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2004

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Traversal Times For Random Walks On Small-World Networks, V. M. Kenkre, Paul Ernest Parris Jan 2004

Traversal Times For Random Walks On Small-World Networks, V. M. Kenkre, Paul Ernest Parris

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We study the mean traversal time tau for a class of random walks on Newman-Watts small-world networks, in which steps around the edge of the network occur with a transition rate F that is different from the rate f for steps across small-world connections. when f>>F, the mean time tau to traverse the network exhibits a transition associated with percolation of the random graph (i.e., small-world) part of the network, and a collapse of the data onto a universal curve. This transition was not observed in earlier studies in which equal transition rates were assumed for all allowed steps. …

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Assessing The Applicability Of Traditional Urban Transportation Planning Methods For The University Campus: A Case Study Of The University Of Northern Iowa, Jess Douglas Elder Jan 2004

Assessing The Applicability Of Traditional Urban Transportation Planning Methods For The University Campus: A Case Study Of The University Of Northern Iowa, Jess Douglas Elder

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The development of methods that estimate travel demand and predict travel behavior is among the most significant advances in urban planning. The traditional transportation model has four steps: trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and trip assignment. This four-step model (FSM) encompasses an evolving methodology that determines the origin and destination, method of travel, and chosen route of each traveler. The focus of this project is to apply this methodology to analyze travel patterns associated with a university, specifically the University of Northern Iowa (UNI). A survey of faculty, staff, and students was conducted to generate data on UNI travel …

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Biup3: Boundary Topological Invariant Of 3d Objects Through Front Propagation At A Constant Speed, Xiaoqing Frank Liu Jan 2004

Biup3: Boundary Topological Invariant Of 3d Objects Through Front Propagation At A Constant Speed, Xiaoqing Frank Liu

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Topological features constitute the highest abstraction in object representation. Euler characteristic is one of the most widely used topological invariants. The computation of the Euler characteristic is mainly based on three well-known mathematical formulae, which calculate either on the boundary of object or on the whole object. However, as digital objects are often non-manifolds, none of the known formulae can correctly compute the genus of digital surfaces. In this paper, we show that a new topological surface invariant of 3D digital objects, called BIUP/sup 3/, can be obtained through a special homeomorphic transform: front propagation at a constant speed. BIUP/sup …

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Interactive Dna Sequence And Structure Design For Dna Nanoapplications, Mingjun Zhang, Chaman Sabharwal, Weimin Tao, Tzyh-Jong Tarn, Ning Xi, Guangyong Li Jan 2004

Interactive Dna Sequence And Structure Design For Dna Nanoapplications, Mingjun Zhang, Chaman Sabharwal, Weimin Tao, Tzyh-Jong Tarn, Ning Xi, Guangyong Li

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

DNA sequence and structure design is very important for DNA nanoapplications. A computer-aided design tool is needed for exploring DNA sequence and structure of interests before experimental synthesis, which is a time- and labor-consuming process. In this paper, an interactive DNA sequence and structure design software tool called DNA shop is proposed and implemented. The visualization tool can generate DNA structures by specifying, selecting, and moving DNA sequences around and display corresponding structures. Using the tool, DNA sequence and structure can be visually inspected in three-dimensional space before experimental studies.

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Interactive Dna Sequence And Structure Design For Dna Nanotechnology And Dna Computation, Mingjun Zhang, Chaman Sabharwal, Weimin Tao, Tzyh-Jong Tarn, Ning Xi, Guangyong Li Jan 2004

Interactive Dna Sequence And Structure Design For Dna Nanotechnology And Dna Computation, Mingjun Zhang, Chaman Sabharwal, Weimin Tao, Tzyh-Jong Tarn, Ning Xi, Guangyong Li

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

DNA sequence and structure design are very important for DNA nanotechnology and DNA computation. A computer aided design tool is needed for exploring DNA sequence and structure of interests before experimental synthesis, which is a very time and labor consuming process. In this paper, an interactive DNA sequence and structure design software tool called DNA shop is proposed and implemented.

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Priority Assessment Of Software Requirements From Multiple Perspectives, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Chandra Sekhar Veera, Yan Sun, Kunio Noguchi, Yuji Kyoya Jan 2004

Priority Assessment Of Software Requirements From Multiple Perspectives, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Chandra Sekhar Veera, Yan Sun, Kunio Noguchi, Yuji Kyoya

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

The development of complex software systems involves collecting software requirements from various stakeholders. Often stakeholder perceptions conflict during the requirements elicitation phase. An effective technique to resolve such a conflict is needed. We presented a framework that prioritizes software requirements gathered from multiple stakeholders by incorporating inter-perspective relationships, which is not addressed by existing priority assessment techniques. We use a relationship matrix to analyze the impact between requirements and facilitate the integration process which assesses their priorities based on their relationships from multiple perspectives. It allows the development team to resolve conflicts effectively and concentrate their valuable time and resources …

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2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones Of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone And 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone, Russell G. Baughman, Kenneth L. Martin, Rajendra K. Singh, James O. Stoffer Jan 2004

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones Of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone And 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone, Russell G. Baughman, Kenneth L. Martin, Rajendra K. Singh, James O. Stoffer

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

In 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone N,N-dimethylformamide solvate (or 4-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-hydrazonomethyl]benzene-1,3-diol N,N-dimethylformamide solvate

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Laboratory Automation Curriculum At Keck Graduate Institute, James D. Sterling Jan 2004

Laboratory Automation Curriculum At Keck Graduate Institute, James D. Sterling

Business and Information Technology Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel curriculum in laboratory automation and high-throughput technologies has been developed at the Keck Graduate Institute (KGI) over the past five years as part of the professional master's degree program in applied life sciences. The goal of this curriculum has been four-fold: (1) motivate study by describing the need for automation through several example problems in combinatorial biological discovery, (2) provide elements of fundamental engineering science that are required for the development of the technologies and tools that enable automation, (3) provide opportunities for the students to see and use state-of-the-art instruments, learn about existing industry standards, and to …

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Radiated Emissions From Populated Printed Circuit Boards Due To Power Bus Noise, Hwan-Woo Shim, Todd H. Hubing, Yan Fu Jan 2004

Radiated Emissions From Populated Printed Circuit Boards Due To Power Bus Noise, Hwan-Woo Shim, Todd H. Hubing, Yan Fu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Previous studies have demonstrated that power plane pairs in a printed circuit board are capable of generating significant radiated emissions at resonance frequencies if these resonances are not damped by material or component losses. The paper shows that board resonances may be readily damped by component losses. However, radiated emissions from a damped power bus may still exceed FCC or CISPR limits over a broad band of frequencies.

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Robust Resource Allocation For Sensor-Actuator Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Jong-Kook Kim, A. A. Maciejewski, Howard Jay Siegel Jan 2004

Robust Resource Allocation For Sensor-Actuator Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Jong-Kook Kim, A. A. Maciejewski, Howard Jay Siegel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This research investigates two distinct issues related to a resource allocation: its robustness and the failure rate of the heuristic used to determine the allocation. The target system consists of a number of sensors feeding a set of heterogeneous applications continuously executing on a set of heterogeneous machines connected together by high-speed heterogeneous links. There are number of quality of service (QoS) constraints that must be satisfied. A heuristic failure occurs if the heuristic cannot find an allocation that allows the system to meet its QoS constraints. The system is expected to operate in an uncertain environment where the workload, …

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The Robustness Of Resource Allocation In Parallel And Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Howard Jay Siegel, A. A. Maciejewski Jan 2004

The Robustness Of Resource Allocation In Parallel And Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Howard Jay Siegel, A. A. Maciejewski

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper gives an overview of the material to be discussed in the invited keynote presentation by H. J. Siegel. Performing computing and communication tasks on parallel and distributed systems involves the coordinated use of different types of machines, networks, interfaces, and other resources. Decisions about how best to allocate resources are often based on estimated values of task and system parameters, due to uncertainties in the system environment. An important research problem is the development of resource management strategies that can guarantee a particular system performance given such uncertainties. We have designed a methodology for deriving the degree of …

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Adaptive Critic Neural Network-Based Object Grasping Control Using A Three-Finger Gripper, Gustavo Galan, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2004

Adaptive Critic Neural Network-Based Object Grasping Control Using A Three-Finger Gripper, Gustavo Galan, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Grasping of objects has been a challenging task for robots. The complex grasping task can be defined as object contact control and manipulation subtasks. In this paper, object contact control subtask is defined as the ability to follow a trajectory accurately by the fingers of a gripper. The object manipulation subtask is defined in terms of maintaining a predefined applied force by the fingers on the object. A sophisticated controller is necessary since the process of grasping an object without a priori knowledge of the object's size, texture, softness, gripper, and contact dynamics is rather difficult. Moreover, the object has …

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Adaptive Critics For Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy Jan 2004

Adaptive Critics For Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work introduces a novel technique for dynamic particle swarm optimization (DPSO) using adaptive critic designs. The adaptation between global and local search in an optimization algorithm is critical for optimization problems especially in a dynamically changing environment or process over time. The inertia weight in particle swarm optimization (PSO) is dynamically adjusted in this paper in order to provide a nonlinear search capability for the PSO algorithm. Results on benchmark functions in the literature are provided.

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A Scalable Approach For Reliable Downstream Data Delivery In Wireless Sensor Networks, Seung Jong Park, Ramanuja Vedantham, Raghupathy Sivakumar, Ian F. Akyildiz Jan 2004

A Scalable Approach For Reliable Downstream Data Delivery In Wireless Sensor Networks, Seung Jong Park, Ramanuja Vedantham, Raghupathy Sivakumar, Ian F. Akyildiz

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

There exist several applications of sensor networks where reliability of data delivery can be critical. While the redundancy inherent in a sensor network might increase the degree of reliability, it by no means can provide any guaranteed reliability semantics. In this paper, we consider the problem of reliable sink-to-sensors data delivery. We first identify several fundamental challenges that need to be addressed and are unique to a wireless sensor network environment. We then propose a scalable framework for reliable down-stream data delivery that is specifically designed to both address and leverage the characteristics of a wireless sensor network, while achieving …

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A Discrete-Time Model For Triply Selective Mimo Rayleigh Fading Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Jingxian Wu, Sang-Yick Leong, Y. Rosa Zheng, Khaled Ben Letaief Jan 2004

A Discrete-Time Model For Triply Selective Mimo Rayleigh Fading Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Jingxian Wu, Sang-Yick Leong, Y. Rosa Zheng, Khaled Ben Letaief

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A statistical discrete-time model is proposed for simulating wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels which are triply selective due to angle spread, Doppler spread, and delay spread. The new discrete-time MIMO channel model includes the combined effects of the transmit filter, physical MIMO multipath channel fading, and receive filter, and it has the same sampling period as that of the MIMO receiver. This leads to very efficient simulation of physical continuous-time MIMO channels. A new method is also presented to efficiently generate the MIMO channel stochastic coefficients. The statistical accuracy of the discrete-time MIMO channel model is rigorously verified through …

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A New Estimative Current Mode Control Technique For Dc-Dc Converters Operating In Discontinuous Conduction Mode, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Zhong Nie, Ali Emadi Jan 2004

A New Estimative Current Mode Control Technique For Dc-Dc Converters Operating In Discontinuous Conduction Mode, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Zhong Nie, Ali Emadi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new digital control technique for power converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is introduced and applied to a boost converter. In contrast to the conventional analogue control methods, the principal idea of this new control scheme is to use real-time analysis and estimate the required on-time of the switch based on the dynamic of the system. The proposed control algorithm can easily be programmed in a digital signal processor (DSP). This novel technique is applicable to any converter operating in DCM including power factor correctors (PFC). However, this work mainly focuses on the boost topology. In this paper, …

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Teaching, Learning And Research: Linking High School Teachers To Information Literacy, Stephanie Davis-Kahl Jan 2004

Teaching, Learning And Research: Linking High School Teachers To Information Literacy, Stephanie Davis-Kahl

Scholarly Publications

The Compton Teacher Information Literacy Institute (CTILI) is a teacher professional development program funded by the Compton (CA) Unified School District and delivered by the University of California at Irvine Libraries’ Department of Education and Outreach. Teacher professional development, university and library outreach activities and influences are discussed to give background on CTILI curriculum development. Institute goals and objectives are outlined, as is our curriculum remodeling effort after a mid-year assessment. Plans for future institutes are included.

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An Efficient Phasiness Reduction Technique For Moderate Audio Time-Scale Modification, David Dorran, Eugene Coyle, Robert Lawlor Jan 2004

An Efficient Phasiness Reduction Technique For Moderate Audio Time-Scale Modification, David Dorran, Eugene Coyle, Robert Lawlor

Conference papers

Phase vocoder approaches to time-scale modification of audio introduce a reverberant/phasy artifact into the time-scaled output due to a loss in phase coherence between short-time Fourier transform (STFT) bins. Recent improvements to the phase vocoder have reduced the presence of this artifact, however, it remains a problem. A method of time-scaling is presented that results in a further reduction in phasiness, for moderate time-scale factors by taking advantage of some flexibility that exists in the choice of phase required so as to maintain horizontal phase coherence between related STFT bins. Furthermore, the approach leads to a reduction in computational load …

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Efficient Path Search In Intermodal Transportation Optimization, Daniel Y. Yankov Jan 2004

Efficient Path Search In Intermodal Transportation Optimization, Daniel Y. Yankov

Theses

As the economies of the world become more interrelated and Supply Chains are globalizing, the need arises to create efficient transportation network. This reality in conjunction with conservation of fuel and environmental friendliness gives rise to the research of Efficient Intermodal Transportation System. In particular, the underutilization of railroads in the United States motivates us to research the development of optimal procedures in the transportation of containers in a rail network. With this thesis we search for a cost, time and capacity effective algorithm for solving transportation problem in a graph of intermodal centers (IMC's). We consider discrete model of …

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In-Situ Apparent Conductivity Measurements And Microbial Population Distribution At A Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Site, Estella A. Atekwana, D. Dale Werkema, Joseph W. Duris, Silvia Rossbach, Eliot A. Atekwana, William A. Sauck, Daniel P. Cassidy, Jay Means, Franklyn D. Legall Jan 2004

In-Situ Apparent Conductivity Measurements And Microbial Population Distribution At A Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Site, Estella A. Atekwana, D. Dale Werkema, Joseph W. Duris, Silvia Rossbach, Eliot A. Atekwana, William A. Sauck, Daniel P. Cassidy, Jay Means, Franklyn D. Legall

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

We investigated the bulk electrical conductivity and microbial population distribution in sediments at a site contaminated with light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL). The bulk conductivity was measured using in-situ vertical resistivity probes; the most probable number method was used to characterize the spatial distribution of aerobic heterotrophic and oil-degrading microbial populations. The purpose of this study was to assess if high conductivity observed at aged LNAPL-impacted sites may be related to microbial degradation of LNAPL. The results show higher bulk conductivity coincident with LNAPL-impacted zones, in contrast to geoelectrical models that predict lower conductivity in such zones. The highest bulk conductivity …

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A Change Impact Dependency Measure For Predicting The Maintainability Of Source Code, Xiaoqing Frank Liu Jan 2004

A Change Impact Dependency Measure For Predicting The Maintainability Of Source Code, Xiaoqing Frank Liu

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

We first articulate the theoretic difficulties with the existing metrics designed for predicting software maintainability. To overcome the difficulties, we propose to measure a purely internal and objective attribute of code, namely change impact dependency, and show how it can be modeled to predict real change impact. The proposed base measure can be further elaborated for evaluating software maintainability.

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A Generic Oo Architecture Language For Semantics Analysis Of Oo Specification, Xiaoqing Frank Liu Jan 2004

A Generic Oo Architecture Language For Semantics Analysis Of Oo Specification, Xiaoqing Frank Liu

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Formal specification enables a rigorous analysis and model checking for ensuring the correctness of specification. Formal OO specification methods are of mathematical nature and the semantics of specification is purposely defined such that it is not related to the semantics of code. We propose a new language, which will lay a common semantics ground for both specification and code.

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Laser Writing Of Semiconductor Nanoparticles And Quantum Dots, Massimo F. Bertino, Raghuveer Reddy Gadipalli, J. Greg Story, C. G. Williams, Guo-Hui Zhang, Chariklia Sotiriou-Leventis, Akira Tokuhiro, Suchi Guha, Nicholas Leventis Jan 2004

Laser Writing Of Semiconductor Nanoparticles And Quantum Dots, Massimo F. Bertino, Raghuveer Reddy Gadipalli, J. Greg Story, C. G. Williams, Guo-Hui Zhang, Chariklia Sotiriou-Leventis, Akira Tokuhiro, Suchi Guha, Nicholas Leventis

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Silica aerogels were patterned with CdS using a photolithographic technique based on local heating with infrared (IR) light. The solvent of silica hydrogels was exchanged with an aqueous solution of the precursors CdNO3 and NH4 OH, all precooled to a temperature of 5°C. Half of the bathing solution was then replaced by a thiourea solution. After thiourea diffused into the hydrogels, the samples were exposed to a focused IR beam from a continuous wave, Nd-YAG laser. The precursors reacted in the spots heated by the IR beam to form CdS nanoparticles. We lithographed features with a diameter of …

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Ergodic Capacity Of Mimo Triply Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Y. Rosa Zheng Jan 2004

Ergodic Capacity Of Mimo Triply Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Y. Rosa Zheng

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

New results are presented for the ergodic capacity of spatially-correlated, time-varying and frequency-selective (i.e., triply selective) MIMO Rayleigh fading channels. Simplified capacity formulas are also derived for special cases such as SIMO and MISO triply selective fading channels. A closed form formula is proposed that quantifies the effect of the frequency-selective fading on the ergodic capacity into an intersymbol interference (ISI) degradation factor. It is discovered that, in general frequency-selective MIMO channels, the ISI inter-tap correlations reduce the ergodic capacity compared to the frequency flat fading channel. Only in the special case when the fading does not have ISI inter-tap …

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Inference Of Genetic Regulatory Networks With Recurrent Neural Network Models, Rui Xu, Xiao Hu, Donald C. Wunsch Jan 2004

Inference Of Genetic Regulatory Networks With Recurrent Neural Network Models, Rui Xu, Xiao Hu, Donald C. Wunsch

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Large-scale gene expression data coming from microarray experiments provide us a new means to reveal fundamental cellular processes, investigate functions of genes, and understand relations and interactions among them. To infer genetic regulatory networks from these data with effective computational tools has become increasingly important Several mathematical models, including Boolean networks, Bayesian networks, dynamic Bayesian networks, and linear additive regulation models, have been used to explore the behaviors of regulatory networks. In this paper, we investigate the inference of genetic regulatory networks from time series gene expression in the framework of recurrent neural network model.

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Mas-Mom Hybrid Method With Wire's Image Using In Excitation Problems, D. G. Kakulia, David Pommerenke, Kai Xiao, D. D. Karkashadze, K. N. Tavzarashvili, G. N. Ghvedashvili, R. S. Zaridze Jan 2004

Mas-Mom Hybrid Method With Wire's Image Using In Excitation Problems, D. G. Kakulia, David Pommerenke, Kai Xiao, D. D. Karkashadze, K. N. Tavzarashvili, G. N. Ghvedashvili, R. S. Zaridze

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An important class of problems is the interaction of an antenna with the cavity of a semi-open metallic structure. In a working environment, an antenna may change its performance due to interactions with its surroundings. This is especially true in automotive applications. Therefore, it is important to consider the interaction of an antenna with possible resonating parts, and to solve these complex electrodynamics problems together. The development of methods for modeling and studying electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems has practical value. The method of auxiliary sources (MAS) with the method of moments (MoM) is applied to solve the excitation problem where …

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Biologically Important Thiols In Various Vegetables And Fruits, Omca Demirkol, Craig D. Adams, Nuran Ercal Jan 2004

Biologically Important Thiols In Various Vegetables And Fruits, Omca Demirkol, Craig D. Adams, Nuran Ercal

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Biological thiols are important antioxidants, and recent studies showed that their contents vary depending on the groups of foodstuffs. Therefore, we investigated the levels of some biological thiols in various vegetables and fruits by using a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Biological thiols measured in some vegetables and fruits include glutathione (L-glutamyl-L-cysteinly glycine, GSH), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), captopril [CAP (C9H15NO3S)], homocysteine (HCYS), cysteine (CYS), and -glutamyl cysteine (GGC). Our results show that biological thiol contents are between 3-349 nM/g wet weight in vegetables and 4-136 nM/g wet weight in fruits. CAP is only found in asparagus (28 nM/g wet weight). …

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Modified Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Based Controllers For A Static Compensator In A Multimachine Power System, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 2004

Modified Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Based Controllers For A Static Compensator In A Multimachine Power System, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Takagi-Sugeno (TS) based fuzzy logic controllers have been designed for controlling a STATCOM in a multimachine power system. Such controllers do not need any prior knowledge of the plant to be controlled and can efficiently control a STATCOM during different disturbances in the network. Two different approaches for the TS fuzzy logic controller are proposed: a conventional TS fuzzy logic design and a modified TS fuzzy logic design based on shrinking span membership functions. Simulation results, along with a comparison of the conventional TS fuzzy logic controller performance with that of the proposed controller are presented.

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Micro Spies, Georae W. Zobrist Jan 2004

Micro Spies, Georae W. Zobrist

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

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Discrete-Time Neural Network Output Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Systems In Non-Strict Feedback Form, Pingan He, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2004

Discrete-Time Neural Network Output Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Systems In Non-Strict Feedback Form, Pingan He, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An adaptive neural network (NN)-based output feedback controller is proposed to deliver a desired tracking performance for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems, which is represented in non-strict feedback form. The NN backstepping approach is utilized to design the adaptive output feedback controller consisting of: 1) a NN observer to estimate the system states with the input-output data, and 2) two NNs to generate the virtual and actual control inputs, respectively. The non-causal problem in the discrete-time backstepping design is avoided by using the universal NN approximator. The persistence excitation (PE) condition is relaxed both in the NN observer and …

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