colonial Louisiana at nine archaeological sites: Madame John's Legacy (16OR51), the ca. 1730s French Colonial Barracks (16OR136), the Lower Pontalba Building (16OR209), Galveztown (16AN39), French Site I (16PC80), the Bicentennial Gardens (22AD999), Los Adaes (16NA16), the American Cemetery (16NA67), and the Chamard House site (16NA100). To examine the ceramic diversity, a comprehensive classificatory system is proposed, with discussion and classification of vessel forms. Ceramic diversity was anticipated to be patterned following geographic and economic lines; however, this was not substantiated through the analysis of the general body …
Identifying Students At Risk For Academic Failure: The Application Of A Prereferral Screening Model Including Responsiveness To Intervention, Susan Lockhart Gatti
Identifying Students At Risk For Academic Failure: The Application Of A Prereferral Screening Model Including Responsiveness To Intervention, Susan Lockhart Gatti
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Increasing demands are continually placed on our education system to improve the educational outcomes of all children. To provide the best services to our children, appropriate screening, assessments, and intervention services need to be implemented within the school setting. The current study evaluated the relationship of a screening procedure (Screening to Enhance Educational Performance, STEEP; Witt, 1996) using curriculum-based measurement (CBM) and compared the results of the screening procedure to other commonly used problem nomination procedures for second, third, and fourth graders. The data were obtained from archival sources that resulted from a service and training project conducted jointly by …
Molecular Genetics And Functions Of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Glycoproteins In Viral Entry And Virus-Induced Cell Fusion, Rafael E. Luna
Molecular Genetics And Functions Of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Glycoproteins In Viral Entry And Virus-Induced Cell Fusion, Rafael E. Luna
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is considered the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma and several lymphoproliferative disorders. Recently, the full-length KSHV genome has been cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and successfully recovered in 293 cells. The herpesviral glycoproteins are structural components of the KSHV particle and are thought to facilitate virus entry, egress and virus-induced cell fusion. Investigations, described herein, have focused on the genetic manipulation of the KSHV-BAC36 in order to address the role of K8.1 glycoprotein in virus entry and the role of the carboxyl tail a-helices of glycoprotein (gB) in virus-induced cell fusion. In addition, a …
Color, Texture And Rehydration Characteristics Of Ohmically Treated Sweet Potatoes, Sireesha Bhattiprolu
Color, Texture And Rehydration Characteristics Of Ohmically Treated Sweet Potatoes, Sireesha Bhattiprolu
LSU Master's Theses
Ohmic heating has been shown to affect the drying rate and texture of foods. This research was designed to determine the effect of ohmic heating on rehydration, color and texture properties of sweet potatoes. Three combinations: 60Hz, 40V, 60Hz, 60V and 1Hz, 40V were applied to ohmically heat sweet potato cubes. The ohmic treated cubes and untreated cubes or controls were stored for six days in four different %relative humidities of 11.15%, 32.73%, 57.70% and 75.32%. Results showed that there was no significant difference in the rehydration properties of ohmic treated samples and control samples. The % moisture gain varied …
Development Of A Methodology To Delineate Hurricane Evacuation Zones, Nandagopal Meduri
Development Of A Methodology To Delineate Hurricane Evacuation Zones, Nandagopal Meduri
LSU Master's Theses
The main focus of this study is to exhibit a simple and easily implemented process to identify hurricane evacuation zones. The proposed study presents a new methodology to delineate hurricane evacuation zones. The new methodology helps in easier identification of zones, thereby making the task of evacuation officials easier. Hurricane evacuation zones were identified based on the elevation of the points comprising the study area. An area layer was created based on the storm surge models run, and were overlaid with zip code boundary layer and land use data available. Elevation point file data was superimposed on the study area …
Social Protests, Asocial Media: Patterns Of Press Coverage Of Social Protests And The Influence Of The Internet Of Such Coverage, Sonora Jha Nambiar
Social Protests, Asocial Media: Patterns Of Press Coverage Of Social Protests And The Influence Of The Internet Of Such Coverage, Sonora Jha Nambiar
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation examines media coverage of two social protests set more than three decades apart – “The March on the Pentagon” in October 1967, part of the anti-Vietnam war movement and “The Battle for Seattle” in November-December 1999, part of the movement for democratic globalization. Through two separate studies – a content analysis of print media coverage and qualitative in-depth interviews with journalists – this dissertation looks for patterns of sourcing and framing between the coverage of these two protests. It also examines any possible influence on these patterns caused by journalists’ access to diverse sources and research through the …
Synthesis And Antibacterial Assessment Of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Chitosan Derivatives Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Functionality, Mrunal R. Thatte
Synthesis And Antibacterial Assessment Of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Chitosan Derivatives Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Functionality, Mrunal R. Thatte
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Chitosan is a naturally occurring, bio-degradable, non-toxic, non-allergenic bio-polysaccharide derived from chitin, found in abundance in nature. Studies aimed at deriving newer applications of chitosan are hence of interest. Among these, one of the focuses of investigations is aimed at excellent antimicrobial activity demonstrated by chitosan. In this context, certain quaternary ammonium derivatives of chitosan have been shown in the past to be highly effective antibacterial materials. In the present study, substituted chitosan derivatives were synthesized and further quaternized using Quat-188 to produce water soluble derivatives at neutral pH. The antibacterial assessments of the quaternized derivatives of substituted chitosan were …
The Portrayals Of Minority Characters In Entertaining Animated Children's Programs, Siobhan Elizabeth Smith
The Portrayals Of Minority Characters In Entertaining Animated Children's Programs, Siobhan Elizabeth Smith
LSU Master's Theses
The purpose of this study is to note, categorize, and discuss the stereotypes of African Americans in animated children’s cartoons. The purpose is also to compare them to see how they changed. A content analysis of two cartoons finds that characters do act in stereotypical ways. A quantitative analysis of 76 cartoons supports these findings. Overall, The Proud Family, a cartoon of the 21st century, is more stereotypical than Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, a cartoon from 30 years ago. Though primary characters display the same amount of stereotypical behavior, secondary characters show an increase in the amount of …