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Doorway, Doormat, Or Doghouse? The Challenges Facing 4-H Youth Development Scholarship In Land-Grant Universities, Kirk A. Astroth

Journal of Extension

Beginning with establishment of a 4-H professional research and knowledge base in 1986, to the recent launch of an on-line master's degree in youth development by a consortium of land-grant universities, to the implementation of the U.S. Department of Labor's certificate in youth development, youth development has attained recognition as a discipline with an identified academic base. Land-grant universities should join the effort to enhance the scholarship of 4-H youth development professionals, not stifle it. The challenge is to identify appropriate standards and definitions of scholarship. This article presents some of the challenges facing 4-H youth development scholarship in land-grant …

Where Is Extension Scholarship Falling Short, And What Can We Do About It?, Theodore R. Alter

Journal of Extension

The author outlines six challenges to Extension or outreach scholarship that, in his opinion, reflect where current scholarship is falling short. He suggests three fundamental responses to these challenges: action, leadership, and graduate education reform.

Community Service Versus Service-Learning: Which Is Best For 4-H?, Jill Stafford, Barry Boyd, James R. Lindner

Journal of Extension

In 1999, the National 4-H Council (2000) reported that some 271,146 4-H members participated in service activities to their communities. These activities were categorized as volunteerism, community service, and service-learning--three distinctly different activities. To examine which activity is best in teaching leadership life skills, a randomized post-test only control group experiment utilizing a control group and two treatment groups was conducted to determine the effects of service-learning. This article distinguishes service service-learning from the other two activities, presents the results of the study, and discusses the implications of service learning for Extension.

Guidelines For Reaching Out And Counseling Low Income Monolingual Latino Clients, Lucy Delgadillo

Journal of Extension

In light of the growth of the U.S. Latino population, a model to outreach, serve, and counsel low income, monolingual immigrant Latino clients is proposed. It is suggested that the marketing strategy of educational programs for this particular group is different than for higher income, bilingual Latino groups or other ethnic groups. Traditional market strategies must be combined with less traditional approaches. Guidance and recommendations to help financial counselors maintain a culturally attuned position with their clients while guiding them toward their financial goals are provided.

Life Skill Development Through 4-H Clubs: The Perspective Of 4-H Alumni, Janet Fox, Debra Schroeder, Kathleen Lodl

Journal of Extension

It is becoming increasingly important to document the impact of 4-H programming. In order to do this, a mixed model survey was administered to 264 4-H alumni. The purpose of the study was to determine if 4-H alumni perceived themselves as having gained life skills through the 4-H Club experience. Results showed that 4-H Club membership did have an influence on the development of all 32 life skills identified. These findings can be used to share 4-H program impact and how club participation plays a role in the development of youth.

A Farm Demonstrations Method For Estimating Cotton Yield In The Field For Use By Extension Agents And Specialists, Bob Goodman, C Dale Monks

Journal of Extension

This article describes a programming possibility for Extension agricultural agents working in cotton production. It describes methods by which scientific estimates of cotton yields may be performed by agents in the field and educational opportunities that may arise as a result of the estimation process. These programs have been very popular and successful in Alabama.

Reaching The Hispanic "Green Industry" Workforce: Experiences And Practical Tools For Extension Professionals, Alfredo D. Martinez-Espinoza, Marco Fonseca, Willie Chance

Journal of Extension

There are approximately 500,000 Hispanics living in Georgia. The Green Industry (turfgrass, ornamentals, and landscape sectors) is one of the fastest growing industries in the state. Close to 90% of all Georgia Green Industry companies employ Hispanics as their primary labor force. Language and cultural barriers hamper productivity, efficiency, and safety in the industry. The need to develop training programs in Spanish is widely recognized. We present relevant information and tools to take into consideration when implementing training programs for the green industry's Hispanic workforce.

Theology And Religious Studies In Post-Communist Ukraine: Historical Sources, Modern Status, And Perspectives Of Cooperation, Lyudmyla Filipovych, Anatoly M. Kolodny

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

No abstract provided.

Religion In Estonia, Research In English, Janis Cakars

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

Estonian is one such understudied language, but Estonia is of no smaller importance to Eastern Europe than any other country. To understand the whole, all the parts must be considered. Therefore, scholars without a command of Estonian by necessity must turn to work published in other languages, most commonly English. This article is meant to serve as an aid to those interested in religion in Eastern Europe without a command of Estonian. It provides a bibliographical and historiographical review of the literature within an outline of religious development in a less commonly studied country. The religious history of Estonia, although …

The Cat-And-Mouse Chase: Moonies In Bulgaria, Archimandrite Pavel Stefanov

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

No abstract provided.

Communism And Religion - Telling The Story For The 21st Century, Mark Pargeter

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

No abstract provided.

Ischemic Stroke Subtypes In Pakistan: The Aga Khan University Stroke Data Bank, N. A. Syed, B. A. Khealani, S. Ali, A. Hasan, H. Brohi, T. Mozaffar, N. Ahmed, A. Hameed, S. M. Baig, M. Wasay

Department of Medicine

Objective: Frequency of ischemic stroke subtypes is influenced by ethnic and geographic variables. Our objective was to identify various stroke subtypes and its determinants at a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: We prospectively collected data on ischemic stroke subtypes admitted to The Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi.

Results: A total of 596 patients were enrolled in 22 months in the Aga Khan Universtiy Stroke Registry. These included 393 patients with Ischemic stroke, 126 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, 50 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and others. The ischemic stroke group was classified according to the TOAST criteria and comprised of lacunar 168/393 …

Neurological Care In Pakistan: Actions Are Needed, M. Wasay

Department of Medicine

No abstract provided.

Should Carotid Endarterectomy Be Performed For Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Pakistan?, N. A. Syed, A. Zakaria, B. A. Khealani, M. Wasay, S. M. Baig, Z. Sophie

Department of Medicine

Objective: The risk of stroke and death associated with carotid endarterctomy is operator dependant. Data regarding risks of this procedure are not available in Pakistan and therefore it is difficult to make accurate risk benefit analysis for individual patients. Our objective was to determine safety of carotid endarterectomy at an academic tertiary care center in Pakistan.

Methods: Patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) at our hospital during a ten-year period were identified through ICD-9 coding system of the hospital medical records. Demographic features. associated medical problems and immediate postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed.

Results: Sixty-three carotid endarterectomies were performed …

Measurement Of High-Q2 Charged Current Cross Sections In E +P Deep Inelastic Scattering At Hera, S. Chekanov, M. Derrick, D. Krakauer, J. H. Loizides, S. Magill, B. Musgrave, J. Repond, R. Yoshida, Margarita C. K. Mattingly, P. Antonioli, G. Bari, M. Basile, L. Bellagamba, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, A. Contin, M. Corradi, S. De Pasquale, P. Giusti, G. Iacobucci, A. Margotti, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, A. Pesci, G. Sartorelli, A. Zichichi, G. Aghuzumtsyan

Faculty Publications

Cross sections for e+p charged current deep inelastic scattering at a centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV have been determined with an integrated luminosity of 60.9 pb-1 collected with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The differential cross sections dσ/dQ2, dσ/dx and dσ/dy for Q2 > 200 GeV2 are presented. In addition, d2σ/dxdQ2 has been measured in the kinematic range 280 GeV2 < Q2 < 17 000 GeV2 and 0.008 < x < 0.42. The predictions of the Standard Model agree well with the measured cross sections. The mass of the W boson propagator is determined to be MW = 78.9 ± 2.0 (stat.) ± 1.8 (syst.) -1.8+2.0 (PDF) GeV from a fit to dσ/dQ2. The chiral structure of the Standard Model is also investigated in terms of the (1-y)2 dependence of the double-differential cross section. The structure-function F2CC has been extracted by combining the measurements presented here with previous ZEUS results from e-p scattering, extending the measurement obtained in a neutrino-nucleus scattering experiment to a significantly higher Q2 region.

Multiple Uav Cooperative Search Under Collision Avoidance And Limited Range Communication Constraints, Randal W. Beard, Timothy W. Mclain

Faculty Publications

This paper focuses on the problem of cooperatively searching, using a team of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), an area of interest that contains regions of opportunity and regions of potential hazard. The objective of the UAV team is to visit as many opportunities as possible, while avoiding as many hazards as possible. To enable cooperation, the UAVs are constrained to stay within communication range of one another. Collision avoidance is also required. Algorithms for team-optimal and individually-optimal/team-suboptimal solutions are developed and their computational complexity compared. Simulation results demonstrating the feasibility of the cooperative search algorithms are presented.

Deafdigest: Blue Edition, November 30, 2003, Barry Strassler

DeafDigest Blue 2003

No abstract provided.

Volume 41, Number 14: November 28, 2003, University Of North Dakota

University Letter Archive

No abstract provided.

Interannual Volume Variability In The Tropical Pacific, Christina L. Holland, Gary T. Mitchum

Marine Science Faculty Publications

The question of whether or not the volume of the tropical Pacific changes over the course of an El Niño event has potentially important consequences for our understanding of the dynamical mechanisms responsible for El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. In this study, we examine the volume variability of the tropical Pacific, defined as the areal integral of the sea surface height variability, using TOPEX/Poseidon altimetric sea surface heights and the output of a numerical model. We find that volume gradually builds up in the tropical Pacific prior to a typical ENSO event and rapidly decreases during the event due to …

Study On The Gas Generation In Different Charging Voltage During Formation Process In Polymer Lithium-Ion Battery, Li Huang, Ming-Gang Jin, Hui-Qun Cai, Ming-Sen Zheng, Quan-Feng Dong, Jin-Kua You, Zu-Geng Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The gases of polymer lithium-ion battery (PLI) generated under different voltages during the first charging process were examined by means of gas chromatography (GC), and the mechanism of the gas generation was discussed. The electrolyte used in batteries was 1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC～DMC～EMC=1∶1∶1(in volume). The results showed that when the charging voltage is less than 2.5 V,  the main component of generated gases are H₂ and CO₂, and when the charging voltage is 2.5 V, EC begins to decompose. Due to the decomposition of EC, the main generated gas is C₂H₄ when the …

Application Of Hydrogen-Storage Alloy Electrode In Electrochemical Reduction Of Glucose, Hui Chen, You-Gen Tang, Zheng Tang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrolysis of glucose was performed at constant potential using hydrogen-storage alloy as catalytic reduction electrode. It was found that the superficial treatment and activation of hydrogen-storage alloy powder had obvious effects on improving the current efficiency of sorbitol. Under the optimums, current efficiency of sorbitol by electrolyzing glucose was over 94%. The yield of sorbitol was over 80%, the lifespan of electrode was tested and analyzed, the ways of regeneration were discussed.

Preparation And Properties Of The Composite Microporous Pvdf-Hfp/Sio2 Based Polymer Electrolytes, Bao-Wen Zhang, Lu Qi, Hui Hen, Xiao-Hui Zhu, Li-Yan Liu, Yun-Xiang Ci

Journal of Electrochemistry

Microporous PVDF-HFP/SiO₂ film were prepared using a solvent/nonsolvent method-phase inversion method and the volatile plasticizers DMC, DEC or PC. The conductivity of the films increased pore volume measured by a nonsolvent uptake method. The conductivity of 1.86×10^-3 S⋅m^-1 were obtained using the liquid electrolyte LiPF₆(1 M) in EC/DMC (1:1).

The Current Fluctuations Of Carbon Steel In Nano2-Nacl Solutions, Yu-Ming Tang, Yu Zuo

Journal of Electrochemistry

The characteristics of current fluctuations of A3 carbon steel in NaNO₂-NaCl solutions were studied with potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization methods. The steel remained stable passivation in 0.1 mol/L NaNO₂ solution without Cl^-. After NaCl was added in to the solution, current fluctuations with a characteristic of quick increase and slow decrease occurred, indicating quick dissolution and slow re-passivation of the metastable pits. The metastable pitting may cause accumulated corrosion damage around certain area and result in observable pits. With the increase of chloride concentration, the occurring potential for metastable pits Em rised, and peak values …

Determination Of Cystine By Second Order Differential Simple Oscillographic Voltammetry, Fu-Fang Tao, Jian-Bin Zheng

Journal of Electrochemistry

In 0.2 mol/L NaOH, cystine can cause an sensitive incision at -0.5 V (vs.SCE) of cathodic branch of dE/dt-E curve or second order differential simple oscillogram. Based on the oscillographic charateristic, second order differential simple oscillographic voltammetry was applied to the determination of cystine in tablet. The linear range and the detection limit for determination of cystine were 2.5×10^-6～3.5×10^-5 mol/L and 1.0×10^-6 mol/L, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 2.000×10^-5 mol/L cystine was 1.8% (n=5).

Study On Electrochemical Behavior Of Sus316l Stainless Steel After Surface Modification, Cheng-Hao Liang, Liang Guo, Wan Chen, Jing-Xiao Liu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The surface modification for SUS316L stainless steel was carried out by electroplating Rh, ion beam assisted deposition Ta₂O₅ and sol-gel-derived TiO₂. In Tyrode's stimulated body fluid, the surface modified samples had been investigated with electrochemical techniques. The results indicated that the electrochemical stability and dissolution were improved significantly after surface modification. Moreover, as to ion beam assisted deposition Ta₂O₅ and Sol-gel-derived TiO₂ film, the metal's d orbit electron holes filled up by the oxygen electrons made against the adsorption of hydrogen. Thus the cathode process, which is controlled by the hydrogen …

Electrochemical And In-Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies On The Sb Underpotential Deposition On Cu Single Crystal Electrodes, Ji-Hong Wu, Jia-Wei Yan, Jing Tang, Wen-Yun Hu, Bing-Wei Mao

Journal of Electrochemistry

We report electrochemical and in-situ STM studies on Sb UPD onto Cu(111) and Cu(100) electrode surfaces in HClO₄ and H₂SO₄ solutions. The results indicate that the electrode surface structure as well as anion can considerably influence Sb UPD. Sb UPD on Cu(100) forms open adlayer structures, which is accompanied by surface alloying due to the more open structure of the (100) surface, On Cu(111), a more compact Sb adlayer is formed instead. Anion adsorption influences the dynamics as well as the adlayer structure of Sb UPD. Owing to the strong adsorption of SO₄^2-, …

The Study Of Green Corrosion Inhibitors For Mild Steel 907 In Natural Seawater Environment, Ping Gong, Min Du, Qing-Zhang Wang, Zhen-Jun Mu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Nine green compounds, including calcium gluconate, zinc gluconate, zinc sulfate, garlic, ACUSOL 445N, OS-15, APG, OCTA and STPP were selected according to the methods of molecule design and function groups prune. The functions of combined corrosion inhibitors mixed by the compounds mentioned above for mild steel in seawater were studied in this work using the methods of polarization curve and weight-loss.The best weight ratio and distinct synergistic effect of calcium gluconate, zinc sulfate and OCTA were studied by Latin experiment. The afgereffects of the best weight ratio corrosoin inhibitor were studied by subsection experiment. In this way, a kind of …

Optimizing Catalyst Layer Composition Of Pemfc By Orthogonal Method, Ming-Hua Wang, Xin-Jian Zhu, Guang-Yi Cao, Sheng Sui, Qing-Chun Yu, Ming-Ruo Hu, Zheng-Yu Fan

Journal of Electrochemistry

The optimal composition of catalyst layer in a PEMFC electrode was studied through orthogonal method. It was showed that the performance of hydrophilic electrodes, in which there is no PTFE in the catalyst layer, were more favorable than that of hydrophobic electrodes. According to this condition, the power density of PEMFC attained 0.37 w·cm^-2 when the Nafion loading was 1.4 mg·cm^-2, and the Pt loading was 0.4 mg·cm^-2 in the catalyst layer, using H₂ as fuel and air as oxidant both at atmospheric pressure. Additionally, the results showed that increasing Pt loading in Pt/C catalyst …

The Study On Carbon Nanotube-Loaded Pt Catalysts For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Hong Zhu, Feng-Juan Ge, Xiao-Hong Kang, Yu-Guo Yang, Yun-Hua Xu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Carbon nanotube-supported-platinum (Pt/CNTs) and carbon-supported-platinum (Pt/C) catalysts were synthesized by in-situ chemical reduction. They were analyzed using TEM and XRD, then made into electrodes to be part of assemable PEMFC for the performence tests. The resulted show that Pt clusters in both catalysts are of small particle size (about 4nm), and Pt/CNTs exhibits a higher catalytic activity than Pt/C.

Effect Of Dspp Al2O3 On Electrical Properties Of Polymer Electrolyte, Hai-Fen Xie, Xiao-Xiang Sun, Yi-Pin Wang, Guang-Yuan Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

The PEO-NaSCN polymer solid electrolytes by adding dispersed second phase particles (DSPP) of Al₂O₃ were studied. The characteristics of solid electrolytes and conductivity values are dependent on DSPP Al₂O₃ sizes and its contents. It was found that when the Al₂O₃ sizes are less than 1 μm, which is a criticle size, the sample conductivities were larger than those of the pure PEO-NaSCN samples and when the Al₂O₃ sizes are larger than 1 μm then the sample conductivities are less then those of the pure samples. The maximum conductivity …